1
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Atella TC, Medina JM, Atella GC, Allodi S, Kluck GEG. Neuroprotective Effects of Metformin Through AMPK Activation in a Neurotoxin-Based Model of Cerebellar Ataxia. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5102-5116. [PMID: 38165584 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03892-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia is a heterogeneous group of neural disorders clinically characterized by cerebellar dysfunction. The diagnosis of patients with progressive cerebellar ataxia is complex due to the direct correlation with other neuron diseases. Although there is still no cure for this pathological condition, some metabolic, hereditary, inflammatory, and immunological factors affecting cerebellar ataxia are being studied and may become therapeutic targets. Advances in studying the neuroanatomy, pathophysiology, and molecular biology of the cerebellum (CE) contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms behind the development of this disorder. In this study, Wistar rats aged 30 to 35 days were injected intraperitoneally with 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP) and/or metformin (for AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) enzyme activation) and euthanized in 24 hours and 4 days after injection. We analyzed the neuromodulatory role of the AMPK on cerebellar ataxia induced by the neurotoxin 3-AP in the brain stem (BS) and CE, after pre-treatment for 7 and 15 days with metformin, a pharmacological indirect activator of AMPK. The results shown here suggest that AMPK activation in the BS and CE leads to a significant reduction in neuroinflammation in these regions. AMPK was able to restore the changes in fatty acid composition and pro-inflammatory cytokines caused by 3-AP, suggesting that the action of AMPK seems to result in a possible neuroprotection on the cerebellar ataxia model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainá C Atella
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Comparativa e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorge M Medina
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídios e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Georgia C Atella
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídios e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvana Allodi
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Comparativa e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - George E G Kluck
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídios e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton General Hospital Campus, 237 Barton St E, Hamilton, Ontario, L8L 2X2, Canada.
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2
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Hou Y, Chen S, Peng L, Huang L, Zhang H, Zhang P, Yu M, Xiong L, Zhong X, Liu W, Zhu X, Wang L, Li Y, Li G. Tmem30a protects against podocyte injury through suppression of pyroptosis. iScience 2024; 27:109976. [PMID: 38868200 PMCID: PMC11166697 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Podocytopathies, such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), are characterized by podocyte injury and can easily progress to end-stage kidney disease. However, the mechanisms underlying podocyte injury remain unclear. We observed podocyte injury along with pyroptosis in patients with FSGS. Bioinformatic analysis of public datasets revealed that transmembrane protein 30a (Tmem30a) might be associated with FSGS. The expression of Temem30a and the podocyte-related protein, nephrin, were significantly downregulated in patients with FSGS, adriamycin (ADR)-induced mice, and podocyte-specific Tmem30a lox P /loxP ; NPHS2-Cre mice, whereas the expression of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and ASC, two pyroptosis-related proteins, were significantly upregulated. Meanwhile, the pyroptosis inhibitor MCC950 and disulfiram (DSF) increased Tmem30a and podocyte-related proteins expression, and inhibited pyroptosis-related proteins expression in ADR-induced mouse podocytes and Tmem30a knockdown (KD) mouse podocytes. Therefore, Tmem30a might protect against podocyte injury by inhibiting pyroptosis, suggesting a potential therapeutic target for podocytopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpei Hou
