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López-Vázquez S, Villalobos C, Núñez L. SARS-CoV-2 Viroporin E Induces Ca 2+ Release and Neuron Cell Death in Primary Cultures of Rat Hippocampal Cells Aged In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6304. [PMID: 38928009 PMCID: PMC11203731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic was caused by infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which may lead to serious respiratory, vascular and neurological dysfunctions. The SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein (E protein) is a structural viroporin able to form ion channels in cell membranes, which is critical for viral replication. However, its effects in primary neurons have not been addressed. Here we used fluorescence microscopy and calcium imaging to study SARS-CoV-2 viroporin E localization and the effects on neuron damage and intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in a model of rat hippocampal neurons aged in vitro. We found that the E protein quickly enters hippocampal neurons and colocalizes with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in both short-term (6-8 days in vitro, DIV) and long-term (20-22 DIV) cultures resembling young and aged neurons, respectively. Strikingly, E protein treatment induces apoptosis in aged neurons but not in young neurons. The E protein induces variable increases in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in hippocampal neurons. Ca2+ responses to the E protein are due to Ca2+ release from intracellular stores at the ER. Moreover, E protein-induced Ca2+ release is very small in young neurons and increases dramatically in aged neurons, consistent with the enhanced Ca2+ store content in aged neurons. We conclude that the SARS-CoV-2 E protein quickly translocates to ER endomembranes of rat hippocampal neurons where it releases Ca2+, probably acting like a viroporin, thus producing Ca2+ store depletion and neuron apoptosis in aged neurons and likely contributing to neurological damage in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara López-Vázquez
- Excellence Unit, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Genetics of Valladolid (IBGM), University of Valladolid and Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (S.L.-V.); (L.N.)
| | - Carlos Villalobos
- Excellence Unit, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Genetics of Valladolid (IBGM), University of Valladolid and Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (S.L.-V.); (L.N.)
| | - Lucía Núñez
- Excellence Unit, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Genetics of Valladolid (IBGM), University of Valladolid and Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (S.L.-V.); (L.N.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
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Chen J, Wu L, Li Y. FGL1 and FGL2: emerging regulators of liver health and disease. Biomark Res 2024; 12:53. [PMID: 38816776 PMCID: PMC11141035 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is a complex group of diseases with high morbidity and mortality rates, emerging as a major global health concern. Recent studies have highlighted the involvement of fibrinogen-like proteins, specifically fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1) and fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2), in the regulation of various liver diseases. FGL1 plays a crucial role in promoting hepatocyte growth, regulating lipid metabolism, and influencing the tumor microenvironment (TME), contributing significantly to liver repair, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and liver cancer. On the other hand, FGL2 is a multifunctional protein known for its role in modulating prothrombin activity and inducing immune tolerance, impacting viral hepatitis, liver fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and liver transplantation. Understanding the functions and mechanisms of fibrinogen-like proteins is essential for the development of effective therapeutic approaches for liver diseases. Additionally, FGL1 has demonstrated potential as a disease biomarker in radiation and drug-induced liver injury as well as HCC, while FGL2 shows promise as a biomarker in viral hepatitis and liver transplantation. The expression levels of these molecules offer exciting prospects for disease assessment. This review provides an overview of the structure and roles of FGL1 and FGL2 in different liver conditions, emphasizing the intricate molecular regulatory processes and advancements in targeted therapies. Furthermore, it explores the potential benefits and challenges of targeting FGL1 and FGL2 for liver disease treatment and the prospects of fibrinogen-like proteins as biomarkers for liver disease, offering insights for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiongming Chen
