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Kumbhar V, Gaiki S, Shelar A, Nikam V, Patil R, Kumbhar A, Gugale G, Pawar R, Khairnar B. Mining for antifungal agents to inhibit biofilm formation of Candida albicans: A study on green synthesis, antibiofilm, cytotoxicity, and in silico ADME analysis of 2-amino-4H-pyran-3-carbonitrile derivatives. Microb Pathog 2024; 196:106926. [PMID: 39270755 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) biofilm infections are quite difficult to manage due to their resistance against conventional antifungal drugs. To address this issue, there is a desperate need for new therapeutic drugs. In the present study, a green and efficient protocol has been developed for the synthesis of 2-amino-4H-pyran-3-carbonitrile scaffolds 4a-i, 6a-j, and 8a-g by Knoevenagel-Michael-cyclocondensation reaction between aldehydes, malononitrile, and diverse enolizable C-H activated acidic compounds using guanidinium carbonate as a catalyst either under grinding conditions or by stirring at room temperature. This protocol is operationally simple, rapid, inexpensive, has easy workup and column-free purification. A further investigation of the synthesized compounds was conducted to examine their antifungal potential and their ability to inhibit the growth and development of biofilm-forming yeasts like fungus C. albicans. According to our findings, 4b, 4d, 4e, 6e, 6f, 6g, 6i, 8c, 8d, and 8g were found to be active and potential inhibitors for biofilm infection causing C. albicans. The inhibition of biofilm by active compounds were observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Biofilm inhibiting compounds were also tested for in vitro toxicity by using 3T3-L1 cell line, and 4b, 6e, 6f, 6g, 6i, 8c, and 8d were found to be biocompatible. Furthermore, the in silico ADME descriptors revealed drug-like properties with no violation of Lipinski's rule of five. Hence, the result suggested that synthesized derivatives could serve as a useful aid in the development of novel antifungal compounds for the treatment of fungal infections and virulence in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Kumbhar
- Department of Chemistry, PDEA's Prof. Ramkrishna More College, Pune, 411044, India; Interdisciplinary School of Science (IDSS), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Sagar Gaiki
- Interdisciplinary School of Science (IDSS), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Amruta Shelar
- Department of Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.
| | - Vandana Nikam
- Department of Pharmacology, STES's Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Pune, 411048, India.
| | - Rajendra Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.
| | - Avinash Kumbhar
- Interdisciplinary School of Science (IDSS), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Gulab Gugale
- Department of Chemistry, PDEA's Prof. Ramkrishna More College, Pune, 411044, India.
| | - Ramdas Pawar
- Department of Chemistry, PDEA's Prof. Ramkrishna More College, Pune, 411044, India.
| | - Bhushan Khairnar
- Department of Chemistry, PDEA's Prof. Ramkrishna More College, Pune, 411044, India; Interdisciplinary School of Science (IDSS), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
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Jin X, Hou X, Wang X, Zhang M, Chen J, Song M, Zhang J, Zheng H, Chang W, Lou H. Characterization of an allosteric inhibitor of fungal-specific C-24 sterol methyltransferase to treat Candida albicans infections. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:553-568.e7. [PMID: 37160123 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Filamentation is an important virulence factor of the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. The abolition of Candida albicans hyphal formation by disrupting sterol synthesis is an important concept for the development of antifungal drugs with high safety. Here, we conduct a high-throughput screen using a C. albicans strain expressing green fluorescent protein-labeled Dpp3 to identify anti-hypha agents by interfering with ergosterol synthesis. The antipyrine derivative H55 is characterized to have minimal cytotoxicity and potent inhibition of C. albicans hyphal formation in multiple cultural conditions. H55 monotherapy exhibits therapeutic efficacy in mouse models of azole-resistant candidiasis. H55 treatment increases the accumulation of zymosterol, the substrate of C-24 sterol methyltransferase (Erg6). The results of enzyme assays, photoaffinity labeling, molecular simulation, mutagenesis, and cellular thermal shift assays support H55 as an allosteric inhibitor of Erg6. Collectively, H55, an inhibitor of the fungal-specific enzyme Erg6, holds potential to treat C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Jin
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xuben Hou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Institute of Medical Science, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinyao Chen
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Minghui Song
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jiaozhen Zhang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongbo Zheng
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenqiang Chang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Hongxiang Lou
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