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Sipei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Lei Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Liming Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Huijian Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Lin Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Xiang Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Guisen Li
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Chengdu 610072, China
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3
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Lin LL, Wang HH, Pederson B, Wei X, Torres M, Lu Y, Li ZJ, Liu X, Mao H, Wang H, Zhou LE, Zhao Z, Sun S, Qi L. SEL1L-HRD1 interaction is required to form a functional HRD1 ERAD complex. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1440. [PMID: 38365914 PMCID: PMC10873344 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The SEL1L-HRD1 protein complex represents the most conserved branch of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD). Despite recent advances in both mouse models and humans, in vivo evidence for the importance of SEL1L in the ERAD complex formation and its (patho-)physiological relevance in mammals remains limited. Here we report that SEL1L variant p.Ser658Pro (SEL1LS658P) is a pathogenic hypomorphic mutation, causing partial embryonic lethality, developmental delay, and early-onset cerebellar ataxia in homozygous mice carrying the bi-allelic variant. Biochemical analyses reveal that SEL1LS658P variant not only reduces the protein stability of SEL1L, but attenuates the SEL1L-HRD1 interaction, likely via electrostatic repulsion between SEL1L F668 and HRD1 Y30 residues. Proteomic screens of SEL1L and HRD1 interactomes reveal that SEL1L-HRD1 interaction is a prerequisite for the formation of a functional HRD1 ERAD complex, as SEL1L is required for the recruitment of E2 enzyme UBE2J1 as well as DERLIN to HRD1. These data not only establish the disease relevance of SEL1L-HRD1 ERAD, but also provide additional insight into the formation of a functional HRD1 ERAD complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangguang Leo Lin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Huilun Helen Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Brent Pederson
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Wei
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Mauricio Torres
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - You Lu
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Zexin Jason Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Hancheng Mao
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Linyao Elina Zhou
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Shengyi Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - Ling Qi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
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4
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Lin LL, Wei X, Wang HH, Pederson B, Torres M, Lu Y, Li ZJ, Liu X, Mao H, Wang H, Zhao Z, Sun S, Qi L. SEL1L-HRD1 interaction is prerequisite for the formation of a functional HRD1 ERAD complex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.13.536796. [PMID: 37333389 PMCID: PMC10274661 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.13.536796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The SEL1L-HRD1 protein complex represents the most conserved branch of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD); however, definitive evidence for the importance of SEL1L in HRD1 ERAD is lacking. Here we report that attenuation of the interaction between SEL1L and HRD1 impairs HRD1 ERAD function and has pathological consequences in mice. Our data show that SEL1L variant p.Ser658Pro ( SEL1L S 658 P ) previously identified in Finnish Hound suffering cerebellar ataxia is a recessive hypomorphic mutation, causing partial embryonic lethality, developmental delay, and early-onset cerebellar ataxia in homozygous mice carrying the bi-allelic variant. Mechanistically, SEL1L S 658 P variant attenuates the SEL1L-HRD1 interaction and causes HRD1 dysfunction by generating electrostatic repulsion between SEL1L F668 and HRD1 Y30 residues. Proteomic screens of SEL1L and HRD1 interactomes revealed that the SEL1L-HRD1 interaction is prerequisite for the formation of a functional HRD1 ERAD complex, as SEL1L recruits not only the lectins OS9 and ERLEC1, but the E2 UBE2J1 and retrotranslocon DERLIN, to HRD1. These data underscore the pathophysiological importance and disease relevance of the SEL1L-HRD1 complex, and identify a key step in organizing the HRD1 ERAD complex.