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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Basudkar V, Gujrati G, Ajgaonkar S, Gandhi M, Mehta D, Nair S. Emerging Vistas for the Nutraceutical Withania somnifera in Inflammaging. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:597. [PMID: 38794167 PMCID: PMC11123800 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammaging, a coexistence of inflammation and aging, is a persistent, systemic, low-grade inflammation seen in the geriatric population. Various natural compounds have been greatly explored for their potential role in preventing and treating inflammaging. Withania somnifera has been used for thousands of years in traditional medicine as a nutraceutical for its numerous health benefits including regenerative and adaptogenic effects. Recent preclinical and clinical studies on the role of Withania somnifera and its active compounds in treating aging, inflammation, and oxidative stress have shown promise for its use in healthy aging. We discuss the chemistry of Withania somnifera, the etiology of inflammaging and the protective role(s) of Withania somnifera in inflammaging in key organ systems including brain, lung, kidney, and liver as well as the mechanistic underpinning of these effects. Furthermore, we elucidate the beneficial effects of Withania somnifera in oxidative stress/DNA damage, immunomodulation, COVID-19, and the microbiome. We also delineate a putative protein-protein interaction network of key biomarkers modulated by Withania somnifera in inflammaging. In addition, we review the safety/potential toxicity of Withania somnifera as well as global clinical trials on Withania somnifera. Taken together, this is a synthetic review on the beneficial effects of Withania somnifera in inflammaging and highlights the potential of Withania somnifera in improving the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in the aging population worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Basudkar
- PhytoVeda Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai 400 022, India
- Viridis Biopharma Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai 400 022, India
| | - Gunjan Gujrati
- PhytoVeda Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai 400 022, India
- Viridis Biopharma Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai 400 022, India
| | - Saiprasad Ajgaonkar
- PhytoVeda Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai 400 022, India
- Viridis Biopharma Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai 400 022, India
| | - Manav Gandhi
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dilip Mehta
- PhytoVeda Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai 400 022, India
- Viridis Biopharma Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai 400 022, India
| | - Sujit Nair
- PhytoVeda Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai 400 022, India
- Viridis Biopharma Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai 400 022, India
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Arunachalam AR, Samuel SS, Mani A, Maynard JP, Stayer KM, Dybbro E, Narayanan S, Biswas A, Pathan S, Soni K, Kamal AHM, Ambati CSR, Putluri N, Desai MS, Thevananther S. P2Y2 purinergic receptor gene deletion protects mice from bacterial endotoxin and sepsis-associated liver injury and mortality. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 325:G471-G491. [PMID: 37697947 PMCID: PMC10812707 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00090.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The liver plays a significant role in regulating a wide range of metabolic, homeostatic, and host-defense functions. However, the impact of liver injury on the host's ability to control bacteremia and morbidity in sepsis is not well understood. Leukocyte recruitment and activation lead to cytokine and chemokine release, which, in turn, trigger hepatocellular injury and elevate nucleotide levels in the extracellular milieu. P2Y2 purinergic receptors, G protein-coupled and activated by extracellular ATP/UTP, are expressed at the cell surface of hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells. We sought to determine whether P2Y2 purinergic receptor function is necessary for the maladaptive host response to bacterial infection and endotoxin-mediated inflammatory liver injury and mortality in mice. We report that P2Y2 purinergic receptor knockout mice (P2Y2-/-) had attenuated inflammation and liver injury, with improved survival in response to LPS/galactosamine (LPS/GalN; inflammatory liver injury) and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP; polymicrobial sepsis). P2Y2-/- livers had attenuated c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation, matrix metallopeptidase-9 expression, and hepatocyte apoptosis in response to LPS/GalN and attenuated inducible nitric oxide synthase and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 3 protein expression in response to CLP. Implicating liver injury in the disruption of amino acid homeostasis, CLP led to lower serum arginine and higher bacterial load and morbidity in the WT mice, whereas serum arginine levels were comparable to sham-operated controls in P2Y2-/- mice, which had attenuated bacteremia and improved survival. Collectively, our studies highlight the pathophysiological relevance of P2Y2 purinergic receptor function in inflammatory liver injury and dysregulation of systemic amino acid homeostasis with implications for sepsis-associated immune dysfunction and morbidity in mice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our studies provide experimental evidence for P2Y2 purinergic receptor-mediated potentiation of inflammatory liver injury, morbidity, and mortality, in two well-established animal models of inflammatory liver injury. Our findings highlight the potential to target P2Y2 purinergic signaling to attenuate the induction of "cytokine storm" and prevent its deleterious consequences on liver function, systemic amino acid homeostasis, host response to bacterial infection, and sepsis-associated morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athis R Arunachalam
- Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Sanju S Samuel
- Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Arunmani Mani
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Janielle P Maynard
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Kelsey M Stayer
- Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Eric Dybbro
