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Bento C, Katz M, Santos MMM, Afonso CAM. Striving for Uniformity: A Review on Advances and Challenges To Achieve Uniform Polyethylene Glycol. Org Process Res Dev 2024; 28:860-890. [PMID: 38660381 PMCID: PMC11036406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is the polymer of choice in drug delivery systems due to its biocompatibility and hydrophilicity. For over 20 years, this polymer has been widely used in the drug delivery of small drugs, proteins, oligonucleotides, and liposomes, improving the stability and pharmacokinetics of many drugs. However, despite the extensive clinical experience with PEG, concerns have emerged related to its use. These include hypersensitivity, purity, and nonbiodegradability. Moreover, conventional PEG is a mixture of polymers that can complicate drug synthesis and purification leading to unwanted immunogenic reactions. Studies have shown that uniform PEGylated drugs may be more effective than conventional PEGylated drugs as they can overcome issues related to molecular heterogeneity and immunogenicity. This has led to significant research efforts to develop synthetic procedures to produce uniform PEGs (monodisperse PEGs). As a result, iterative step-by-step controlled synthesis methods have been created over time and have shown promising results. Nonetheless, these procedures have presented numerous challenges due to their iterative nature and the requirement for multiple purification steps, resulting in increased costs and time consumption. Despite these challenges, the synthetic procedures went through several improvements. This review summarizes and discusses recent advances in the synthesis of uniform PEGs and its derivatives with a focus on overall yields, scalability, and purity of the polymers. Additionally, the available characterization methods for assessing polymer monodispersity are discussed as well as uniform PEG applications, side effects, and possible alternative polymers that can overcome the drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Bento
- Hovione
Farmaciência S.A., Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, Campus do Lumiar, Edifício
R, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marianna Katz
- Hovione
Farmaciência S.A., Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, Campus do Lumiar, Edifício
R, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria M. M. Santos
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos A. M. Afonso
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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2
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Yang L, Li Y, Ke C, Zheng Y, Long H, Ouyang Z, Lin R, Zhou X, Chen S, Jiang ZX. One-Pot Synthesis of Monofunctionalized Oligoethylene Glycols through Ring-Opening and Heterogeneous Hydrolysis of Macrocyclic Sulfates. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:7684-7689. [PMID: 36873021 PMCID: PMC9979223 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The one-pot nucleophilic ring-opening reaction of oligoethylene glycol macrocyclic sulfates provides an efficient strategy for the monofunctionalization of oligoethylene glycols without protecting or activating group manipulation. In this strategy, the hydrolysis process is generally promoted by sulfuric acid, which is hazardous, difficult to handle, environmentally unfriendly, and unfit for industrial operation. Here, we explored a convenient handling solid acid, Amberlyst-15, as a replacement for sulfuric acid to accomplish the hydrolysis of sulfate salt intermediates. With this method, 18 valuable oligoethylene glycol derivatives were prepared with high efficiency, and gram-scale applicability of this method has been successfully demonstrated to afford a clickable oligoethylene glycol derivative 1b and a valuable building block 1g for F-19 magnetic resonance imaging traceable biomaterial construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yang
- Hubei
Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated
Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yu Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement
Science and Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Changsheng Ke
- Hubei
Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated
Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yujie Zheng
- Hubei
Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated
Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hanxiong Long
- Hubei
Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated
Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhen Ouyang
- Hubei
Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated
Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ruoyun Lin
- Hubei
Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated
Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement
Science and Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shizhen Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement
Science and Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhong-Xing Jiang
- State
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement
Science and Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Separation of Molar Weight-Distributed Polyethylene Glycols by Reversed-Phase Chromatography—Analysis and Modeling Based on Isocratic Analytical-Scale Investigations. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10112160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The separation of polyethylene glycols (PEGs) into single homologs by reversed-phase chromatography is investigated experimentally and theoretically. The used core–shell column is shown to achieve the baseline separation of PEG homologs up to molar weights of at least 5000 g/mol. A detailed study is performed elucidating the role of the operating conditions, including the temperature, eluent composition, and degree of polymerization of the polymer. Applying Martin’s rule yields a simple model for retention times that holds for a wide range of conditions. In combination with relations for column efficiency, the role of the operating conditions is discussed, and separations are predicted for analytical-scale chromatography. Finally, the approach is included in an efficient process model based on discrete convolution, which is demonstrated to predict with high accuracy also advanced operating modes with arbitrary injection profiles.