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5
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Chau SC, Chong PS, Jin H, Tsui KC, Khairuddin S, Tse ACK, Lew SY, Tipoe GL, Lee CW, Fung ML, Wong KH, Lim LW. Hericium erinaceus Promotes Anti-Inflammatory Effects and Regulation of Metabolites in an Animal Model of Cerebellar Ataxia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076089. [PMID: 37047062 PMCID: PMC10094689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia is a neurodegenerative disorder with no definitive treatment. Although previous study demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of Hericium erinaceus (H.E.), the mechanisms of H.E. treatment on the neuroinflammatory response, neurotransmission, and related metabolites remain largely unknown. We demonstrated that 3-AP rats treated with 25 mg/kg H.E. extracts had improved motor coordination and balance in the accelerated rotarod and rod tests. We showed that the H.E. treatment upregulated the expression of Tgfb1, Tgfb2, and Smad3 genes to levels comparable to those in the non-3-AP control group. Interestingly, we also observed a significant correlation between Tgfb2 gene expression and rod test performance in the 3-AP saline group, but not in the non-3-AP control or H.E.+3-AP groups, indicating a relationship between Tgfb2 gene expression and motor balance in the 3-AP rat model. Additionally, we also found that the H.E. treatment increased mitochondrial COX-IV protein expression and normalized dopamine-serotonin neurotransmission and metabolite levels in the cerebellum of the H.E.+3-AP group compared to the 3-AP saline group. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the H.E. treatment improved motor function in the 3-AP rat model, which was potentially mediated through neuroprotective mechanisms involving TGFB2-Smad3 signaling via normalization of neurotransmission and metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Chun Chau
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pit Shan Chong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongkai Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Chun Tsui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sharafuddin Khairuddin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anna Chung Kwan Tse
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sze Yuen Lew
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - George Lim Tipoe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Wai Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man-Lung Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kah Hui Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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6
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Li J, Zhao Y, Wang N. Physiological and Pathological Functions of TMEM30A: An Essential Subunit of P4-ATPase Phospholipid Flippases. J Lipids 2023; 2023:4625567. [PMID: 37200892 PMCID: PMC10188266 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4625567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids are asymmetrically distributed across mammalian plasma membrane. The function of P4-ATPases is to maintain the abundance of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in the inner leaflet as lipid flippases. Transmembrane protein 30A (TMEM30A, also named CDC50A), as an essential β subunit of most P4-ATPases, facilitates their transport and functions. With TMEM30A knockout mice or cell lines, it is found that the loss of TMEM30A has huge influences on the survival of mice and cells because of PS exposure-triggered apoptosis signaling. TMEM30A is a promising target for drug discovery due to its significant roles in various systems and diseases. In this review, we summarize the functions of TMEM30A in different systems, present current understanding of the protein structures and mechanisms of TMEM30A-P4-ATPase complexes, and discuss how these fundamental aspects of TMEM30A may be applied to disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Clinical Medical Laboratory, Wenjiang Hospital of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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7
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Lipid Dyshomeostasis and Inherited Cerebellar Ataxia. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3800-3828. [PMID: 35420383 PMCID: PMC9148275 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02826-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia is a form of ataxia that originates from dysfunction of the cerebellum, but may involve additional neurological tissues. Its clinical symptoms are mainly characterized by the absence of voluntary muscle coordination and loss of control of movement with varying manifestations due to differences in severity, in the site of cerebellar damage and in the involvement of extracerebellar tissues. Cerebellar ataxia may be sporadic, acquired, and hereditary. Hereditary ataxia accounts for the majority of cases. Hereditary ataxia has been tentatively divided into several subtypes by scientists in the field, and nearly all of them remain incurable. This is mainly because the detailed mechanisms of these cerebellar disorders are incompletely understood. To precisely diagnose and treat these diseases, studies on their molecular mechanisms have been conducted extensively in the past. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that some common pathogenic mechanisms exist within each subtype of inherited ataxia. However, no reports have indicated whether there is a common mechanism among the different subtypes of inherited cerebellar ataxia. In this review, we summarize the available references and databases on neurological disorders characterized by cerebellar ataxia and show that a subset of genes involved in lipid homeostasis form a new group that may cause ataxic disorders through a common mechanism. This common signaling pathway can provide a valuable reference for future diagnosis and treatment of ataxic disorders.
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8
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Loss of Wtap results in cerebellar ataxia and degeneration of Purkinje cells. J Genet Genomics 2022; 49:847-858. [PMID: 35304325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, which is achieved by the METTL3/METTL14/WTAP methyltransferase complex, is the most abundant internal mRNA modification. Although recent evidence indicates that m6A can regulate neurodevelopment as well as synaptic function, the roles of m6A modification in the cerebellum and related synaptic connections are not well established. Here, we report that Purkinje cell (PC)-specific WTAP knockout mice display early-onset ataxia concomitant with cerebellar atrophy due to extensive PC degeneration and apoptotic cell death. Loss of Wtap also causes the aberrant degradation of multiple PC synapses. WTAP depletion leads to decreased expression levels of METTL3/14 and reduced m6A methylation in PCs. Moreover, the expression of GFAP and NF-L in the degenerating cerebellum is increased, suggestive of severe neuronal injuries. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the critical role of WTAP-mediated m6A modification in cerebellar PCs, thus providing unique insights related to neurodegenerative disorders.
