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Awad MM, El-Gohary RM, Ibrahim S, Abdel Ghafar MT, Farghal EE, Aboalsoud A, El-Shaer RAA. Potential mitigating impact of a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor, vildagliptin, on oxazolone-induced ulcerative colitis: Targeting the role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and AMPK/Nrf2 signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112110. [PMID: 38652960 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling cascades are critical in ulcerative colitis (UC) pathophysiology by influencing gut mucosal inflammation. Recently, the coloprotective properties of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors have emerged. Thus, this study assessed for the first time the potential mitigating impact of a DPP-IV inhibitor, vildagliptin (Vilda), on oxazolone (OXZ)-induced colitis in rats, targeting the role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and AMPK/Nrf2 pathways. Thirty-two adult Albino rats were divided into four groups: control, Vilda (10 mg/kg/day orally), OXZ (300 µL of 5 % OXZ in 50 % aqueous ethanol solution introduced once into the colon via catheter), and Vilda+OXZ. Inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 13, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 10), oxidative/endoplasmic reticulum stress markers (myeloperoxidase, reduced glutathione, catalase, CHOP), mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, adenosine triphosphate levels, and mitochondrial transmembrane potential were estimated. p-AMPK, p-AKT, beclin-1, and SQSTM1 levels were immunoassayed. Nrf2, PI3K, and mTOR expression levels were quantified using the real-time polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, p-NF-ĸBp65 and LC3II immunoreactivity were evaluated. Vilda administration effectively ameliorated OXZ-induced colitis, as evidenced by the reduced Disease Activity Index, macroscopic colon damage score, colon weight/length ratio, ulcer index, and histopathological and electron microscopic changes in the colon tissues. Vilda treatment also counteracted OXZ-triggered inflammation, oxidative/endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and enhanced autophagy in the colon. Vilda substantially suppressed PI3K/AKT/mTOR and activated the AMPK/Nrf2 pathway. Vilda has potent coloprotective and anti-ulcerogenic properties, primarily attributed to its antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and modulatory impact on mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy activity. These effects were mostly mediated by suppressing PI3K/AKT/mTOR and activating AMPK/Nrf2 signaling cascades, suggesting a potential role of Vilda in UC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Mahmoud Awad
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Rehab M El-Gohary
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine,Tanta University,Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Sarah Ibrahim
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | | | - Eman E Farghal
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Alshimaa Aboalsoud
- Pharmacology Depatrtment, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
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Liu M, Wang Y, Xiang H, Guo M, Li S, Liu M, Yao J. The Tryptophan Metabolite Indole-3-Carboxaldehyde Alleviates Mice with DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis by Balancing Amino Acid Metabolism, Inhibiting Intestinal Inflammation, and Improving Intestinal Barrier Function. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093704. [PMID: 37175112 PMCID: PMC10180526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) has attracted much attention for its negative influence on quality of life and increased risk of colorectal cancer. Chemical and biological drugs are currently the usual treatment for UC. These drugs always induce severe side effects, or patients might become resistant to these therapies. Therefore, new therapeutic options for UC are urgently needed. In this study, we discovered the inhibitory activity of the intestinal tryptophan metabolite indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3-IAld) in dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced UC mice by targeting the TLR4/NF-κB/p38 signaling pathway. This compound effectively protected against colon length shortening and damage induced by DSS in the colon, notably reducing the severity of inflammation. The production of inflammatory factors of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β was significantly attenuated when treating with 3-IAld in vivo and vitro. This might be attributed to inhibition of the TLR4/NF-kB/p38 signaling pathway. Moreover, 3-IAld could up-regulate the expression of ZO-1 and Occludin in vivo and vitro. Meanwhile, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) results showed that 3-IAld could balance the aspartate and glutamate metabolism and the lysine degradation metabolism in the serum of DSS-induced colitis mice. In conclusion, 3-IAld ameliorated the intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammatory response in DSS-induced UC mice, balanced amino acid metabolism, and inhibited the activation of the TLR4/NF-kB/p38 signaling pathway, thereby protecting mice with colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Haixin Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Meng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shirong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 276005, China