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Subapradha Narayanan
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Aalekhya Biswas
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Saliha Pathan
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Krishnakant Soni
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Abu Hena Mostafa Kamal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | | | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Moreshwar S Desai
- Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Sundararajah Thevananther
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
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Zhang Y, Pan S, Yi S, Sun J, Wang H. Gentiopicroside ameliorates CCl 4-induced liver injury in mice by regulating the PPAR-γ/Nrf2 and NF-κB/IκB signaling pathways. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605231204501. [PMID: 37802492 PMCID: PMC10560445 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231204501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explored the mechanisms by which gentiopicroside protects against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. METHODS Male mice were randomly assigned to the control; CCl4; bifendate 100 mg/kg; or gentiopicroside 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg groups. Both vehicle and drugs were administered intragastrically for 7 days. Mice were administered CCl4 intraperitoneally 1 hour after the last drug dose. After 24 hours, we collected blood and liver samples for testing. RESULTS Gentiopicroside significantly reduced serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities with corresponding reductions in hepatocyte denaturation and necrosis. Gentiopicroside enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and glutathione levels and reduced heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) activity and malondialdehyde levels in the liver, and these effects were attributed to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation. Meanwhile, gentiopicroside significantly downregulated HO-1 and upregulated SOD and GSH-Px at the mRNA level in the liver. Furthermore, gentiopicroside significantly suppressed serum tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β secretion, which was associated with the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)/inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB). CONCLUSIONS Gentiopicroside ameliorated CCl4-induced liver injury in mice via the PPAR-γ/Nrf2 and NF-κB/IκB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Shiguang Pan
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Yantai Qishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Shiming Yi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Yantai Qishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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Witte K, Wolk K, Witte-Händel E, Krause T, Kokolakis G, Sabat R. Targeting Metabolic Syndrome in Hidradenitis Suppurativa by Phytochemicals as a Potential Complementary Therapeutic Strategy. Nutrients 2023; 15:3797. [PMID: 37686829 PMCID: PMC10490062 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the appearance of painful inflamed nodules, abscesses, and pus-draining sinus tracts in the intertriginous skin of the groins, buttocks, and perianal and axillary regions. Despite its high prevalence of ~0.4-1%, therapeutic options for HS are still limited. Over the past 10 years, it has become clear that HS is a systemic disease, associated with various comorbidities, including metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its sequelae. Accordingly, the life expectancy of HS patients is significantly reduced. MetS, in particular, obesity, can support sustained inflammation and thereby exacerbate skin manifestations and the chronification of HS. However, MetS actually lacks necessary attention in HS therapy, underlining the high medical need for novel therapeutic options. This review directs attention towards the relevance of MetS in HS and evaluates the potential of phytomedical drug candidates to alleviate its components. It starts by describing key facts about HS, the specifics of metabolic alterations in HS patients, and mechanisms by which obesity may exacerbate HS skin alterations. Then, the results from the preclinical studies with phytochemicals on MetS parameters are evaluated and the outcomes of respective randomized controlled clinical trials in healthy people and patients without HS are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Witte
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Inflammation and Regeneration of Skin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wolk
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Inflammation and Regeneration of Skin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ellen Witte-Händel
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Torben Krause
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georgios Kokolakis
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Sabat