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Subotin VV, Vashchenko BV, Asaula VM, Verner EV, Ivanytsya MO, Shvets O, Ostapchuk EN, Grygorenko OO, Ryabukhin SV, Volochnyuk DM, Kolotilov SV. Screening of Palladium/Charcoal Catalysts for Hydrogenation of Diene Carboxylates with Isolated-Rings (Hetero)aliphatic Scaffold. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031201. [PMID: 36770867 PMCID: PMC9920177 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of seven palladium-containing composites, i.e., four Pd/C and three Pd(OH)2/C (Pearlman's catalysts), was prepared using modified common approaches to deposition of Pd or hydrated PdO on charcoal. All the composites were tested in the catalytic hydrogenation of diene carboxylates with the isolated-ring scaffold, e.g., 5,6-dihydropyridine-1(2H)-carboxylates with 2-(alkoxycarbonyl)cyclopent-1-en-1-yl and hex-1-en-1-yl substituents at the C(4)-position. The performance of the composites was also studied via the hydrogenation of quinoline as a model reaction. The composites were characterized by transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM), powder X-ray diffraction, and low-temperature N2 adsorption. It was found that the composites containing Pd nanoparticles (NPs) of 5-40 nm size were the most efficient catalysts for the hydrogenation of dienes, providing the reduced products with up to 90% yields at p(H2) = 100 atm, T = 30 °C for 24 h. The method of Pd NPs formation had more effect on the catalyst performance than the size of the NPs. The catalytic performance of Pearlman's catalysts (Pd(OH)2/C) in the hydrogenation of dienes was comparable to or lower than the performance of the Pd/C systems, though the Pearlman's catalysts were more efficient in the hydrogenation of quinoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladyslav V. Subotin
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prosp. Nauky 31, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Bohdan V. Vashchenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Faculty of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vitalii M. Asaula
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prosp. Nauky 31, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Eduard V. Verner
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prosp. Nauky 31, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mykyta O. Ivanytsya
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prosp. Nauky 31, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleksiy Shvets
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prosp. Nauky 31, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Eugeniy N. Ostapchuk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O. Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Faculty of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergey V. Ryabukhin
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska Street 5, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dmitriy M. Volochnyuk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska Street 5, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergey V. Kolotilov
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prosp. Nauky 31, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Correspondence:
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Kasabe UI, Kale KB, Rode NR, Shelar AV, Patil RH, Mhaske PC, Chaskar MG. Synthesis and antifungal screening of tetramethyl hexahydro-1 H-xanthene-1,8(2 H)-dione derivatives as potential inhibitors of morphogenesis and biofilm formation in Candida albicans. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04168a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of hexahydro-1H-xanthene-1,8(2H)-dione derivatives were synthesized. All the derivatives were screened for their anti-virulence properties against Candida albicans. In silico studies were performed to corroborate the experimentally observed facts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh I. Kasabe
- Department of Chemistry, Baburaoji Gholap College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune), Sangvi, Pune-411027, India
| | - Kishor B. Kale
- Department of Chemistry, Nowrosjee Wadia College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune), Pune-411001, India
| | - Nitin R. Rode
- Department of Chemistry, Nowrosjee Wadia College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune), Pune-411001, India
| | - Amruta V. Shelar
- Department of Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-411007, India
| | - Rajendra H. Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-411007, India
| | - Pravin C. Mhaske
- Department of Chemistry, Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune), Pune-411030, India
| | - Manohar G. Chaskar
- Department of Chemistry, Baburaoji Gholap College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune), Sangvi, Pune-411027, India
- Dean, Science and Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-411007, India
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Halder N, Lal G. Cholinergic System and Its Therapeutic Importance in Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660342. [PMID: 33936095 PMCID: PMC8082108 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological and immunological signals constitute an extensive regulatory network in our body that maintains physiology and homeostasis. The cholinergic system plays a significant role in neuroimmune communication, transmitting information regarding the peripheral immune status to the central nervous system (CNS) and vice versa. The cholinergic system includes the neurotransmitter\ molecule, acetylcholine (ACh), cholinergic receptors (AChRs), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) enzyme, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. These molecules are involved in regulating immune response and playing a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis. Most innate and adaptive immune cells respond to neuronal inputs by releasing or expressing these molecules on their surfaces. Dysregulation of this neuroimmune communication may lead to several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Several agonists, antagonists, and inhibitors have been developed to target the cholinergic system to control inflammation in different tissues. This review discusses how various molecules of the neuronal and non-neuronal cholinergic system (NNCS) interact with the immune cells. What are the agonists and antagonists that alter the cholinergic system, and how are these molecules modulate inflammation and immunity. Understanding the various functions of pharmacological molecules could help in designing better strategies to control inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrita Halder