- Linyi Key Laboratory for Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology of Natural Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 276005, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jingchun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 276005, China
- Linyi Key Laboratory for Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology of Natural Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 276005, China
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Dang G, Wen X, Zhong R, Wu W, Tang S, Li C, Yi B, Chen L, Zhang H, Schroyen M. Pectin modulates intestinal immunity in a pig model via regulating the gut microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolite-AhR-IL22 pathway. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:38. [PMID: 36882874 PMCID: PMC9993796 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00838-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pectin is a heteropolysaccharide that acts as an intestinal immunomodulator, promoting intestinal development and regulating intestinal flora in the gut. However, the relevant mechanisms remain obscure. In this study, pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet supplemented with either 5% microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) or 5% pectin for 3 weeks, to investigate the metabolites and anti-inflammatory properties of the jejunum. RESULT The results showed that dietary pectin supplementation improved intestinal integrity (Claudin-1, Occludin) and inflammatory response [interleukin (IL)-10], and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) was down-regulated in the jejunum. Moreover, pectin supplementation altered the jejunal microbiome and tryptophan-related metabolites in piglets. Pectin specifically increased the abundance of Lactococcus, Enterococcus, and the microbiota-derived metabolites (skatole (ST), 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA), 3-indolepropionic acid (IPA), 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (HIAA), and tryptamine (Tpm)), which activated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway. AhR activation modulates IL-22 and its downstream pathways. Correlation analysis revealed the potential relationship between metabolites and intestinal morphology, intestinal gene expression, and cytokine levels. CONCLUSION In conclusion, these results indicated that pectin inhibits the inflammatory response by enhancing the AhR-IL22-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway, which is activated through tryptophan metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqi Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Liège University, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Xiaobin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ruqing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weida Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanlong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bao Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Martine Schroyen
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Liège University, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux, Belgium
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Guo Y, Li X, Geng C, Song S, Xie X, Wang C. Vitamin D receptor involves in the protection of intestinal epithelial barrier function via up-regulating SLC26A3. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 227:106231. [PMID: 36462760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D receptor (VDR) and SLC26A3 (DRA) have been identified as pivotal protective factors in maintaining gut homeostasis in IBD patients. However, the specific mechanism underlying the increased intestinal susceptibility to inflammation induced by the loss of VDR and whether DRA participates in the role of VDR regulating intestinal epithelial barrier function are undefined. AIM The current study is undertaken to elucidate the regulatory effects of VDR on DRA and VDR prevents intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction via up-regulating the expression of DRA. METHODS WT and VDR-/- mice are used as models for intestinal epithelial response. Paracellular permeability is measured by TEER and FD-4 assays. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, qPCR and immunoblotting are performed to determine the effects of VDR and DRA on gut epithelial barrier function. RESULTS VDR-/- mice exhibits significant hyperpermeability of intestine with greatly decreased levels of ZO-1 and Claudin1 proteins. DRA is located on the intestinal epithelial apical membrane and is tightly modulated by VDR in vivo and in vitro via activating ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway. Notably, the current study for the first time demonstrates that VDR maintains intestinal epithelial barrier integrity via up-regulating DRA expression and the lack of DRA induced by VDR knockdown leads to a more susceptive condition for intestine to DSS-induced colitis. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence and deep comprehension regarding the role of VDR in modulating DRA expression in gut homeostasis and makes novel contributions to better generally understanding the links between VDR, DRA and intestinal epithelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyu Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chong Geng