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Zhang R, Luo S, Zhao T, Wu M, Huang L, Zhang L, Huang Y, Gao H, Sun X, Gong T, Zhang Z. Scavenger receptor A-mediated nanoparticles target M1 macrophages for acute liver injury. Asian J Pharm Sci 2023; 18:100813. [PMID: 37274920 PMCID: PMC10238850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2023.100813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute liver injury (ALI) has an elevated fatality rate due to untimely and ineffective treatment. Although, schisandrin B (SchB) has been extensively used to treat diverse liver diseases, its therapeutic efficacy on ALI was limited due to its high hydrophobicity. Palmitic acid-modified serum albumin (PSA) is not only an effective carrier for hydrophobic drugs, but also has a superb targeting effect via scavenger receptor-A (SR-A) on the M1 macrophages, which are potential therapeutic targets for ALI. Compared with the common macrophage-targeted delivery systems, PSA enables site-specific drug delivery to reduce off-target toxicity. Herein, we prepared SchB-PSA nanoparticles and further assessed their therapeutic effect on ALI. In vitro, compared with human serum albumin encapsulated SchB nanoparticles (SchB-HSA NPs), the SchB-PSA NPs exhibited more potent cytotoxicity on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated Raw264.7 (LAR) cells, and LAR cells took up PSA NPs 8.79 times more than HSA NPs. As expected, the PSA NPs also accumulated more in the liver. Moreover, SchB-PSA NPs dramatically reduced the activation of NF-κB signaling, and significantly relieved inflammatory response and hepatic necrosis. Notably, the high dose of SchB-PSA NPs improved the survival rate in 72 h of ALI mice to 75%. Hence, SchB-PSA NPs are promising to treat ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shiqing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mengying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Bashir A, Nabi M, Tabassum N, Afzal S, Ayoub M. An updated review on phytochemistry and molecular targets of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha). Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1049334. [PMID: 37063285 PMCID: PMC10090468 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1049334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal belongs to the nightshade family Solanaceae and is commonly known as Ashwagandha. It is pharmacologically a significant medicinal plant of the Indian sub-continent, used in Ayurvedic and indigenous systems of medicine for more than 3,000 years. It is a rich reservoir of pharmaceutically bioactive constituents known as withanolides (a group of 300 naturally occurring C-28 steroidal lactones with an ergostane-based skeleton). Most of the biological activities of W. somnifera have been attributed to two key withanolides, namely, withaferin-A and withanolide-D. In addition, bioactive constituents such as withanosides, sitoindosides, steroidal lactones, and alkaloids are also present with a broad spectrum of therapeutic potential. Several research groups worldwide have discovered various molecular targets of W. somnifera, such as inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B and promoting apoptosis of cancer cells. It also enhances dopaminergic D2 receptor activity (relief in Parkinson’s disease). The active principles such as sitoindosides VII-X and withaferin-A possess free radical properties. Withanolide-D increases the radio sensitivity of human cancer cells via inhibiting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage to non-homologous end-joining repair (NHEJ) pathways. Withanolide-V may serve as a potential inhibitor against the main protease (Mpro) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to combat COVID. The molecular docking studies revealed that the withanolide-A inhibits acetyl-cholinesterase in the brain, which could be a potential drug to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Besides, withanolide-A reduces the expression of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, which is responsible for memory loss in epileptic rats. This review demonstrates that W. somnifera is a rich source of withanolides and other bioactive constituents, which can be used as a safe drug for various chronic diseases due to the minimal side effects in various pre-clinical studies. These results are interesting and signify that more clinical trials should be conducted to prove the efficacy and other potential therapeutic effects in human settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Bashir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Masarat Nabi
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Nahida Tabassum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- *Correspondence: Nahida Tabassum,
| | - Suhaib Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mehrose Ayoub
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Withaferin A Protects against Primary and Recurrent Tuberculosis by Modulating Mycobacterium-Specific Host Immune Responses. Microbiol Spectr 2023:e0058323. [PMID: 36916966 PMCID: PMC10100980 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00583-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The fate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is governed by immune signaling pathways that can either eliminate the pathogen or result in tuberculosis (TB). Anti-TB therapy (ATT) is extensive and is efficacious only against active, drug-sensitive strains of M. tuberculosis. Due to severe side effects, ATT often causes impairment of host immunity, making it imperative to use novel immunotherapeutics for better clinical outcomes. In this study, we have explored the immunomodulatory potential of withaferin A (WA) as an immunotherapeutic against TB. Here, we demonstrate that WA can constrain intracellular drug-sensitive and -resistant strains of M. tuberculosis by augmenting host immune responses. We also established the potential of WA treatment in conjunction with isoniazid. We show that WA directs the host macrophages toward defensive M1 polarization and enhances TH1 and TH17 immune responses against M. tuberculosis infection. The reduced bacterial burden upon T cell adoptive transfer further corroborated the augmented T cell responses. Interestingly, WA stimulated the generation of T cell memory