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4
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Chen J, Rizvi A, Patterson JP, Hawker CJ. Discrete Libraries of Amphiphilic Poly(ethylene glycol) Graft Copolymers: Synthesis, Assembly, and Bioactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19466-19474. [PMID: 36240519 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is an important and widely used polymer in biological and pharmaceutical applications for minimizing nonspecific binding while improving blood circulation for therapeutic/imaging agents. However, commercial PEG samples are polydisperse, which hampers detailed studies on chain length-dependent properties and potentially increases antibody responses in pharmaceutical applications. Here, we report a practical and scalable method to prepare libraries of discrete PEG analogues with a branched, nonlinear structure. These lipid-PEG derivatives have a monodisperse backbone with side chains containing a discrete number of ethylene glycol units (3 or 4) and unique functionalizable chain ends. Significantly, the branched, nonlinear structure is shown to allow for efficient nanoparticle assembly while reducing anti-PEG antibody recognition when compared to commercial polydisperse linear systems, such as DMG-PEG2000. By enabling the scalable synthesis of a broad library of graft copolymers, fundamental self-assembly properties can be understood and shown to directly correlate with the total number of PEG units, nature of the chain ends, and overall backbone length. These results illustrate the advantages of discrete macromolecules when compared to traditional disperse materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Chen
- Materials Department, Materials Research Laboratory, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Aoon Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Craig J Hawker
- Materials Department, Materials Research Laboratory, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Aksakal R, Mertens C, Soete M, Badi N, Du Prez F. Applications of Discrete Synthetic Macromolecules in Life and Materials Science: Recent and Future Trends. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004038. [PMID: 33747749 PMCID: PMC7967060 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the field of sequence-defined polymers and related ultraprecise, monodisperse synthetic macromolecules has grown exponentially. In the early stage, mainly articles or reviews dedicated to the development of synthetic routes toward their preparation have been published. Nowadays, those synthetic methodologies, combined with the elucidation of the structure-property relationships, allow envisioning many promising applications. Consequently, in the past 3 years, application-oriented papers based on discrete synthetic macromolecules emerged. Hence, material science applications such as macromolecular data storage and encryption, self-assembly of discrete structures and foldamers have been the object of many fascinating studies. Moreover, in the area of life sciences, such structures have also been the focus of numerous research studies. Here, it is aimed to highlight these recent applications and to give the reader a critical overview of the future trends in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resat Aksakal
- Polymer Chemistry Research GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281 S4‐bisGhentB‐9000Belgium
| | - Chiel Mertens
- Polymer Chemistry Research GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281 S4‐bisGhentB‐9000Belgium
| | - Matthieu Soete
- Polymer Chemistry Research GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281 S4‐bisGhentB‐9000Belgium
| | - Nezha Badi
- Polymer Chemistry Research GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281 S4‐bisGhentB‐9000Belgium
| | - Filip Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281 S4‐bisGhentB‐9000Belgium
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Alzanbaki H, Moretti M, Hauser CAE. Engineered Microgels-Their Manufacturing and Biomedical Applications. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:45. [PMID: 33401474 PMCID: PMC7824414 DOI: 10.3390/mi12010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microgels are hydrogel particles with diameters in the micrometer scale that can be fabricated in different shapes and sizes. Microgels are increasingly used for biomedical applications and for biofabrication due to their interesting features, such as injectability, modularity, porosity and tunability in respect to size, shape and mechanical properties. Fabrication methods of microgels are divided into two categories, following a top-down or bottom-up approach. Each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages and requires certain sets of materials and equipments. In this review, we discuss fabrication methods of both top-down and bottom-up approaches and point to their advantages as well as their limitations, with more focus on the bottom-up approaches. In addition, the use of microgels for a variety of biomedical applications will be discussed, including microgels for the delivery of therapeutic agents and microgels as cell carriers for the fabrication of 3D bioprinted cell-laden constructs. Microgels made from well-defined synthetic materials with a focus on rationally designed ultrashort peptides are also discussed, because they have been demonstrated to serve as an attractive alternative to much less defined naturally derived materials. Here, we will emphasize the potential and properties of ultrashort self-assembling peptides related to microgels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charlotte A. E. Hauser
- Laboratory for Nanomedicine, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 4700 Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.); (M.M.)
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Reading mixtures of uniform sequence-defined macromolecules to increase data storage capacity. Commun Chem 2020; 3:184. [PMID: 36703345 PMCID: PMC9814948 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the field of molecular data storage has emerged from a niche to a vibrant research topic. Herein, we describe a simultaneous and automated read-out of data stored in mixtures of sequence-defined oligomers. Therefore, twelve different sequence-defined tetramers and three hexamers with different mass markers and side chains are successfully synthesised via iterative Passerini three-component reactions and subsequent deprotection steps. By programming a straightforward python script for ESI-MS/MS analysis, it is possible to automatically sequence and thus read-out the information stored in these oligomers within one second. Most importantly, we demonstrate that the use of mass-markers as starting compounds eases MS/MS data interpretation and furthermore allows the unambiguous reading of sequences of mixtures of sequence-defined oligomers. Thus, high data storage capacity considering the field of synthetic macromolecules (up to 64.5 bit in our examples) can be obtained without the need of synthesizing long sequences, but by mixing and simultaneously analysing shorter sequence-defined oligomers.
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Waibel KA, Moatsou D, Meier MAR. Synthesis and Encapsulation of Uniform Star-Shaped Block-Macromolecules. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000467. [PMID: 33047427 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Linear uniform oligomers synthesized via a two-step iterative cycle are postmodified with uniform octaethylene glycol monomethyl ether and finally coupled via azide-alkyne cycloaddition to yield uniform star-shaped block macromolecules with a mass ranging from 10 to 14 kDa. Each of the molecules is carefully characterized by NMR, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to underline their purity as well as their uniformity. The obtained star-shaped macromolecules are investigated in their ability to encapsulate dye molecules by carrying out qualitative solid-liquid phase transfer experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Waibel
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Material Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dafni Moatsou
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Michael A R Meier
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Material Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
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