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Chen Y, Xu S, Tang Y, Zhang C, Nie L, Zhao Q, Zhou EM, Liu B. Pathogenicity of two different genotypes avian hepatitis E strains in laying hens and silkie fowl. Virology 2024; 597:110154. [PMID: 38917693 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
To determine the pathogenicity of two different genotypes of avian hepatitis E strains in two species of birds, a total of thirty healthy 12-week-old birds were used. After inoculation, fecal virus shedding, viremia, seroconversion, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increases and liver lesions were evaluated. The results revealed that CHN-GS-aHEV and CaHEV could both infect Hy-Line hens and silkie fowls, respectively. Compared to the original avian HEV strain, the cross-infected virus exhibited a delay of 2 weeks and 1 week in emerged seroconversion, viremia, fecal virus shedding, and increased ALT level, and also showed mild liver lesions. These findings suggested that CHN-GS-aHEV may have circulated in chickens. Overall, these two different genotypes of avian HEV showed some variant pathogenicity in different bird species. This study provides valuable data for further analysis of the epidemic conditions of two avian HEVs in Hy-Line hens and silkie fowls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shenhao Xu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yujia Tang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengwei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Longzhi Nie
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baoyuan Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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Turlewicz-Podbielska H, Augustyniak A, Wojciechowski J, Pomorska-Mól M. Hepatitis E Virus in Livestock-Update on Its Epidemiology and Risk of Infection to Humans. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3239. [PMID: 37893962 PMCID: PMC10603682 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a public health problem worldwide and an important food pathogen known for its zoonotic potential. Increasing numbers of infection cases with human HEV are caused by the zoonotic transmission of genotypes 3 and 4, mainly by consuming contaminated, undercooked or raw porcine meat. Pigs are the main reservoir of HEV. However, it should be noted that other animal species, such as cattle, sheep, goats, and rabbits, may also be a source of infection for humans. Due to the detection of HEV RNA in the milk and tissues of cattle, the consumption of infected uncooked milk and meat or offal from these species also poses a potential risk of zoonotic HEV infections. Poultry infected by avian HEV may also develop symptomatic disease, although avian HEV is not considered a zoonotic pathogen. HEV infection has a worldwide distribution with different prevalence rates depending on the affected animal species, sampling region, or breeding system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Turlewicz-Podbielska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (H.T.-P.); (A.A.)
| | - Agata Augustyniak
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (H.T.-P.); (A.A.)
| | | | - Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (H.T.-P.); (A.A.)
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Hou L, Wang W, Chi Z, Zhang Y, Zou Z, Zhao P. FAdV-4 Promotes Expression of Multiple Cytokines and Inhibits the Proliferation of aHEV in LMH Cells. Viruses 2023; 15:2072. [PMID: 37896849 PMCID: PMC10612091 DOI: 10.3390/v15102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Single or mixed infections of multiple pathogens such as avian hepatitis E virus (aHEV) and avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) have been detected in numerous laying hens with severe liver injury in China. Thus, aHEV and immunosuppressive viruses are speculated to cause co-infections. In this study, co-infection with aHEV and fowl adenovirus (FAdV) was confirmed by nested RT-PCR and recombinase-aided amplification combined with gene sequencing in two flocks with severe liver injury. Subsequently, the two reference strains, aHEV and FAdV-4, were inoculated into LMH cells to identify their co-infection potential. Confocal microscopy revealed aHEV and FAdV-4 co-infected LMH cells. In addition, the replication dynamics of aHEV and FAdV-4 along with the expression levels of immuno-cytokines were measured. The results indicated colocalization of aHEV and FAdV-4 and inhibition of viral replication in LMH cells. The transcription levels of MDA5, Mx, OASL, and IFN-α were significantly upregulated in LMH cells, whereas those of immune-related factors induced by FAdV-4 were downregulated upon FAdV-4 and aHEV co-infection. These results confirmed the co-infection of aHEV and FAdV-4 in vitro and prompted the antagonistic pathogenic effects of FAdV-4 and aHEV, thereby providing novel insights into the counterbalancing effects of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Hou
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Wei Wang
- Zhaoyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yantai 265400, China;
| | - Zengna Chi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (Z.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yawen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (Z.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhong Zou
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (Z.C.); (Y.Z.)