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Tolerance, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Tolerance, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
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Machado CB, Rocha da Silva C, Daiana Barroso F, Campos RDS, Valente Sá LGDA, S Aires do Nascimento FB, Cavalcanti BC, Vitoriano Nobre Júnior H, Andrade Neto JB. In vitro evaluation of anti-fungal activity of tropicamide against strains of Candida spp. resistant to fluconazole in planktonic and biofilm form. J Mycol Med 2021; 31:101080. [PMID: 33278803 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.101080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Candida spp. is considered to be the third or fourth most common cause of bloodstream infections associated with healthcare services in the world. Currently, several strains exhibit resistance to the traditional treatments, making the development of new therapeutic molecules necessary. Drug repositioning is an alternative that can be used to work around problems such as toxicity, cost and time in the development of new drugs. This study aims to evaluate the in vitro antifungal effect of tropicamide, molecule of anticholinergic action, against planktonic cells of Candida spp. and biofilm of C. albicans. Six strains of different Candida species were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tropicamide and fluconazole according to CLSI document M27-A3 and one strain of C. albicans was used to evaluate the activity of tropicamide against biofilms. In concentrations of 64μg/mL, the tropicamide exhibited 50% of inhibitory activity in planktonic cell and in concentrations of 128μg/mL is able to inhibit the formation of C. albicans biofilm. Despite the inhibitory activity shown at the present study, the use of a larger number of strains, as well as in vivo cytotoxicity assays, is necessary to confirm the hypothesis that tropicamide can be used as an adjuvant agent in the treatment of infections by the Candida genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Machado
- School of pharmacy, laboratory of bioprospection in antimicrobial molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Christus University Centre (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - C Rocha da Silva
- School of pharmacy, laboratory of bioprospection in antimicrobial molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug research and development centre, Federal university of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - F Daiana Barroso
- School of pharmacy, laboratory of bioprospection in antimicrobial molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - R D S Campos
- School of pharmacy, laboratory of bioprospection in antimicrobial molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Christus University Centre (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - L G D A Valente Sá
- School of pharmacy, laboratory of bioprospection in antimicrobial molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug research and development centre, Federal university of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - F B S Aires do Nascimento
- School of pharmacy, laboratory of bioprospection in antimicrobial molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug research and development centre, Federal university of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - B C Cavalcanti
- Drug research and development centre, Federal university of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - H Vitoriano Nobre Júnior
- School of pharmacy, laboratory of bioprospection in antimicrobial molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug research and development centre, Federal university of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - J B Andrade Neto
- School of pharmacy, laboratory of bioprospection in antimicrobial molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Christus University Centre (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Su H, Hu C, Cao B, Qu X, Guan P, Mu Y, Han L, Huang X. A semisynthetic borrelidin analogue BN-3b exerts potent antifungal activity against Candida albicans through ROS-mediated oxidative damage. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5081. [PMID: 32193473 PMCID: PMC7081223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the process of investigating the antifungal structure-activity relationships (SAR) of borrelidin and discovering antifungal leads, a semisynthetic borrelidin analogue, BN-3b with antifungal activity against Candida albicans, was achieved. In this study, we found that oxidative damage induced by endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an important role in the antifungal activity of BN-3b. Further investigation indicated that BN-3b stimulated ROS accumulation, increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and decreased reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio. Moreover, BN-3b decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP generation. Ultrastructure analysis revealed that BN-3b severely damaged the cell membrane of C. albicans. Quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed that virulence factors of C. albicans SAPs, PLB1, PLB2, HWP1, ALSs, and LIPs were all down-regulated after BN-3b exposure. We also found that BN-3b markedly inhibited the hyphal formation of C. albicans. In addition, in vivo studies revealed that BN-3b significantly prolonged survival and decreased fungal burden in mouse model of disseminated candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Su
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P.R. China
| | - Caijuan Hu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P.R. China
| | - Bixuan Cao
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodan Qu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P.R. China
| | - Peipei Guan
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P.R. China
| | - Yu Mu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P.R. China
| | - Li Han
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P.R. China.
