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Beena Unni A, Muringayil Joseph T. Enhancing Polymer Sustainability: Eco-Conscious Strategies. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1769. [PMID: 39000625 PMCID: PMC11244229 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymer sustainability is a pressing concern in today's world driven by the increasing demand for environmentally friendly materials. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of eco-friendly approaches towards enhancing the sustainability of polymers. It synthesized recent research and developments in various areas such as green polymer synthesis methods, biodegradable polymers, recycling technologies, and emerging sustainable alternatives. The environmental impact of traditional polymer production processes and the importance of adopting greener alternatives were critically examined. The review delved into the advancements in polymer recycling technologies like mechanical, chemical, and biological processes aimed at minimizing plastic waste and promoting a circular economy. The innovative approaches such as upcycling, hybrid methods etc., which offer promising solutions for addressing plastic pollution and achieving long-term sustainability goals were also analyzed. Finally, the paper discussed the challenges and future prospects of eco-friendly approaches for polymer sustainability, emphasizing the need for researchers and concerted efforts from scientists across industries and academia to drive meaningful change towards a more sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Beena Unni
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Tomy Muringayil Joseph
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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2
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Theunissen D, Smeets S, Maes W. Single-component organic solar cells-Perspective on the importance of chemical precision in conjugated block copolymers. Front Chem 2023; 11:1326131. [PMID: 38694020 PMCID: PMC11061845 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1326131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics (OPV) present a promising thin-film solar cell technology with particular benefits in terms of weight, aesthetics, transparency, and cost. However, despite being studied intensively since the mid 90's, OPV has not entered the mass consumer market yet. Although the efficiency gap with other thin-film photovoltaics has largely been overcome, active layer stability and performance reproducibility issues have not been fully resolved. State-of-the-art OPV devices employ a physical mixture of electron donor and acceptor molecules in a bulk heterojunction active layer. These blends are prone to morphological changes, leading to performance losses over time. On the other hand, in "single-component" organic solar cells, the donor and acceptor constituents are chemically connected within a single material, preventing demixing and thereby enhancing device stability. Novel single-component materials affording reasonably high solar cell efficiencies and improved lifetimes have recently emerged. In particular, the combination of donor and acceptor structures in conjugated block copolymers (CBCs) presents an exciting approach. Nevertheless, the current CBCs are poorly defined from a structural point of view, while synthetic protocols remain unoptimized. More controlled synthesis followed by proper structural analysis of CBCs is, however, essential to develop rational structure-property-device relations and to drive the field forward. In this perspective, we provide a short overview of the state-of-the-art in single-component organic solar cells prepared from CBCs, reflect on their troublesome characterization and the importance of chemical precision in these structures, give some recommendations, and discuss the potential impact of these aspects on the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dries Theunissen
- Design and Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Associated Lab IMOMEC, IMEC, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Energyville, Genk, Belgium
| | - Sander Smeets
- Design and Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Associated Lab IMOMEC, IMEC, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Energyville, Genk, Belgium
| | - Wouter Maes
- Design and Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Associated Lab IMOMEC, IMEC, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Energyville, Genk, Belgium
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3
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Mohr Y, Ranscht A, Alves-Favaro M, Alessandra Quadrelli E, M Wisser F, Canivet J. Nickel-Catalyzed Direct Arylation Polymerization for the Synthesis of Thiophene-Based Cross-linked Polymers. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202667. [PMID: 36205632 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An earth-abundant nickel(II) bipyridine catalyst, combined with lithium hexamethyldisilazide as base, demonstrates its wide applicability in the direct arylation polymerization of di- and tri-thiophene heteroaryls with poly(hetero)aryl halides. With a nickel catalyst loading of 2.5 mol%, a series of twenty highly cross-linked organic polymers is obtained in 34 to 99 % yields. Using mixed polytopic coupling partners allows obtaining alternating and optically active thiophene-based solids with intrinsic porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorck Mohr
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alisa Ranscht
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marcelo Alves-Favaro
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Elsje Alessandra Quadrelli
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florian M Wisser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistr, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jérôme Canivet
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France
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Takagi K, Maeda A, Tsunekawa R. Palladium-Catalyzed intramolecular direct arylation of aromatic tertiary amide compounds revisited. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Ranathunge TA, Nirmani LPT, Nelson TL, Watkins DL. Benzodithiophene‐
S,S
‐tetraoxide (BDTT) as an Acceptor Towards Donor‐Acceptor (D‐A)‐Type Semiconducting Electropolymers. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tharindu A. Ranathunge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Mississippi University Mississippi MS 38677–1848 USA
| | | | - Toby L. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK 74078 USA
| | - Davita L. Watkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Mississippi University Mississippi MS 38677–1848 USA