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Yan H, Sun W, Wang J, Gao Q, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Chang S, Zhao P. Combined inhibitory effect of interferon and antiserum on avian hepatitis E virus. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102591. [PMID: 36966643 PMCID: PMC10066548 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic investigations in recent years have shown that the detection rate of avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) in chicken flocks is increasing in China. Nevertheless, effective prevention and control measures are still lacking. In this study, specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicken serum against HEV was prepared using recombinant HEV open reading frames (ORF2 and ORF3) proteins as immunogens. An SPF chicken infection model was established by intravenous inoculation of chick embryos. Swab samples were collected at 7, 14, 21, and 28 d of age and used to detect avian HEV load, along with other indicators, by fluorescence quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay. The therapeutic effects on blocking vertical HEV transmission were observed, by using the methods of antibody application alone, mixed, or combined application of each of the 2 antibodies with type I interferon. The results showed that type I interferon alone or in combination with antiserum reduced the positive rate of HEV from 100 to 62.5% and 25%, respectively. However, the avian HEV-positivity rate was reduced to 75, 50, and 37.5% after type I interferon was used alone or in combination with antisera against ORF2 and ORF3, respectively. The inhibitory effect of type I interferon alone or in combination with an antiserum, on HEV replication was more significant in cells than in vivo. In this study, the inhibitory effect of type I interferon alone or in combination with an antiserum on avian HEV replication was observed in vitro and in vivo, providing the necessary technical reserve for disease prevention and control.
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Liu T, Wang L, Wang L. Animal Models for Hepatitis E Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1417:171-184. [PMID: 37223866 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1304-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Animal models are one of the most important tools in the study of human hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. They are particularly important in light of the major limitations of the cell culture system for HEV. Besides nonhuman primates, which are extremely valuable because of their susceptibility to HEV genotypes 1-4, animals like swine, rabbit, and humanized mice are also potential models for studies of pathogenesis, cross-species infection, and the molecular biology of HEV. Identification of a useful animal model for human HEV infection studies is crucial to further investigations into this ubiquitous yet poorly understood virus and facilitate the development of antiviral therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxu Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
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Yan H, Chi Z, Zhao H, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Chang S, Zhao P. Application of ORF3 Subunit Vaccine for Avian Hepatitis E Virus. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9120676. [PMID: 36548837 PMCID: PMC9784926 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9120676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the main etiologic pathogen of chicken big liver and spleen disease which is widely prevalent in China in recent years. However, due to the lack of a highly effective culture system in vitro, a genetically engineered subunit vaccine is the main direction of vaccine development. In this study, ORF3 genes of VaHEV strain from laying hens and YT-aHEV strain from broilers were amplified, respectively, and ORF3 protein was successfully expressed by Escherichia coli prokaryotic expression system. The serum samples were collected periodically to detect avian HEV antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence after specific pathogen free chickens immunized with the two proteins and their mixed proteins, the results showed that all serum samples were positive for antibodies to avian HEV. The antibody-positive chickens were artificially challenged with the cell-adapted strain YT-aHEV strain. The chickens from the immunized control group were infected successfully; no fecal detoxification was detected in the immunized group. In this study, two representative strains of ORF3 subunit vaccines of laying hens and broilers were prepared by prokaryotic expression, the immune effects of different proteins of these were evaluated through immunization and challenge studies in vivo, which provided a new technical possibility for prevention and control of avian HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Zengna Chi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Yuduo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Yixin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an 271018, China
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (P.Z.)
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an 271018, China
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (P.Z.)