populations by instigating STAT signaling, thereby reducing the rate of TB recurrence due to reactivation and reinfection. We substantiate the prospects of WA as a potent adjunct immunomodulator that enriches protective memory cells by prompting STAT signaling and improves host defense against M. tuberculosis. IMPORTANCE Despite being extensive, conventional antituberculosis therapy (ATT) is barely proficient in providing sterile immunity to tuberculosis (TB). Failure to constrain the escalating global TB burden due to the emergence of drug-resistant bacterial strains and immune dampening effects of ATT necessitates adjunct immunotherapeutics for better clinical outcomes. We evaluated the prospects of withaferin A (WA), an active constituent of Withania somnifera, as an adjunct immunomodulator against diverse M. tuberculosis strains. WA efficiently restricts the progression of TB by stimulating antimycobacterial host responses, protective immune signaling, and activation of diverse immune cell populations. Protective effects of WA can be attributed to the enrichment of memory T cells by induction of STAT signaling, thereby enhancing resistance to reinfections and reactivation of disease. We ascertained the immunotherapeutic potential of WA in boosting host immune responses against M. tuberculosis.
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10
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Li H, Niu X, Zhang D, Qu MH, Yang K. The role of the canonical nf-κb signaling pathway in the development of acute liver failure. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022:1-21. [PMID: 36578157 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2162999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As a clinical emergency with a high mortality rate, the treatment of acute liver failure has been paid attention to by society. At present, liver transplantation is the most effective treatment for acute liver failure, but there is still an insufficient supply of liver sources and a poor prognosis. In view of the current therapeutic development of this disease, more researchers have turned their attention to the research of drugs related to the NF-κB pathway. The NF-κB canonical pathway has been proven to play a role in a variety of diseases, regulating inflammation, apoptosis, and other physiological processes. More and more evidence shows that the NF-κB canonical pathway regulates the pathogenesis of acute liver failure. In this review, we will summarize the regulation process of the NF-κB canonical pathway on acute liver failure, and develop a new way to treat acute liver failure by targeting the components of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyue Li
- Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Shandong Province Colleges and Universities, School of life science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiao Niu
- Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Shandong Province Colleges and Universities, School of life science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Dajin Zhang
- Translational Medical Center, Weifang Second People's Hospital, Weifang Respiratory Disease Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Mei-Hua Qu
- Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Shandong Province Colleges and Universities, School of life science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Kunning Yang
- Translational Medical Center, Weifang Second People's Hospital, Weifang Respiratory Disease Hospital, Weifang, China
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Fan G, Li F, Wang P, Jin X, Liu R. Natural-Product-Mediated Autophagy in the Treatment of Various Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315109. [PMID: 36499429 PMCID: PMC9739742 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is essential for the maintenance of hepatic homeostasis, and autophagic malfunction has been linked to the pathogenesis of substantial liver diseases. As a popular source of drug discovery, natural products have been used for centuries to effectively prevent the progression of various liver diseases. Emerging evidence has suggested that autophagy regulation is a critical mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of these natural products. In this review, relevant studies are retrieved from scientific databases published between 2011 and 2022, and a novel scoring system was established to critically evaluate the completeness and scientific significance of the reviewed literature. We observed that numerous natural products were suggested to regulate autophagic flux. Depending on the therapeutic or pathogenic role autophagy plays in different liver diseases, autophagy-regulative natural products exhibit different therapeutic effects. According to our novel scoring system, in a considerable amount of the involved studies, convincing and reasonable evidence to elucidate the regulatory effects and underlying mechanisms of natural-product-mediated autophagy regulation was missing and needed further illustration. We highlight that autophagy-regulative natural products are valuable drug candidates with promising prospects for the treatment of liver diseases and deserve more attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifang Fan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fanghong Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xuejing Jin
- Center for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence: (X.J.); (R.L.); Tel.: +86-15632374331 (X.J.); +86-10-53912122 (R.L.)
| | - Runping Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence: (X.J.); (R.L.); Tel.: +86-15632374331 (X.J.); +86-10-53912122 (R.L.)