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuailing Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxi Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Xiong H, Xue G, Zhang Y, Wu S, Zhao Q, Zhao R, Zhou N, Xie Y. Effect of exogenous galectin-9, a natural TIM-3 ligand, on the severity of TNBS- and DSS-induced colitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109645. [PMID: 36610329 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a complex pathogenesis that is yet to be completely understood. However, a strong correlation between Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling and IBD has been observed. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing-3 (Tim-3) has been reported to regulate TLR4/NF-κB by interacting with Galectin-9 (Gal-9), and recombinant Gal-9 can activate Tim-3; however, its potential properties in IBD and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. This study aimed to determine how Gal-9 affects experimental colitis in mice. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) were used to establish colitis in mice, and the severity of the illness was assessed based on body weight, colon length, and histology. Therefore, we explored the effects of Gal-9 treatment on colitis. Furthermore, we analyzed the effect of Gal-9 on the expression of Tim-3 and TLR4/NF-κB pathway in colonic tissues and the serum levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. Tim-3 expression in the colon was notably decreased in mice with TNBS-induced colitis, whereas TLR4/NF-kB expression was significantly increased. Intraperitoneal injection of Gal-9 dramatically decreased the disease activity index and attenuated the level of intestinal mucosal inflammation in TNBS-induced colitis mice (p < 0.05). Intraperitoneal administration of Gal-9 significantly increased Tim-3 expression in the colon and decreased the serum concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6. Additionally, Gal-9 treatment significantly downregulated the expression of TLR4 signaling pathway-related proteins. In contrast, Gal-9 did not reduce the severity of DSS-induced colitis. In summary, exogenous Gal-9 increased Tim-3 expression, inhibited the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, and alleviated TNBS-induced colitis in mice but not DSS-induced colitis in mice, revealing its potential therapeutic ramifications for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; JiangXi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Guohui Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiujiang NO.1 People's Hospital, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; JiangXi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; JiangXi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Qiaoyun Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; JiangXi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Rulin Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; JiangXi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Nanjin Zhou
- Jiangxi Provincial Academy of Medical Science, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Yong Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; JiangXi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China.
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6
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Akahoshi N, Hasegawa R, Yamamoto S, Takemoto R, Yoshizawa T, Kamichatani W, Ishii I. Differential Roles of Cystathionine Gamma-Lyase and Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase in Hapten-Induced Colitis and Contact Dermatitis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032659. [PMID: 36768979 PMCID: PMC9916491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to act as both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory mediators. Application of H2S donors generally protects against inflammation; however, experimental results using mice lacking endogenous H2S-producing enzymes, such as cystathionine γ-lyase (CTH) and mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST), are often contradictory. We herein examined two types of model hapten-induced inflammation models, colitis (an inflammatory bowel disease model of mucosal immunity) and contact dermatitis (a type IV allergic model of systemic immunity), in CTH-deficient (Cth-/-) and MPST-deficient (Mpst-/-) mice. Both mice exhibited no significant alteration from wild-type mice in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (Th1-type hapten)-induced colitis (a Crohn's disease model) and oxazolone (Th1/Th2 mix-type; Th2 dominant)-induced colitis (an ulcerative colitis model). However, Cth-/- (not Mpst-/-) mice displayed more exacerbated phenotypes in trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB; Th1-type)-induced contact dermatitis, but not oxazolone, at the delayed phase (24 h post-administration) of inflammation. CTH mRNA expression was upregulated in the TNCB-treated ears of both wild-type and Mpst-/- mice. Although mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) was upregulated in both early (2 h) and delayed phases of TNCB-triggered dermatitis in all genotypes, that of Th2 (IL-4) and Treg cytokines (IL-10) was upregulated only in Cth-/- mice, when that of Th1 cytokines (IFNγ and IL-2) was upregulated in wild-type and Mpst-/- mice at the delayed phase. These results suggest that (upregulated) CTH or H2S produced by it helps maintain Th1/Th2 balance to protect against contact dermatitis.