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9
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Wardlaw JM, Benveniste H, Williams A. Cerebral Vascular Dysfunctions Detected in Human Small Vessel Disease and Implications for Preclinical Studies. Annu Rev Physiol 2022; 84:409-434. [PMID: 34699267 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-060821-014521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is highly prevalent and a common cause of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and dementia, yet the pathophysiology is poorly understood. Its clinical expression is highly varied, and prognostic implications are frequently overlooked in clinics; thus, treatment is currently confined to vascular risk factor management. Traditionally, SVD is considered the small vessel equivalent of large artery stroke (occlusion, rupture), but data emerging from human neuroimaging and genetic studies refute this, instead showing microvessel endothelial dysfunction impacting on cell-cell interactions and leading to brain damage. These dysfunctions reflect defects that appear to be inherited and secondary to environmental exposures, including vascular risk factors. Interrogation in preclinical models shows consistent and converging molecular and cellular interactions across the endothelial-glial-neural unit that increasingly explain the human macroscopic observations and identify common patterns of pathology despite different triggers. Importantly, these insights may offer new targets for therapeutic intervention focused on restoring endothelial-glial physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wardlaw
- Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences; UK Dementia Research Institute; and Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom;
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anna Williams
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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10
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Zhu JW, Jia WQ, Zhou H, Li YF, Zou MM, Wang ZT, Wu BS, Xu RX. Deficiency of TRIM32 Impairs Motor Function and Purkinje Cells in Mid-Aged Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:697494. [PMID: 34421574 PMCID: PMC8377415 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.697494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper functioning of the cerebellum is crucial to motor balance and coordination in adult mammals. Purkinje cells (PCs), the sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, play essential roles in cerebellar motor function. Tripartite motif-containing protein 32 (TRIM32) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is involved in balance activities of neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of the mammalian brain and in the development of many nervous system diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, the role of TRIM32 in cerebellar motor function has never been examined. In this study we found that motor balance and coordination of mid-aged TRIM32 deficient mice were poorer than those of wild-type littermates. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to assess cerebella morphology and TRIM32 expression in PCs. Golgi staining showed that the extent of dendritic arborization and dendritic spine density of PCs were decreased in the absence of TRIM32. The loss of TRIM32 was also associated with a decrease in the number of synapses between parallel fibers and PCs, and in synapses between climbing fibers and PCs. In addition, deficiency of TRIM32 decreased Type I inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase (INPP5A) levels in cerebellum. Overall, this study is the first to elucidate a role of TRIM32 in cerebellar motor function and a possible mechanism, thereby highlighting the importance of TRIM32 in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Chengdu Children Special Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Fei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming-Ming Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Tao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing-Shan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ru-Xiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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11
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Liu W, Peng L, Tian W, Li Y, Zhang P, Sun K, Yang Y, Li X, Li G, Zhu X. Loss of phosphatidylserine flippase β-subunit Tmem30a in podocytes leads to albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:268980. [PMID: 34080006 PMCID: PMC8246268 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The asymmetric distribution of phosphatidylserine (PS) in the cytoplasmic leaflet of eukaryotic cell plasma membranes is regulated by a group of P4-ATPases (named PS flippases) and the β-subunit TMEM30A. Podocytes in the glomerulus form a filtration barrier to prevent the traversing of large cellular elements and macromolecules from the blood into the urinary space. Damage to podocytes can disrupt the filtration barrier and lead to proteinuria and podocytopathy. We observed reduced TMEM30A expression in patients with minimal change disease and membranous nephropathy, indicating potential roles of TMEM30A in podocytopathy. To investigate the role of Tmem30a in the kidney, we generated a podocyte-specific Tmem30a knockout (KO) mouse model using the NPHS2-Cre line. Tmem30a KO mice displayed albuminuria, podocyte degeneration, mesangial cell proliferation with prominent extracellular matrix accumulation and eventual progression to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Our data demonstrate a critical role of Tmem30a in maintaining podocyte survival and glomerular filtration barrier integrity. Understanding the dynamic regulation of the PS distribution in the glomerulus provides a unique perspective to pinpointing the mechanism of podocyte damage and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Liu
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China.,The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Lei Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Wanli Tian