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12
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Fan FS. Coffee reduces the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma probably through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by caffeine. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1029491. [PMID: 36330474 PMCID: PMC9623052 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1029491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Phytotherapeuthics Affecting the IL-1/IL-17/G-CSF Axis: A Complementary Treatment Option for Hidradenitis Suppurativa? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169057. [PMID: 36012322 PMCID: PMC9408811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS; also designated as acne inversa) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by painful skin lesions that occur in the axillary, inguinal, gluteal and perianal areas of the body. These lesions contain recurring deep-seated, inflamed nodules and pus-discharging abscesses and fistulas. Affecting about 1% of the population, this common disease has gained appropriate clinical attention in the last years. Associated with numerous comorbidities including metabolic syndrome, HS is considered a systemic disease that severely impairs the quality of life and shortens life expectancy. Therapeutic options for HS are limited, comprising long-term antibiotic treatment, the surgical removal of affected skin areas, and neutralization of TNF-α, the only approved systemic treatment. Novel treatment options are needed to close the therapeutic gap. HS pathogenesis is increasingly better understood. In fact, neutrophilic granulocytes (neutrophils) seem to be decisive for the development of the purulent destructive skin inflammation in HS. Recent findings suggest a key role of the immune mediators IL-1β, IL-17A and G-CSF in the migration into and activation of neutrophils in the skin. Although phytomedical drugs display potent immunoregulatory properties and have been suggested as complementary therapy in several chronic disorders, their application in HS has not been considered so far. In this review, we describe the IL-1/IL-17/G-CSF axis and evaluate it as potential target for an integrated phytomedical treatment of HS.
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Kumar P, Sharma R, Garg N. Withania somnifera - a magic plant targeting multiple pathways in cancer related inflammation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 101:154137. [PMID: 35533610 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deregulated inflammatory responses are known to play a pivotal role in cancer initiation and progression. Tumor microenvironment is associated with the presence of a diverse array of inflammatory reactions, which further help tumor growth, metastasis and drug resistance. Withania somnifera is known to curb proliferation of cancer cells and lower inflammatory responses. PURPOSE In order to minimize the inflammation, cancer treatments often include immunomodulatory drugs. However, given the side effects of both of the cytotoxic cancer drugs and synthetic immunomodulatory agents, there is a need to develop novel anti-inflammatory agents for improved cancer therapy. A number of reports indicate that bioactive phytochemicals derived from W. somnifera exhibit anti-inflammatory capabilities in cancer. A deeper look into the underlying molecular mechanisms implicated in W. somnifera mediated anti inflammation is lacking, which is essential to fully understand the potential of this magical plant in cancer. Therefore, in the present review we are summarizing various reports, which describe mechanistic understanding of W. somnifera in cancer related inflammation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY In order to gather information on the molecular pathways affected by W. somnifera in cancer related inflammation, 'PubMed' and 'Science Direct' databases were searched using keywords Withania, cancer inflammation, and Withaferin A. Selected literature was analyzed to cover the role of inflammation in cancer, usage and side effects of anti-inflammatory drugs, W. somnifera as an immunomodulatory agent in cancer, molecular pathways modulated by W. somnifera in various preclinical models, and clinical trials using W. somnifera as an anti-inflammatory agent. RESULTS Upon literature survey we found that both W. somnifera extracts and Withaferin-A, exhibit anti inflammatory activities in various preclinical cancer models. W. somnifera modulates a number of signaling pathways such as NF-kB, JAK-STAT and AP1 to reduce cancer related inflammation. Anti inflammatory properties of W. somnifera might be effective in the treatment of drug resistance in cancers. Based on its promising effects against cancer associated inflammation in preclinical studies, W. somnifera derived products are being tested in clinical trials. CONCLUSION Several preclinical studies demonstrated anti-inflammatory potential of W. somnifera in a variety of cancers. While a few clinical trials are investigating the role of W. somnifera in various diseases, focused studies on its role in cancer related inflammation are lacking. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory effects offer targeting of senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which is speculated to play a critical role in chemoresistance. Apart from targeting cancer cell proliferation, anti-inflammatory effects of Withania provide double advantage in cancer management. Therefore, clinical trials to target cancer related inflammation using W. somnifera as a drug, should be performed to validate its advantages in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India; Department of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