| | - Xueshi Huang
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P.R. China.
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Molecular targets of biofabricated silver nanoparticles in Candida albicans. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2019; 72:640-644. [DOI: 10.1038/s41429-019-0185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common human fungal pathogen with an estimated crude mortality rate of 40%. The ability of the organism to switch from the yeast to hyphal form and produce biofilms are important virulence factors. C. albicans infections are combatted by the host immune system. However, Candida triggers a strong inflammatory response that, if not appropriately regulated, can damage host tissues. Therefore, it is important that the host immune response eliminates the fungus but limits tissue damage. This study provides evidence that targeting cholinergic receptors cannot only curb the virulence of C. albicans by inhibiting filamentous growth and biofilm formation but can also appropriately regulate the host immune response to induce rapid clearance with limited damage to vital tissues. This article provides evidence that repurposing licensed drugs that target cholinergic receptors may offer novel therapeutic solutions for the prevention or treatment of fungal infections. Acetylcholine modulates the virulence of Candida albicans and regulates an appropriate immune response to infection in a Galleria mellonella infection model. Indeed, the evidence suggests that C. albicans possesses a functional cholinergic receptor that can regulate filamentous growth and biofilm formation. Furthermore, G. mellonella immune cell subsets possess repertories of cholinergic receptors which regulate an effective and appropriate cellular immune response to C. albicans infection. This study aimed to investigate the cholinergic receptor subtype involved in regulation of filamentous growth and biofilm formation by C. albicans and determine the roles of cholinergic receptors in modulation of G. mellonella immune cell subsets. The general muscarinic receptor agonist, pilocarpine hydrochloride, inhibited C. albicans biofilm formation and pathogenicity, a phenomenon that could be reversed using the general muscarinic receptor antagonist, scopolamine. Pilocarpine hydrochloride protected G. mellonella larvae from C. albicans infection via inhibition of C. albicans filamentation and appropriate regulation of cellular immunity. However, scopolamine abrogated the capacity of pilocarpine hydrochloride to protect G. mellonella larvae from C. albicans infection. Furthermore, acetylcholine and pilocarpine hydrochloride exhibited differential modulatory capabilities on Galleria mellonella hemocyte responses to C. albicans. The data in this article demonstrate that a muscarinic receptor modulates C. albicans filamentation and biofilm formation. Furthermore, the results suggest that G. mellonella hemocyte subsets possess unique repertoires of cholinergic receptors that regulate their differentiation, activation, and function in contrasting manners. Therefore, targeting cholinergic receptors by repurposing currently licensed cholinergic drugs may offer novel therapeutic solutions for the prevention or treatment of fungal infections. IMPORTANCECandida albicans is the most common human fungal pathogen with an estimated crude mortality rate of 40%. The ability of the organism to switch from the yeast to hyphal form and produce biofilms are important virulence factors. C. albicans infections are combatted by the host immune system. However, Candida triggers a strong inflammatory response that, if not appropriately regulated, can damage host tissues. Therefore, it is important that the host immune response eliminates the fungus but limits tissue damage. This study provides evidence that targeting cholinergic receptors cannot only curb the virulence of C. albicans by inhibiting filamentous growth and biofilm formation but can also appropriately regulate the host immune response to induce rapid clearance with limited damage to vital tissues. This article provides evidence that repurposing licensed drugs that target cholinergic receptors may offer novel therapeutic solutions for the prevention or treatment of fungal infections.
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