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McLaughlin T, Wang J, Jia L, Wu F, Wang Y, Wang JJ, Mu X, Zhang SX. Neuronal p58 IPK Protects Retinal Ganglion Cells Independently of Macrophage/Microglia Activation in Ocular Hypertension. Cells 2023; 12:1558. [PMID: 37371028 PMCID: PMC10297187 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
p58IPK is a multifaceted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone and a regulator of eIF2α kinases involved in a wide range of cellular processes including protein synthesis, ER stress response, and macrophage-mediated inflammation. Systemic deletion of p58IPK leads to age-related loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and exacerbates RGC damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion and increased intraocular pressure (IOP), suggesting a protective role of p58IPK in the retina. However, the mechanisms remain elusive. Herein, we investigated the cellular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotection action of p58IPK using conditional knockout (cKO) mouse lines where p58IPK is deleted in retinal neurons (Chx10-p58IPK cKO) or in myeloid cells (Lyz2-p58IPK cKO). In addition, we overexpressed p58IPK by adeno-associated virus (AAV) in the retina to examine the effect of p58IPK on RGC survival after ocular hypertension (OHT) in wild type (WT) mice. Our results show that overexpression of p58IPK by AAV significantly improved RGC survival after OHT in WT mice, suggesting a protective effect of p58IPK on reducing RGC injury. Conditional knockout of p58IPK in retinal neurons or in myeloid cells did not alter retinal structure or cellular composition. However, a significant reduction in the b wave of light-adapted electroretinogram (ERG) was observed in Chx10-p58IPK cKO mice. Deletion of p58IPK in retinal neurons exacerbates RGC loss at 14 days after OHT. In contrast, deficiency of p58IPK in myeloid cells increased the microglia/macrophage activation but had no effect on RGC loss. We conclude that deletion of p58IPK in macrophages increases their activation, but does not influence RGC survival. These results suggest that the neuroprotective action of p58IPK is mediated by its expression in retinal neurons, but not in macrophages. Therefore, targeting p58IPK specifically in retinal neurons is a promising approach for the treatment of neurodegenerative retinal diseases including glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd McLaughlin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Jinli Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Liyun Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Fuguo Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Yaqin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442005, China
| | - Joshua J. Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Xiuqian Mu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Sarah X. Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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Wang J, Han S, Ye J. Topological regulation of a transmembrane protein by luminal-to-cytosolic retrotranslocation of glycosylated sequence. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112311. [PMID: 36972171 PMCID: PMC10520219 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane proteins must adopt proper topology to perform their functions. We previously demonstrated that ceramide regulates TM4SF20 (transmembrane 4 L6 family 20) by altering the topology of the transmembrane protein, but the underlying mechanism remains obscure. Here we report that TM4SF20 is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with a cytosolic C terminus and a luminal loop before the last transmembrane helix where N132, N148, and N163 are glycosylated. In the absence of ceramide, the sequence surrounding glycosylated N163 but not N132 is retrotranslocated from lumen to cytosol independent of ER-associated degradation. Accompanying this retrotranslocation, the C terminus of the protein is relocated from cytosol to lumen. Ceramide delays the retrotranslocation process, causing accumulation of the protein that is originally synthesized. Our findings suggest that N-linked glycans, although synthesized in the lumens, may be exposed to cytosol through retrotranslocation, a reaction that may play a crucial role in topological regulation of transmembrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sungwon Han
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jin Ye
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Sagarika P, Yadav K, Sahi C. Volleying plasma membrane proteins from birth to death: Role of J-domain proteins. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1072242. [PMID: 36589230 PMCID: PMC9798423 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1072242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The function, stability, and turnover of plasma membrane (PM) proteins are crucial for cellular homeostasis. Compared to soluble proteins, quality control of plasma membrane proteins is extremely challenging. Failure to meet the high quality control standards is detrimental to cellular and organismal health. J-domain proteins (JDPs) are among the most diverse group of chaperones that collaborate with other chaperones and protein degradation machinery to oversee cellular protein quality control (PQC). Although fragmented, the available literature from different models, including yeast, mammals, and plants, suggests that JDPs assist PM proteins with their synthesis, folding, and trafficking to their destination as well as their degradation, either through endocytic or proteasomal degradation pathways. Moreover, some JDPs interact directly with the membrane to regulate the stability and/or functionality of proteins at the PM. The deconvoluted picture emerging is that PM proteins are relayed from one JDP to another throughout their life cycle, further underscoring the versatility of the Hsp70:JDP machinery in the cell.