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15
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Naringenin affords protection against lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure: Role of autophagy. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 717:109121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hamada K, Wang P, Xia Y, Yan N, Takahashi S, Krausz KW, Hao H, Yan T, Gonzalez FJ. Withaferin A alleviates ethanol-induced liver injury by inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 160:112807. [PMID: 34995708 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Withaferin A (WA) is a natural steroidal compound with reported hepatoprotective activities against various liver diseases. Whether WA has therapeutic effects on alcoholic liver disease has not been explored. A binge alcoholic liver injury model was employed by feeding C57BL/6J mice an ethanol (EtOH) diet for 10 days followed by an acute dose of EtOH to mimic clinical acute-upon-chronic liver injury. In this binge model, WA significantly reduced the binge EtOH-induced increase of serum aminotransaminase levels and decreased hepatic lipid accumulation. Mechanistically, WA decreased levels of hepatic lipogenesis gene mRNAs in vivo, including Srebp1c, Fasn, Acc1 and Fabp1. In EtOH-treated primary hepatocytes in vitro, WA decreased lipid accumulation by lowering the expression of the lipogenesis gene mRNAs Fasn and Acc1 as well as decreasing hepatocyte death. In the established binge alcoholic liver injury model, WA therapeutically reduced the EtOH-induced increase of serum aminotransaminase levels as well as hepatic lipid accumulation. These results demonstrate that WA reduces EtOH-induced liver injury by inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis, suggesting a potential therapeutic option for treating alcoholic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Hamada
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yangliu Xia
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Nana Yan
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shogo Takahashi
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tingting Yan
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Zhou L, Yang S, Zou X. Farrerol Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Targeting Macrophages and NLRP3. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:879232. [PMID: 35496295 PMCID: PMC9043491 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.879232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is associated with high mortality and morbidity, however, it has no curative treatment. Farrerol (FA), an active compound extracted from rhododendron, has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, but its effect and mechanism of FA in I/R injury remain unclear. Here, we found that FA alleviated myocardial I/R in vivo, and decreased the secretion of myocardial injury factors (CK-MB, LDH, troponin-1, and NT-proBNP) while inhibiting the release of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). FA could also alleviate excessive oxidative stress by elevating the level of antioxidant enzymes and reducing oxidation products; and decreased reduced the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins (cleaved caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2). However, inhibiting the autophagic pathway or knocking out the Nrf2 gene did not eliminate the myocardial protective effect of FA, but interestingly, macrophage clearance and Nlrp3 deficiency effectively blocked the myocardial protective effect of FA. In addition, FA suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation by interfering with NLRP3 and NEK7. In conclusion, these results support drug-targeted macrophage therapy for myocardial I/R and indicate that FA may be used as an immunomodulator in clinical therapy for myocardial I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yuebei People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, China
| | - Shuhui Yang
- Department of Pathology, Yuebei People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, China
| | - Xiaoming Zou
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoming Zou,
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Xia Y, Yan M, Wang P, Hamada K, Yan N, Hao H, Gonzalez FJ, Yan T. Withaferin A in the treatment of liver diseases: progress and pharmacokinetic insights. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:685-693. [PMID: 34903587 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Withaferin A (WA) is a natural steroidal compound used in Ayurvedic medicine in India and elsewhere. While WA was used as an anti-cancer reagent for decades, its role in the treatment of liver diseases has only recently been experimentally explored. Here, the effects of WA in the treatment of liver injury, systematic inflammation, and liver cancer are reviewed, and the toxicity and metabolism of WA as well as pharmacological potentials of other extracts from W. somnifera discussed. The pharmacokinetic behaviors of WA are summarized and pharmacokinetic insights into current progress and future opportunities are highlighted. Significance Statement This review outlines the current experimental progress of WA hepatoprotective activities and highlights gaps in the field. This work also discusses the pharmacokinetics of WA that can be used to guide future studies for the possible treatment of liver diseases with this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangliu Xia