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Kuanxiang Sun
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Yeming Yang
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Guisen Li
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China.,The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China.,Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China.,Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shangqiu First People's Hospital, Shangqiu, Henan 476000, China.,Natural Products Research Center, Institute of Chengdu Biology, Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
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12
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Morandell J, Schwarz LA, Basilico B, Tasciyan S, Dimchev G, Nicolas A, Sommer C, Kreuzinger C, Dotter CP, Knaus LS, Dobler Z, Cacci E, Schur FKM, Danzl JG, Novarino G. Cul3 regulates cytoskeleton protein homeostasis and cell migration during a critical window of brain development. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3058. [PMID: 34031387 PMCID: PMC8144225 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo loss of function mutations in the ubiquitin ligase-encoding gene Cullin3 (CUL3) lead to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In mouse, constitutive Cul3 haploinsufficiency leads to motor coordination deficits as well as ASD-relevant social and cognitive impairments. However, induction of Cul3 haploinsufficiency later in life does not lead to ASD-relevant behaviors, pointing to an important role of Cul3 during a critical developmental window. Here we show that Cul3 is essential to regulate neuronal migration and, therefore, constitutive Cul3 heterozygous mutant mice display cortical lamination abnormalities. At the molecular level, we found that Cul3 controls neuronal migration by tightly regulating the amount of Plastin3 (Pls3), a previously unrecognized player of neural migration. Furthermore, we found that Pls3 cell-autonomously regulates cell migration by regulating actin cytoskeleton organization, and its levels are inversely proportional to neural migration speed. Finally, we provide evidence that cellular phenotypes associated with autism-linked gene haploinsufficiency can be rescued by transcriptional activation of the intact allele in vitro, offering a proof of concept for a potential therapeutic approach for ASDs. De novo loss of function mutations in the ubiquitin ligase-encoding gene Cullin3 (CUL3) lead to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, the authors show that Cul3 is essential to regulate neuronal migration by tightly regulating Plastin3 (Pls3). Pls3 cell-autonomously regulates cell migration by regulating the actin cytoskeleton organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Morandell
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lena A Schwarz
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Saren Tasciyan
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Georgi Dimchev
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Armel Nicolas
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Christoph Sommer
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Christoph P Dotter
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lisa S Knaus
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Zoe Dobler
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Emanuele Cacci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Florian K M Schur
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Johann G Danzl
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Gaia Novarino
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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13
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Yang Y, Sun K, Liu W, Li X, Tian W, Shuai P, Zhu X. The phosphatidylserine flippase β-subunit Tmem30a is essential for normal insulin maturation and secretion. Mol Ther 2021; 29:2854-2872. [PMID: 33895325 PMCID: PMC8417432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The processing, maturation, and secretion of insulin are under precise regulation, and dysregulation causes profound defects in glucose handling, leading to diabetes. Tmem30a is the β subunit of the phosphatidylserine (PS) flippase, which maintains the membrane asymmetric distribution of PS. Tmem30a regulates cell survival and the localization of subcellular structures and is thus critical to the normal function of multiple physiological systems. Here, we show that conditional knockout of Tmem30a specifically in pancreatic islet β cells leads to obesity, hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance in mice, due to insufficient insulin release. Moreover, we reveal that Tmem30a plays an essential role in clathrin-mediated vesicle transport between the trans Golgi network (TGN) and the plasma membrane (PM), which comprises immature secretory granule (ISG) budding at the TGN. We also find that Tmem30a deficiency impairs clathrin-mediated vesicle budding and thus blocks both insulin maturation in ISGs and the transport of glucose-sensing Glut2 to the PM. Collectively, these disruptions compromise both insulin secretion and glucose sensitivity, thus contributing to impairments in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Taken together, our data demonstrate an important role of Tmem30a in insulin maturation and glucose metabolic homeostasis and suggest the importance of membrane phospholipid distribution in metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeming Yang
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China; The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Kuanxiang Sun
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Xiao Li
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Wanli Tian
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Ping Shuai
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China; The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China; Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072 China.