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Ou X, Mao S, Dong J, Chen J, Sun D, Wang M, Zhu D, Jia R, Chen S, Liu M, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhao X, Zhang S, Huang J, Gao Q, Liu Y, Zhang L, Miao Z, Li Y, Li Y, Pan Q, Cheng A. A proposed disease classification system for duck viral hepatitis. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102042. [PMID: 35905549 PMCID: PMC9334327 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The nomenclature of duck viral hepatitis (DVH) was historically not a problem. However, 14 hepatotropic viruses among 10 different genera are associated with the same disease name, DVH. Therefore, the disease name increasingly lacks clarity and may no longer fit the scientific description of the disease. Because one disease should not be attributed to 10 genera of viruses, this almost certainly causes misunderstanding regarding the disease-virus relationship. Herein, we revisited the problem and proposed an update to DVH disease classification. This classification is based on the nomenclature of human viral hepatitis and the key principle of Koch's postulates (“one microbe and one disease”). In total, 10 types of disease names have been proposed. These names were literately matched with hepatitis-related viruses. We envision that this intuitive nomenclature system will facilitate scientific communication and consistent interpretation in this field, especially in the Asian veterinary community, where these diseases are most commonly reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingwen Dong
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhijiang Miao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, NL-3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yunlong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, NL-3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, NL-3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, NL-3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Siedlecka M, Kublicka A, Wieliczko A, Matczuk AK. Molecular detection of avian hepatitis E virus (Orthohepevirus B) in chickens, ducks, geese, and western capercaillies in Poland. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269854. [PMID: 35737708 PMCID: PMC9223332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthohepevirus B, commonly known as avian hepatitis E virus (aHEV), causes big liver and spleen disease (BLS) or hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome (HSS) in chickens. BLS is an emerging disease among chicken flocks in several countries around the world. In our previous studies, serology and molecular biology screening revealed that chicken flocks are widely affected by aHEV in Poland. The present study, which was conducted between 2019 and 2020, aimed to investigate the prevalence of aHEV in chicken flocks and other poultry, including ducks, geese, and turkeys. A total of 307 flocks were examined. In addition, 29 samples from captive wild birds (western capercaillies, Tetrao urogallus) were analyzed. In all the investigated poultry species, except turkeys, the nucleic acid sequence covering part of the ORF1 gene of the aHEV genome was detected (34/336 samples, 10.1%). The infection rate was found to be the highest in broiler breeder chicken flocks (14/40 samples; 35%). Phylogenetic analysis of partial ORF1 gene, which encodes helicase, revealed that the obtained sequences belonged to genotypes 2 and 4, while one belonged to genotype 3. Genotype 2 was detected for the first time in domestic geese and ducks, and genotype 4 was detected for the first time in Poland. The study demonstrated the presence of aHEV among the investigated western capercaillies, suggesting that this species is susceptible to aHEV infections and biosecurity is therefore required in western capercaillie breeding facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Siedlecka
- Department of Epizootiology with Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agata Kublicka
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alina Wieliczko
- Department of Epizootiology with Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Karolina Matczuk
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- * E-mail:
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9
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Zhang B, Fan M, Fan J, Luo Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Liu B, Sun Y, Zhao Q, Hiscox JA, Nan Y, Zhou EM. Avian Hepatitis E Virus ORF2 Protein Interacts with Rap1b to Induce Cytoskeleton Rearrangement That Facilitates Virus Internalization. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0226521. [PMID: 35138149 PMCID: PMC8826821 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02265-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes liver diseases and multiple extrahepatic disorders in chickens. However, the mechanisms involved in avian HEV entry remain elusive. Herein, we identified the RAS-related protein 1b (Rap1b) as a potential HEV-ORF2 protein interacting candidate. Experimental infection of chickens and cells with an avian HEV isolate from China (CaHEV) led to upregulated expression and activation of Rap1b both in vivo and in vitro. By using CaHEV capsid as mimic of virion to treat cell in vitro, it appears that the interaction between the viral capsid and Rap1b promoted cell membrane recruitment of the downstream effector Rap1-interacting molecule (RIAM). In turn, RIAM further enhanced Talin-1 membrane recruitment and retention, which led to the activation of integrin α5/β1, as well as integrin-associated membrane protein kinases, including focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Meanwhile, FAK activation triggered activation of downstream signaling molecules, such as Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 RAC1 cell division cycle 42 (CDC42), p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), and LIM domain kinase 1 (LIMK1). Finally, F-actin rearrangement induced by Cofilin led to the formation of lamellipodia, filopodia, and stress fibers, contributes to plasma membrane remodeling, and might enhance CaHEV virion internalization. In conclusion, our data suggested that Rap1b activation was triggered during CaHEV infection and appeared to require interaction between CaHEV-ORF2 and Rap1b, thereby further inducing membrane recruitment of Talin-1. Membrane-bound Talin-1 then activates key Integrin-FAK-Cofilin cascades involved in modulation of actin kinetics, and finally leads to F-actin rearrangement and membrane remodeling to potentially facilitate internalization of CaHEV virions into permissive cells. IMPORTANCE Rap1b is a multifunctional protein that is responsible for cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation. The inactive form of Rap1b is phosphorylated and distributed in the cytoplasm, while active Rap1b is prenylated and loaded with GTP to the cell membrane. In this study, the activation of Rap1b was induced during the early stage of avian HEV infection under the regulation of PKA and SmgGDS. Continuously activated Rap1b recruited its effector RIAM to the membrane, thereby inducing the membrane recruitment of Talin-1 that led to the activation of membrane α5/β1 integrins. The triggering of the signaling pathway-associated Integrin α5/β1-FAK-CDC42&RAC1-PAK1-LIMK1-Cofilin culminated in F-actin polymerization and membrane remodeling that might promote avian HEV virion internalization. These findings suggested a novel mechanism that is potentially utilized by avian HEV to invade susceptible cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengnan Fan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuhang Luo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajing Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baoyuan Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Julian A. Hiscox
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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10
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Razmyar J, Abbasi M, Mirsalimi SM, Baghkheirati AA, Ahmadian G, Yazdani A. Serologic and Molecular Evidence of Widespread Infection of Avian Hepatitis E Virus in Poultry Farms of Iran. Avian Dis 2021; 65:572-577. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Razmyar
- Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 1419963111, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Abbasi
- Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 1419963111, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Mirsalimi
- Private Poultry Practitioner, P.O. Box 2139 Nelson Av, Vancouver, B. C. Canada V7V 2P6
| | - Amir Asghari Baghkheirati
- Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 1419963111, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ahmadian
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), P.O. Box 14965/161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Yazdani
- Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 1419963111, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Wang B, Meng XJ. Hepatitis E virus: host tropism and zoonotic infection. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 59:8-15. [PMID: 32810801 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), the causative agent of hepatitis E, is an understudied but important pathogen. HEV typically causes self-limiting acute viral hepatitis, however chronic infection with neurological and other extrahepatic manifestations has increasingly become a significant clinical problem. The discovery of swine HEV from pigs and demonstration of its zoonotic potential led to the genetic identification of very diverse HEV strains from more than a dozen other animal species. HEV strains from pig, rabbit, deer, camel, and rat have been shown to cross species barriers and infect humans. Zoonotic HEV infections through consumption of raw or undercooked animal meat or direct contact with infected animals have been reported. The discovery of a large number of animal HEV variants does provide an opportunity to develop useful animal models for HEV. In this mini-review, we discuss recent advances in HEV host range, and cross-species and zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States.