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Ershov P, Yablokov E, Mezentsev Y, Ivanov A. Interactomics of CXXC proteins involved in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. BIOMEDITSINSKAYA KHIMIYA 2022; 68:339-351. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20226805339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression is an extremely complex and multicomponent biological phenomenon. Proteins containing the CXXC-domain “zinc fingers” (CXXC-proteins) are master regulators of expression of many genes and have conserved functions of methylation of DNA bases and histone proteins. CXXC proteins function as a part of multiprotein complexes, which indicates the fundamental importance of studying post-translational regulation through modulation of the protein-protein interaction spectrum (PPI) in both normal and pathological conditions. In this paper we discuss general aspects of the involvement of CXXC proteins and their protein partners in neoplastic processes, both from the literature data and our own studies. Special attention is paid to recent data on the particular interactomics of the CFP1 protein encoded by the CXXC1 gene located on the human chromosome 18. CFP1 is devoid of enzymatic activity and implements epigenetic regulation of expression through binding to chromatin and a certain spectrum of PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.V. Ershov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - A.S. Ivanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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De Masi R, Orlando S. GANAB and N-Glycans Substrates Are Relevant in Human Physiology, Polycystic Pathology and Multiple Sclerosis: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7373. [PMID: 35806376 PMCID: PMC9266668 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans are one of the four fundamental macromolecular components of living matter, and they are highly regulated in the cell. Their functions are metabolic, structural and modulatory. In particular, ER resident N-glycans participate with the Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 highly conserved sequence, in protein folding process, where the physiological balance between glycosylation/deglycosylation on the innermost glucose residue takes place, according GANAB/UGGT concentration ratio. However, under abnormal conditions, the cell adapts to the glucose availability by adopting an aerobic or anaerobic regimen of glycolysis, or to external stimuli through internal or external recognition patterns, so it responds to pathogenic noxa with unfolded protein response (UPR). UPR can affect Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and several neurological and metabolic diseases via the BiP stress sensor, resulting in ATF6, PERK and IRE1 activation. Furthermore, the abnormal GANAB expression has been observed in MS, systemic lupus erythematous, male germinal epithelium and predisposed highly replicating cells of the kidney tubules and bile ducts. The latter is the case of Polycystic Liver Disease (PCLD) and Polycystic Kidney Disease (PCKD), where genetically induced GANAB loss affects polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin-2 (PC2), resulting in altered protein quality control and cyst formation phenomenon. Our topics resume the role of glycans in cell physiology, highlighting the N-glycans one, as a substrate of GANAB, which is an emerging key molecule in MS and other human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto De Masi
- Complex Operative Unit of Neurology, “F. Ferrari” Hospital, Casarano, 73042 Lecce, Italy;
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Multiple Sclerosis Centre, “F. Ferrari” Hospital, Casarano, 73042 Lecce, Italy
| | - Stefania Orlando
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Multiple Sclerosis Centre, “F. Ferrari” Hospital, Casarano, 73042 Lecce, Italy
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Vaney MC, Dellarole M, Duquerroy S, Medits I, Tsouchnikas G, Rouvinski A, England P, Stiasny K, Heinz FX, Rey FA. Evolution and activation mechanism of the flavivirus class II membrane-fusion machinery. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3718. [PMID: 35764616 PMCID: PMC9239988 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31111-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavivirus envelope glycoproteins prM and E drive the assembly of icosahedral, spiky immature particles that bud across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Maturation into infectious virions in the trans-Golgi network involves an acid-pH-driven rearrangement into smooth particles made of (prM/E)2 dimers exposing a furin site for prM cleavage into "pr" and "M". Here we show that the prM "pr" moiety derives from an HSP40 cellular chaperonin. Furthermore, the X-ray structure of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (pr/E)2 dimer at acidic pH reveals the E 150-loop as a hinged-lid that opens at low pH to expose a positively-charged pr-binding pocket at the E dimer interface, inducing (prM/E)2 dimer formation to generate smooth particles in the Golgi. Furin cleavage is followed by lid-closure upon deprotonation in the neutral-pH extracellular environment, expelling pr while the 150-loop takes the relay in fusion loop protection, thus revealing the elusive flavivirus mechanism of fusion activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Vaney
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - Mariano Dellarole
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
- CIBION, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Stéphane Duquerroy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
- Université Paris Saclay, Faculté des Sciences, Orsay, France
| | - Iris Medits
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georgios Tsouchnikas
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- HOOKIPA Pharma 19 Inc, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Rouvinski
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Patrick England
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3528, Plateforme de Biophysique Moléculaire, Paris, France
| | - Karin Stiasny
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Franz X Heinz
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Félix A Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France.