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China; The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China; Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072 China; Natural Products Research Center, Institute of Chengdu Biology, Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China; Department of Ophthalmology, First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu, Hennan 476100, China.
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14
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Garbulowski M, Smolinska K, Diamanti K, Pan G, Maqbool K, Feuk L, Komorowski J. Interpretable Machine Learning Reveals Dissimilarities Between Subtypes of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Genet 2021; 12:618277. [PMID: 33719335 PMCID: PMC7946989 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.618277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neuropsychiatric disorder with a complex genetic background. Analysis of altered molecular processes in ASD patients requires linear and nonlinear methods that provide interpretable solutions. Interpretable machine learning provides legible models that allow explaining biological mechanisms and support analysis of clinical subgroups. In this work, we investigated several case-control studies of gene expression measurements of ASD individuals. We constructed a rule-based learning model from three independent datasets that we further visualized as a nonlinear gene-gene co-predictive network. To find dissimilarities between ASD subtypes, we scrutinized a topological structure of the network and estimated a centrality distance. Our analysis revealed that autism is the most severe subtype of ASD, while pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified and Asperger syndrome are closely related and milder ASD subtypes. Furthermore, we analyzed the most important ASD-related features that were described in terms of gene co-predictors. Among others, we found a strong co-predictive mechanism between EMC4 and TMEM30A, which may suggest a co-regulation between these genes. The present study demonstrates the potential of applying interpretable machine learning in bioinformatics analyses. Although the proposed methodology was designed for transcriptomics data, it can be applied to other omics disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Garbulowski
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karolina Smolinska
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Klev Diamanti
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gang Pan
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Khurram Maqbool
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Feuk
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Komorowski
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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15
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Regulation of phospholipid dynamics in brain. Neurosci Res 2021; 167:30-37. [PMID: 33476682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids are asymmetrically distributed at the plasma membrane. Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) is exclusively located in the inner leaflet of the cell membrane while phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) and glycolipids are mainly located in the outer leaflet of the membrane. However, this asymmetry is disrupted in various physiological situations, and PtdSer is exposed on the cell surface. In platelets, exposed PtdSer functions as a scaffold for the coagulation reaction, while in dead cells, exposed PtdSer serves as an "Eat-me" signal for efferocytosis. In the developing brain, synaptic connections are over-formed during the fetal period, but about half of the neurons are removed by apoptosis, and synaptic and dendritic compartments of living neurons are also removed by phagocytes. During these processes, glial cells such as microglia and astrocyte engulf unwanted dead cells and compartments in living cells using several phagocytic receptors, recognizing PtdSer by direct binding or an indirect way using secreted molecules. Based on recent findings, we will discuss how the compartments in living neurons are eliminated for the neuronal circuit plasticity.