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, China
| | - Mingrui Yan
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Keisuke Hamada
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, United States
| | - Nana Yan
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, United States
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Paeoniflorin Protects against ANIT-Induced Cholestatic Liver Injury in Rats via the Activation of SIRT1-FXR Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:8479868. [PMID: 34512782 PMCID: PMC8429014 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8479868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Paeoniflorin (PF), a water-soluble monoterpene glycoside, is initially isolated from the dried roots of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., which has effects on ameliorating cholestasis in our previous study. However, comprehensive approaches for understanding the protective effects and mechanisms underlying cholestatic liver injury from the regulating of bile acid metabolism have not been sufficiently elucidated. This study was aimed to explore the effectiveness as well as potential mechanism of PF on alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestatic liver injury. Rats with cholestasis induced by ANIT was used to evaluate the protective effects and mechanism of PF by regulating SIRT1/FXR and NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Rats were intragastrically administrated with ANIT to establish cholestatic liver injury model. Serum levels of ALT, AST, TBA, TBIL, ALP, γ-GT and ALB in rats were detected. The histopathology of the liver of rats was analyzed in vivo. The relative mRNA expression and protein expression levels of IL-18, IL-1β, TNF-α, HO-1, Nrf2, TLR4, NLRP3, Caspase-1, ASC, NF-κB, FXR, and SIRT1 in liver of rats were investigated. The results showed that the serum indexes and the liver histopathology were significantly improved by PF. The overexpression of IL-18, IL-1β, TNF-α, NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1 in liver was markedly reduced by PF. Furthermore, PF dramatically increased the mRNA and protein expressions of SIRT1, FXR, HO-1, and Nrf2, but decreased NF-κB p65 and TLR4 levels in liver of rats. Taken together, the protective effects of PF on cholestatic liver injury were possibly related to the activation of the SIRT1/FXR and inhibition of NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway. These findings might provide a potential protection for cholestatic liver injury.
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Speers AB, Cabey KA, Soumyanath A, Wright KM. Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on Stress and the Stress- Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:1468-1495. [PMID: 34254920 PMCID: PMC8762185 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210712151556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Withania somnifera (WS), also known as Ashwagandha, is commonly used in Ayurveda and other traditional medicine systems. WS has seen an increase in worldwide usage due to its reputation as an adaptogen. This popularity has elicited increased scientific study of its biological effects, including a potential application for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of preclinical and clinical studies examining the neuropsychiatric effects of WS, specifically its application in stress, anxiety, depression, and insomnia. METHODS Reports of human trials and animal studies of WS were collected primarily from the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. RESULTS WS root and leaf extracts exhibited noteworthy anti-stress and anti-anxiety activity in animal and human studies. WS also improved symptoms of depression and insomnia, though fewer studies investigated these applications. WS may alleviate these conditions predominantly through modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axes, as well as through GABAergic and serotonergic pathways. While some studies link specific withanolide components to its neuropsychiatric benefits, there is evidence for the presence of additional, as yet unidentified, active compounds in WS. CONCLUSION While benefits were seen in the reviewed studies, significant variability in the WS extracts examined prevents a consensus on the optimum WS preparation or dosage for treating neuropsychiatric conditions. WS generally appears safe for human use; however, it will be important to investigate potential herb-drug interactions involving WS if used alongside pharmaceutical interventions. Further elucidation of active compounds of WS is also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amala Soumyanath
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Tel/Fax: +1-503-494-6882, +1-503-494-7499; E-mails: ;
| | - Kirsten M. Wright
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Tel/Fax: +1-503-494-6882, +1-503-494-7499; E-mails: ;
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