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Feng B, Lin L, Li L, Long X, Liu C, Zhao Z, Li S, Li Y. Glucocorticoid induced group 2 innate lymphoid cell overactivation exacerbates experimental colitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:863034. [PMID: 36032134 PMCID: PMC9411106 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.863034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems has been observed in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Anxiety and depression increase the risk of IBD by activating the adaptive immune system. However, whether anxiety affects innate immunity and its impact on IBD severity remains elusive. This study investigated the mechanism by which anxiety contributes to IBD development in a murine model of acute wrap restraint stress (WRS). Here, we found that anxiety-induced overactivation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) aggravated colonic inflammation. Overactivation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is a hallmark of the physiological change of anxiety. Corticosterone (CORT), a stress hormone, is a marker of HPA axis activation and is mainly secreted by HPA activation. We hypothesized that the overproduction of CORT stimulated by anxiety exacerbated colonic inflammation due to the abnormally elevated function of ILC2. The results showed that ILC2 secreted more IL-5 and IL-13 in the WRS mice than in the control mice. Meanwhile, WRS mice experienced more body weight loss, shorter colon length, higher concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α, more severely impaired barrier function, and more severe inflammatory cell infiltration. As expected, the serum corticosterone levels were elevated after restraint stress. Dexamethasone (DEX) was then injected to mimic HPA axis activation induced CORT secretion. DEX injection can also stimulate ILC2 to secrete more type II cytokines and exacerbate oxazolone (OXA) induced colitis. Blocking the IL-13/STAT6 signaling pathway alleviated colitis in WRS and DEX-injected mice. In conclusion, the overactivation of ILC2 induced by CORT contributed to the development of OXA-induced colitis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingcheng Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lixiang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Long
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zixiao Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shiyang Li
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Shiyang Li, ; Yanqing Li,
| | - Yanqing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Shiyang Li, ; Yanqing Li,
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Ban QY, Liu M, Ding N, Chen Y, Lin Q, Zha JM, He WQ. Nutraceuticals for the Treatment of IBD: Current Progress and Future Directions. Front Nutr 2022; 9:794169. [PMID: 35734374 PMCID: PMC9207447 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.794169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing-remitting inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Patients are usually diagnosed in adolescence and early adulthood and need lifelong treatment. In recent years, it has been found that diet plays an important role in the pathogenesis of IBD. Diet can change intestinal barrier function, affect the structure and function of intestinal flora, and promote immune disorder, thus promoting inflammation. Many patients believe that diet plays a role in the onset and treatment of the disease and changes their diet spontaneously. This review provides some insights into how nutraceuticals regulate intestinal immune homeostasis and improve intestinal barrier function. We reviewed the research results of dietary fiber, polyphenols, bioactive peptides, and other nutraceuticals in the prevention and treatment of IBD and sought better alternative or supplementary treatment methods for IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Yao Ban
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center of Soochow Medical School, Suzhou, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center of Soochow Medical School, Suzhou, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center of Soochow Medical School, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qiong Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Juan-Min Zha
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center of Soochow Medical School, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Juan-Min Zha
| | - Wei-Qi He
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center of Soochow Medical School, Suzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Wei-Qi He
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9
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Wang H, He X, Liang S, Chen X. Role of vitamin D in ulcerative colitis: an update on basic research and therapeutic applications. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 16:251-264. [PMID: 35236213 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2022.2048817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vitamin D deficiency is common in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Moreover, vitamin D supplementation seems to contribute to disease relief. Nevertheless, the exact etiological link between vitamin D deficiency and UC is far from clear, and an agreement has not been reached on the frequency and dosage of vitamin D supplementation required. AREAS COVERED This review will outline the possible role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of UC and summarize the current state of clinical research on vitamin D. Literature was searched on PUBMED, with 'Vitamin D,' 'Ulcerative colitis,' 'Vitamin D receptor,' and 'disease activity' as MeSH Terms. Relevant information is presented in figures or tables. EXPERT OPINION The etiological relationship between vitamin D and the onset of UC is still being researched. More high-quality double-blind randomized clinical studies are needed to determine the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in the treatment of UC, whether as the main treatment or as an adjuvant treatment. Importantly, determining the dosage and frequency of vitamin D supplementation should be the main research direction in the future, and regional factors should also be fully considered in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- HongQian Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Xue He