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16
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Hong J, Yoon D, Nam Y, Seo D, Kim JH, Kim MS, Lee TY, Kim KS, Ko PW, Lee HW, Suk K, Kim SR. Lipopolysaccharide administration for a mouse model of cerebellar ataxia with neuroinflammation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13337. [PMID: 32770064 PMCID: PMC7414878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70390-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cerebellar ataxias (CAs) are incurable neurological disorders, resulting in a lack of voluntary control by inflamed or damaged cerebellum. Although CA can be either directly or indirectly related to cerebellar inflammation, there is no suitable animal model of CA with neuroinflammation. In this study, we evaluated the utility of an intracerebellar injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to generate an animal model of inflammatory CA. We observed that LPS administration induced the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules following activation of glial cells. In addition, the administration of LPS resulted in apoptotic Purkinje cell death and induced abnormal locomotor activities, such as impaired motor coordination and abnormal hindlimb clasping posture. Our results suggest that intracerebellar LPS administration in experimental animals may be useful for studying the inflammatory component of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwan Hong
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyeong Yoon
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngpyo Nam
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Donggun Seo
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sung Kim
- Bioengineering Institute, Corestem Inc., Seoul, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yong Lee
- Bioengineering Institute, Corestem Inc., Seoul, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Suk Kim
- Bioengineering Institute, Corestem Inc., Seoul, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Pan-Woo Ko
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Won Lee
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea. .,School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Won Shin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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18
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Cerebellar Astrocytes: Much More Than Passive Bystanders In Ataxia Pathophysiology. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030757. [PMID: 32168822 PMCID: PMC7141261 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia is a neurodegenerative syndrome, which can emerge as a major element of a disease or represent a symptom of more complex multisystemic disorders. It comprises several forms with a highly variegated etiology, mainly united by motor, balance, and speech impairments and, at the tissue level, by cerebellar atrophy and Purkinje cells degeneration. For this reason, the contribution of astrocytes to this disease has been largely overlooked in the past. Nevertheless, in the last few decades, growing evidences are pointing to cerebellar astrocytes as crucial players not only in the progression but also in the onset of distinct forms of ataxia. Although the current knowledge on this topic is very fragmentary and ataxia type-specific, the present review will attempt to provide a comprehensive view of astrocytes’ involvement across the distinct forms of this pathology. Here, it will be highlighted how, through consecutive stage-specific mechanisms, astrocytes can lead to non-cell autonomous neurodegeneration and, consequently, to the behavioral impairments typical of this disease. In light of that, treating astrocytes to heal neurons will be discussed as a potential complementary therapeutic approach for ataxic patients, a crucial point provided the absence of conclusive treatments for this disease.
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19
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Yang Y, Liu W, Sun K, Jiang L, Zhu X. Tmem30a deficiency leads to retinal rod bipolar cell degeneration. J Neurochem 2019; 148:400-412. [PMID: 30548540 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids are asymmetrically distributed across the mammalian plasma membrane, with phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine concentrated in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the membrane bilayer and phosphatidylcholine in the exoplasmic leaflet. This asymmetric distribution is dependent on a group of P4 ATPases called PS flippases. The proper transport and function of PS flippases require a β-subunit transmembrane protein 30A (TMEM30A). Disruption of PS flippases leads to several human diseases. Tmem30a is essential for photoreceptor survival. However, the roles of Tmem30a in the retinal rod bipolar cells (RBC) remain elusive. To investigate the role of Tmem30a in the RBCs, we generated a RBC-specific Tmem30a knockout (cKO) mouse model using PCP2-Cre line. The Tmem30a cKO mice exhibited defect in RBC function and progressive RBC death. PKCα staining of retinal cryosections from cKO mice revealed a remarkable dendritic sprouting of rod bipolar cells during the early degenerative process. Immunostaining analysis of PSD95 and mGluT6 expression demonstrated that rod bipolar cells in Tmem30a cKO retinas exhibited aberrant dendritic sprouting as a result of impaired synaptic efficacy, which implied a crucial role for Tmem30a in synaptic transmission in the retina. In addition, loss of Tmem30a led to reactive gliosis with increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and CD68. TUNEL staining suggested that apoptotic cell death occurred in the retinal inner nuclear layer (INL). Our data show that loss of Tmem30a in RBCs results in dendritic sprouting of rod bipolar cells, increased astrogliosis and RBC death. Taken together, our studies demonstrate an essential role for Tmem30a in the retinal bipolar cells. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14492.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeming Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kuanxiang Sun
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shangqiu First Municipal People's Hospital, Shangqiu, Henan, China.,Institute of Chengdu Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, China
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