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Regulation of calcium homeostasis and flux between the endoplasmic reticulum and the cytosol. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102061. [PMID: 35609712 PMCID: PMC9218512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentration of Ca2+ in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is critically important for maintaining its oxidizing environment as well as for maintaining luminal ATP levels required for chaperone activity. Therefore, local luminal Ca2+ concentrations and the dynamic Ca2+ flux between the different subcellular compartments are tightly controlled. Influx of Ca2+ into the ER is enabled by a reductive shift, which opens the sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium transport ATPase pump, building the Ca2+ gradient across the ER membrane required for ATP import. Meanwhile, Ca2+ leakage from the ER has been reported to occur via the Sec61 translocon following protein translocation. In this review, we provide an overview of the complex regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, Ca2+ flux between subcellular compartments, and the cellular stress response (the unfolded protein response) induced upon dysregulated luminal Ca2+ metabolism. We also provide insight into the structure and gating mechanism at the Sec61 translocon and examine the role of ER-resident cochaperones in assisting the central ER-resident chaperone BiP in the control of luminal Ca2+ concentrations.
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Regulation of Translation, Translocation, and Degradation of Proteins at the Membrane of the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105576. [PMID: 35628387 PMCID: PMC9147092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of mammalian cells is the central organelle for the maturation and folding of transmembrane proteins and for proteins destined to be secreted into the extracellular space. The proper folding of target proteins is achieved and supervised by a complex endogenous chaperone machinery. BiP, a member of the Hsp70 protein family, is the central chaperone in the ER. The chaperoning activity of BiP is assisted by ER-resident DnaJ (ERdj) proteins due to their ability to stimulate the low, intrinsic ATPase activity of BiP. Besides their co-chaperoning activity, ERdj proteins also regulate and tightly control the translation, translocation, and degradation of proteins. Disturbances in the luminal homeostasis result in the accumulation of unfolded proteins, thereby eliciting a stress response, the so-called unfolded protein response (UPR). Accumulated proteins are either deleterious due to the functional loss of the respective protein and/or due to their deposition as intra- or extracellular protein aggregates. A variety of metabolic diseases are known to date, which are associated with the dysfunction of components of the chaperone machinery. In this review, we will delineate the impact of ERdj proteins in controlling protein synthesis and translocation under physiological and under stress conditions. A second aspect of this review is dedicated to the role of ERdj proteins in the ER-associated degradation pathway, by which unfolded or misfolded proteins are discharged from the ER. We will refer to some of the most prominent diseases known to be based on the dysfunction of ERdj proteins.
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The Astonishing Large Family of HSP40/DnaJ Proteins Existing in Leishmania. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050742. [PMID: 35627127 PMCID: PMC9141911 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abrupt environmental changes are faced by Leishmania parasites during transmission from a poikilothermic insect vector to a warm-blooded host. Adaptation to harsh environmental conditions, such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, oxidative stress and heat shock needs to be accomplished by rapid reconfiguration of gene expression and remodeling of protein interaction networks. Chaperones play a central role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, and they are responsible for crucial tasks such as correct folding of nascent proteins, protein translocation across different subcellular compartments, avoiding protein aggregates and elimination of damaged proteins. Nearly one percent of the gene content in the Leishmania genome corresponds to members of the HSP40 family, a group of proteins that assist HSP70s in a variety of cellular functions. Despite their expected relevance in the parasite biology and infectivity, little is known about their functions or partnership with the different Leishmania HSP70s. Here, we summarize the structural features of the 72 HSP40 proteins encoded in the Leishmania infantum genome and their classification into four categories. A review of proteomic data, together with orthology analyses, allow us to postulate cellular locations and possible functional roles for some of them. A detailed study of the members of this family would provide valuable information and opportunities for drug discovery and improvement of current treatments against leishmaniasis.