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12
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Sun P, Lin S, He S, Zhou EM, Zhao Q. Avian Hepatitis E Virus: With the Trend of Genotypes and Host Expansion. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1696. [PMID: 31396195 PMCID: PMC6668596 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus with a complete genome of approximately 6.6 kb in size. To date, four major genotypes of avian HEV have been identified and classified into the Orthohepevirus B genus of the family Hepeviridae. The avian HEV associated with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome, big liver and spleen disease or hepatic rupture hemorrhage syndrome in chickens is genetically and antigenically related to mammalian HEV. With the increased genotypes of avian HEV identified, a broader host tropism is also notable in the epidemiological studies. Due to the lack of an efficient cell culture system, the mechanisms of avian HEV replication and pathogenesis are still poorly understood. The recent identification and characterization of animal strains of avian HEV has demonstrated the virus' ability of cross-species infection. Although it has not yet been detected in humans, the potential threat of a zoonotic HEV capable of transmission to humans needs to be taken into consideration. This review article focuses on the current knowledge regarding avian HEV in virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, transmission, diagnosis and prevention. HIGHLIGHTS - The mechanisms of avian HEV replication and pathogenesis are still poorly understood due to the lack of an efficient cell culture system.- A broader host tropism is also notable in the epidemiological studies with the increased genotypes of avian HEV identified.- The recent identification and characterization of animal strains of avian HEV has demonstrated the virus' ability of cross-species infection.- The potential threat of a zoonotic HEV capable of transmission to humans needs to be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Shaoli Lin
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Shenghu He
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
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13
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The Current Host Range of Hepatitis E Viruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050452. [PMID: 31108942 PMCID: PMC6563279 DOI: 10.3390/v11050452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen transmitting both human to human via the fecal oral route and from animals to humans through feces, direct contact, and consumption of contaminated meat products. Understanding the host range of the virus is critical for determining where potential threats to human health may be emerging from and where potential reservoirs for viral persistence in the environment may be hiding. Initially thought to be a human specific disease endemic to developing countries, the identification of swine as a primary host for genotypes 3 and 4 HEV in industrialized countries has begun a long journey of discovering novel strains of HEV and their animal hosts. As we continue identifying new strains of HEV in disparate animal species, it is becoming abundantly clear that HEV has a broad host range and many of these HEV strains can cross between differing animal species. These cross-species transmitting strains pose many unique challenges to human health as they are often unrecognized as sources of viral transmission.
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14
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Zhang XL, Li WF, Yuan S, Guo JY, Li ZL, Chi SH, Huang WJ, Li XW, Huang SJ, Shao JW. Meta-transcriptomic analysis reveals a new subtype of genotype 3 avian hepatitis E virus in chicken flocks with high mortality in Guangdong, China. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:131. [PMID: 31060564 PMCID: PMC6503432 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1884-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of most important zoonotic viruses, and it can infect a wide range of host species. Avian HEV has been identified as the aetiological agent of big liver and spleen disease or hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in chickens. HEV infection is common among chicken flocks in China, and there are currently no practical measures for preventing the spread of the disease. The predominant avian HEV genotype circulating in China have been identified as genotype 3 strains, although some novel genotypes have also been identified from chicken flocks in China. Results In this study, we used a meta-transcriptomics approach to identify a new subtype of genotype 3 avian HEV in broiler chickens at a poultry farm located in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China. The complete genome sequence of the avian HEV, designated CaHEV-GDSZ01, is 6655-nt long, including a 5′ UTR of 24 nt and a 3′ UTR of 125 nt (excluding the poly(A) tail), and contains three open reading frames (ORFs). Sequence analysis indicated that the complete ORF1 (4599 nt/1532 aa), ORF2 (1821 nt/606 aa) and ORF3 (264 nt/87 aa) of CaHEV-GDSZ01 share the highest nucleotide sequence identity (85.8, 86.7 and 95.8%, respectively) with the corresponding ORFs of genotype 3 avian HEV. Phylogenetic analyses further demonstrated that the avian HEV identified in this study is a new subtype of genotype 3 avian HEV. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that a new subtype of genotype 3 avian HEV is endemic in Guangdong, China, and could cause high mortality in infected chickens. This study also provides full genomic data for better understanding the evolutionary relationships of avian HEV circulating in China. Altogether, the results presented in this study suggest that more attention should be paid to avian HEV and its potential disease manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lian Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Preventive Research of Emerging Animal Diseases, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China.,College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Feng Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Yue Guo
- Key Laboratory for Preventive Research of Emerging Animal Diseases, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China.,College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Li Li
- Key Laboratory for Preventive Research of Emerging Animal Diseases, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China.,College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi-Hong Chi
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Jing Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-Jian Huang
- Key Laboratory for Preventive Research of Emerging Animal Diseases, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China. .,College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jian-Wei Shao
- Key Laboratory for Preventive Research of Emerging Animal Diseases, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China. .,College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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