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - ShiMin Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui China
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10
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Qian J, Lu J, Huang Y, Wang M, Chen B, Bao J, Wang L, Cui D, Luo B, Yan F. Periodontitis Salivary Microbiota Worsens Colitis. J Dent Res 2021; 101:559-568. [PMID: 34796773 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211049781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that periodontitis contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. However, few studies have examined the role of swallowing and saliva in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases. Saliva contains an enormous number of oral bacteria and is swallowed directly into the intestine. Here, we explored the influence of periodontitis salivary microbiota on colonic inflammation and possible mechanisms in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. The salivary microbiota was collected from healthy individuals and those with periodontitis and gavaged to C57BL/6 mice. Periodontitis colitis was induced by DSS for 5 d and ligature for 1 wk. The degree of colon inflammation was evaluated through hematoxylin and eosin staining, ELISA, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immune parameters were measured with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence. The gut microbiota and metabolome analyses were performed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Although no significant colitis-associated phenotypic changes were found under physiologic conditions, periodontitis salivary microbiota exacerbated colitis in a periodontitis colitis model after DSS induction. The immune response more closely resembled the pathology of ulcerative colitis, including aggravated macrophage M2 polarization and Th2 cell induction (T helper 2). Inflammatory bowel disease-associated microbiota, such as Blautia, Helicobacter, and Ruminococcus, were changed in DSS-induced colitis after periodontitis salivary microbiota gavage. Periodontitis salivary microbiota decreased unsaturated fatty acid levels and increased arachidonic acid metabolism in DSS-induced colitis, which was positively correlated with Aerococcus and Ruminococcus, suggesting the key role of these metabolic events and microbes in the exacerbating effect of periodontitis salivary microbiota on experimental colitis. Our study demonstrated that periodontitis contributes to the pathogenesis of colitis through the swallowing of salivary microbiota, confirming the role of periodontitis in systemic disease and providing new insights into the etiology of gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Qian
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - J Lu
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Huang
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - M Wang
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - B Chen
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - J Bao
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - L Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - D Cui
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - B Luo
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - F Yan
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Chen J, Jin A, Huang L, Zhao Y, Li Y, Zhang H, Yang X, Sun Q. Dynamic Changes in Lung Microbiota of Broilers in Response to Aging and Ammonia Stress. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:696913. [PMID: 34421851 PMCID: PMC8371464 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.696913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive microbial analysis has revealed that the lung harbors a complex variety of microbiota, and although the dynamic distribution of the lung microbiota in mice and laying hens of different ages is well established, this distribution has not been clarified in broilers of different ages. Here, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers at 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age to evaluate changes in the composition of their lung microbiota. Upon examination of the composition and function of the broiler lung microbiota, we found that their maturation increased significantly with age. Specifically, the microbiota composition was similar between 7 and 14D and between 21 and 35D. The relative abundance of aerobic bacteria in the broiler lungs gradually increased as the broilers developed, whereas the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria reached its highest level at 3D. The relative abundance of predicted functions in microbiota was very similar among 3, 7, and 14D, whereas the Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism pathway in microbiota was enriched at 21D. These findings suggest that these metabolic pathways play critical roles in shaping broiler microbiota at these age stages. In addition, short-term external ammonia stimulation significantly increased lung inflammation but did not significantly affect the lung microbiota. Taken together, these data reveal the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress. These findings provide new insights into the development of broiler lung microbiota and serve as a reference for subsequent studies to evaluate disease prevention in broilers subjected to large-scale breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ai Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lei Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yuwen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Haotian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qingzhu Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Deng L, Shi Y, Liu P, Wu S, Lv Y, Xu H, Chen X. GeGen QinLian decoction alleviate influenza virus infectious pneumonia through intestinal flora. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111896. [PMID: 34246956 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza in humans is often accompanied by gastroenteritis-like symptoms. GeGen QinLian decoction (GQD), a Chinese herb formula, has been widely used to treat infectious diarrhea for centuries and has the effect of restoring intestinal flora. Studies have also reported that GQD were used to treat patients with influenza. However, whether regulating the intestinal flora is one of the ways GQD treats influenza has not been confirmed. In present research, we conducted a systemic pharmacological study, and the results showed that GQD may acts through multiple targets and pathways. In influenza-infected mice, GQD treatment reduced mortality and lung inflammation. Most importantly, the mortality and lung inflammation were also reduced in influenza-infected mice that have undergone fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from GQD (FMT-GQD) treated mice. GQD treatment or FMT-GQD treatment restores the intestinal flora, resulting in an increase in Akkermansia_muciniphila, Desulfovibrio_C21_c20 and Lactobacillus_salivarius, and a decrease in Escherichia_coli. FMT-GQD treatment inhibited the NOD/RIP2/NF-κB signaling pathway in the intestine and affected the expression of downstream related inflammatory cytokines in mesenteric lymph nodes (mLNs) and serum. In addition, FMT-GQD treatment showed systemic protection by restraining the inflammatory differentiation of CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, our study shows that GQD can affect systemic immunity, at least in part, through the intestinal flora, thereby protect the mice against influenza virus infectious pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Deng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yucong Shi
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Pei Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Sizhi Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yiwen Lv
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huachong Xu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xiaoyin Chen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Wang J, Zhang C, Zhang T, Yan L, Qiu L, Yin H, Ding X, Bai S, Zeng Q, Mao X, Zhang K, Wu C, Xuan Y, Shan Z. Dietary 25-hydroxyvitamin D improves intestinal health and microbiota of laying hens under high stocking density. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101132. [PMID: 34062444 PMCID: PMC8173302 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The high stocking density is a major stress factor that adversely affects the health and performance of poultry. Therefore, the object of this study was conducted to explore whether dietary 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D3) could improve gut health of laying hens reared under high stocking density. A 2 × 2 factorial design was used in this 16-week study, in which 800 45-week-old Lohmann laying hens were allocated into two levels of dietary 25-OH-D3 levels (0 and 69 µg/kg) and two rates of stocking densities [506 (low density, LD) and 338 (high density, HD) cm2/hen]. Compared with the layers with LD, the layers with HD had lower crypt depth in duodenum (P(Density) < 0.05), lower short chain fatty acid (propionic and butyric acid) contents in cecum (P(Density) < 0.05), and lower mRNA expression of intestinal barrier associated protein (claudin-1, mucin-1 and mucin-2). Exposed layer to HD also led to lower intestinal antioxidative capacity [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content] in small intestine (P(Density) < 0.05), lower bacterial abundance of Bacteroidetes (phylum), Spirochaetes (phylum) and Bacteroides (genus; P(Density) < 0.05), higher bacterial enrichment of Lactobacillaceae (genus) and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (P(Density) < 0.05) in cecum. Dietary 25-OH-D3 increased the villus height in duodenum and jejunum (P(25-OH-D3) < 0.05), decreased Chao 1 and ACE indexes in cecum (P(25-OH-D3) < 0.05), and it also up-regulated the mRNA expression of claudin-1, mucin-1 and mucin-2 (P(25-OH-D3) < 0.05). Layers treated with 25-OH-D3 led to an enhanced antioxidative enzyme activity of CAT (P(25-OH-D3) < 0.05). Additionally, the effect of 25-OH-D3 reversed the effect of HD on T-AOC and MDA content (P(Interaction) < 0.05). In HD layers, 25-OH-D3 administration decreased the enrichment of Bacteroidetes (phylum), increased Firmicutes (phylum), and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (P(Interaction) < 0.05). These results suggest that supplementing 25-OH-D3 in diets may elevate gut health through the improvement of intestinal barrier function, antioxidant capacity and cecal microbiota composition in laying hens with high stocking density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Pu'er University, Pu'er City, 665000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lei Yan
- DSM Nutrition Product, DSM Vitamin (Shanghai) Ltd. Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyun Qiu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Huadong Yin
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xuemei Ding
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shiping Bai
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qiufeng Zeng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Keying Zhang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Caimei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yue Xuan
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhiguo Shan
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; College of Agriculture and Forestry, Pu'er University, Pu'er City, 665000, P.R. China.
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