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Luo N, Zhang G, Liu Z. Keep glowing and going: recent progress in diketopyrrolopyrrole synthesis towards organic optoelectronic materials. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00613d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in the syntheses of DPP derivatives is summarized as well as the structure–property relationships of the derivatives, including the syntheses of DPP cores, N-functionalization reactions, and π-extensions on and along the DPP cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Zitong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
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Regiocontrolled synthesis of ester-functionalized polythiophenes via direct arylation polycondensation. Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-020-00421-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sinclair GS, Kukor AJ, Imperial KKG, Schipper DJ. Transition-Metal-Free ipso-Arylative Condensation. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey S. Sinclair
- Institute for Polymer Research and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Andrew J. Kukor
- Institute for Polymer Research and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Kevin Karl G. Imperial
- Institute for Polymer Research and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Derek J. Schipper
- Institute for Polymer Research and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Jessop IA, Chong A, Graffo L, Camarada MB, Espinoza C, Angel FA, Saldías C, Tundidor-Camba A, Terraza CA. Synthesis and Characterization of a 2,3-Dialkoxynaphthalene-Based Conjugated Copolymer via Direct Arylation Polymerization (DAP) for Organic Electronics. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1377. [PMID: 32575423 PMCID: PMC7362231 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly[(5,5'-(2,3-bis(2-ethylhexyloxy)naphthalene-1,4-diyl)bis(thiophene-2,2'-diyl))-alt-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl)] (PEHONDTBT) was synthesized for the first time and through direct arylation polymerization (DAP) for use as p-donor material in organic solar cells. Optimized reaction protocol leads to a donor-acceptor conjugated polymer in good yield, with less structural defects than its analog obtained from Suzuki polycondensation, and with similar or even higher molecular weight than other previously reported polymers based on the 2,3-dialkoxynaphthalene monomer. The batch-to-batch repeatability of the optimized DAP conditions for the synthesis of PEHONDTBT was proved, showing the robustness of the synthetic strategy. The structure of PEHONDTBT was corroborated by NMR, exhibiting good solubility in common organic solvents, good film-forming ability, and thermal stability. PEHONDTBT film presented an absorption band centered at 498 nm, a band gap of 2.15 eV, and HOMO and LUMO energy levels of -5.31 eV and -3.17 eV, respectively. Theoretical calculations were performed to understand the regioselectivity in the synthesis of PEHONDTBT and to rationalize its optoelectronic properties. Bilayer heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices with PEHONDTBT as the donor layer were fabricated to test their photovoltaic performance, affording low power-conversion efficiency in the preliminary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio A. Jessop
- Organic and Polymeric Materials Research Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá, P.O. Box 7-D, Arica 1000007, Chile; (A.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Aylin Chong
- Organic and Polymeric Materials Research Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá, P.O. Box 7-D, Arica 1000007, Chile; (A.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Linda Graffo
- Organic and Polymeric Materials Research Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá, P.O. Box 7-D, Arica 1000007, Chile; (A.C.); (L.G.)
| | - María B. Camarada
- Centro de Nanotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile;
- Núcleo de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
| | - Catalina Espinoza
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (C.E.); (F.A.A.)
| | - Felipe A. Angel
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (C.E.); (F.A.A.)
- Centro de Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados, CIEN-UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Cesar Saldías
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Alain Tundidor-Camba
- Research Laboratory for Organic Polymers (RLOP), Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (A.T.-C.); (C.A.T.)
- UC Energy Research Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Claudio A. Terraza
- Research Laboratory for Organic Polymers (RLOP), Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (A.T.-C.); (C.A.T.)
- UC Energy Research Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
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Bura T, Beaupré S, Légaré MA, Ibraikulov OA, Leclerc N, Leclerc M. Theoretical Calculations for Highly Selective Direct Heteroarylation Polymerization: New Nitrile-Substituted Dithienyl-Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Polymers. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092324. [PMID: 30213056 PMCID: PMC6225168 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct Heteroarylation Polymerization (DHAP) is becoming a valuable alternative to classical polymerization methods being used to synthesize π-conjugated polymers for organic electronics applications. In previous work, we showed that theoretical calculations on activation energy (Ea) of the C–H bonds were helpful to rationalize and predict the selectivity of the DHAP. For readers’ convenience, we have gathered in this work all our previous theoretical calculations on Ea and performed new ones. Those theoretical calculations cover now most of the widely utilized electron-rich and electron-poor moieties studied in organic electronics like dithienyl-diketopyrrolopyrrole (DT-DPP) derivatives. Theoretical calculations reported herein show strong modulation of the Ea of C–H bond on DT-DPP when a bromine atom or strong electron withdrawing groups (such as fluorine or nitrile) are added to the thienyl moiety. Based on those theoretical calculations, new cyanated dithienyl-diketopyrrolopyrrole (CNDT-DPP) monomers and copolymers were prepared by DHAP and their electro-optical properties were compared with their non-fluorinated and fluorinated analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bura
- Canada Research Chair on Electroactive and Photoactive Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Serge Beaupré
- Canada Research Chair on Electroactive and Photoactive Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Marc-André Légaré
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Olzhas A Ibraikulov
- Laboratoire ICube, DESSP, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67037 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Nicolas Leclerc
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Énergie, l'Environnement et la Santé, ICPEES, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Mario Leclerc
- Canada Research Chair on Electroactive and Photoactive Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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