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Reduced DNAJC3 Expression Affects Protein Translocation across the ER Membrane and Attenuates the Down-Modulating Effect of the Translocation Inhibitor Cyclotriazadisulfonamide. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020584. [PMID: 35054769 PMCID: PMC8775681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the reported substrates for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) translocation inhibitor cyclotriazadisulfonamide (CADA) is DNAJC3, a chaperone of the unfolded protein response during ER stress. In this study, we investigated the impact of altered DNAJC3 protein levels on the inhibitory activity of CADA. By comparing WT DNAJC3 with a CADA-resistant DNAJC3 mutant, we observed the enhanced sensitivity of human CD4, PTK7 and ERLEC1 for CADA when DNAJC3 was expressed at high levels. Combined treatment of CADA with a proteasome inhibitor resulted in synergistic inhibition of protein translocation and in the rescue of a small preprotein fraction, which presumably corresponds to the CADA affected protein fraction that is stalled at the Sec61 translocon. We demonstrate that DNAJC3 enhances the protein translation of a reporter protein that is expressed downstream of the CADA-stalled substrate, suggesting that DNAJC3 promotes the clearance of the clogged translocon. We propose a model in which a reduced DNAJC3 level by CADA slows down the clearance of CADA-stalled substrates. This results in higher residual translocation into the ER lumen due to the longer dwelling time of the temporarily stalled substrates in the translocon. Thus, by directly reducing DNAJC3 protein levels, CADA attenuates its net down-modulating effect on its substrates.
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The function of the co-chaperone ERdj4 in diverse (patho-)physiological conditions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:9. [PMID: 34950970 PMCID: PMC8702508 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induces a well-orchestrated cellular response to reduce the protein burden within the ER. This unfolded protein response (UPR) is controlled primarily by three transmembrane proteins, IRE1α, ATF6, and PERK, the activity of which is controlled by BiP, the ER-resident Hsp70 protein. Binding of BiP to co-chaperones via their highly conserved J-domains stimulates the intrinsic ATPase activity of BiP, thereby providing the energy necessary for (re-)folding of proteins, or for targeting of misfolded proteins to the degradation pathway, processes specified and controlled by the respective co-chaperone. In this review, our aim is to elucidate the function of the co-chaperone ERDJ4, also known as MDG1, MDJ7, or DNAJB9. Knockout and knockin experiments clearly point to the central role of ERDJ4 in controlling lipogenesis and protein synthesis by promoting degradation of SREBP1c and the assembly of the protein complex mTORC2. Accumulating data reveal that ERDJ4 controls epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a central process during embryogenesis, in wound healing, and tumor development. Overexpression of ERdj4 has been shown to improve engraftment of transplanted human stem cells, possibly due to its ability to promote cellular survival in stressed cells. High ERDJ4-plasma levels are specific for fibrillary glomerulonephritis and serve as a diagnostic marker. As outlined in this review, the functions of ERDJ4 are manifold, depending on the cellular (patho-) physiological state, the cellular protein repertoire, and the subcellular localization of ERDJ4.
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Li J, Gao E, Xu C, Wang H, Wei Y. ER-Phagy and Microbial Infection. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:771353. [PMID: 34912806 PMCID: PMC8667338 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.771353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle in cells that synthesizes, folds and modifies membrane and secretory proteins. It has a crucial role in cell survival and growth, thus requiring strict control of its quality and homeostasis. Autophagy of the ER fragments, termed ER-phagy or reticulophagy, is an essential mechanism responsible for ER quality control. It transports stress-damaged ER fragments as cargo into the lysosome for degradation to eliminate unfolded or misfolded protein aggregates and membrane lipids. ER-phagy can also function as a host defense mechanism when pathogens infect cells, and its deficiency facilitates viral infection. This review briefly describes the process and regulatory mechanisms of ER-phagy, and its function in host anti-microbial defense during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
| | - Enfeng Gao
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenguang Xu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongna Wang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China.,GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjie Wei
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
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