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Tripathi A, Chauhan N, Mukhopadhyay P. Recent advances in understanding the regulation of plant secondary metabolite biosynthesis by ethylene-mediated pathways. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:543-557. [PMID: 38737326 PMCID: PMC11087406 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01441-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Plants produce a large repertoire of secondary metabolites. The pathways that lead to the biosynthesis of these metabolites are majorly conserved in the plant kingdom. However, a significant portion of these metabolites are specific to certain groups or species due to variations in the downstream pathways and evolution of the enzymes. These metabolites show spatiotemporal variation in their accumulation and are of great importance to plants due to their role in development, stress response and survival. A large number of these metabolites are in huge industrial demand due to their potential use as therapeutics, aromatics and more. Ethylene, as a plant hormone is long known, and its biosynthetic process, signaling mechanism and effects on development and response pathways have been characterized in many plants. Through exogenous treatments, ethylene and its inhibitors have been used to manipulate the production of various secondary metabolites. However, the research done on a limited number of plants in the last few years has only started to uncover the mechanisms through which ethylene regulates the accumulation of these metabolites. Often in association with other hormones, ethylene participates in fine-tuning the biosynthesis of the secondary metabolites, and brings specificity in the regulation depending on the plant, organ, tissue type and the prevailing conditions. This review summarizes the related studies, interprets the outcomes, and identifies the gaps that will help to breed better varieties of the related crops and produce high-value secondary metabolites for human benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Tripathi
- Plant Biotechnology division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015 India
| | - Nisha Chauhan
- Plant Biotechnology division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Pradipto Mukhopadhyay
- Plant Biotechnology division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
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Wang S, Chen R, Yuan L, Zhang C, Liang D, Qiao J. Molecular and Functional Analyses of Characterized Sesquiterpene Synthases in Mushroom-Forming Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1017. [PMID: 37888273 PMCID: PMC10608071 DOI: 10.3390/jof9101017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes are a type of abundant natural product with widespread applications in several industries. They are biosynthesized by sesquiterpene synthases (STSs). As valuable and abundant biological resources, mushroom-forming fungi are rich in new sesquiterpenes and STSs, which remain largely unexploited. In the present study, we collected information on 172 STSs from mushroom-forming fungi with experimentally characterized products from the literature and sorted them to develop a dataset. Furthermore, we analyzed and discussed the phylogenetic tree, catalytic products, and conserved motifs of STSs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the STSs were clustered into four clades. Furthermore, their cyclization reaction mechanism was divided into four corresponding categories. This database was used to predict 12 putative STS genes from the edible fungi Flammulina velutipes. Finally, three FvSTSs were selected to experimentally characterize their functions. FvSTS03 predominantly produced Δ-cadinol and FvSTS08 synthesized β-barbatene as the main product; these findings were consistent with those of the functional prediction analysis. A product titer of 78.8 mg/L β-barbatene was achieved in Saccharomyces cerevisiae via metabolic engineering. Our study findings will help screen or design STSs from fungi with specific product profiles as functional elements for applications in synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (S.W.); (R.C.); (L.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China;
| | - Ruiqi Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (S.W.); (R.C.); (L.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China;
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (S.W.); (R.C.); (L.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China;
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Dongmei Liang
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China;
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (S.W.); (R.C.); (L.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China;
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Masunaga N, Kitaoka T, Ichinose H. Biocatalyst collection and heterologous expression of sesquiterpene synthases from basidiomycetous fungi: Discovery of a novel sesquiterpene hydrocarbon. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:632-644. [PMID: 36576879 PMCID: PMC9948225 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Basidiomycetes produce a wide variety of sesquiterpenoids, which attract significant interest in pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Structural diversification of sesquiterpenoids is performed by sesquiterpene synthases (STSs), which produce a wide array of backbone structures; therefore, functional characterization and increased biocatalyst collection of STSs are important for expanding scientific knowledge and meeting the needs of advanced biotechnology. Gene identification and functional annotation of STSs from the basidiomycetous fungi Agaricus bisporus, Auriscalpium vulgare, Lepista nuda, Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor were conducted. Through these investigations, the catalytic functions of 30 STSs were revealed using recombinant enzymes heterologously expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Furthermore, the unique function of an STS from P. ostreatus, PoSTS-06, was revealed to be the production of a novel sesquiterpene hydrocarbon that we named pleostene. The absolute structure of pleostene was determined by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography using the crystalline sponge method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takuya Kitaoka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Biosynthesis and regulation of terpenoids from basidiomycetes: exploration of new research. AMB Express 2021; 11:150. [PMID: 34779947 PMCID: PMC8594250 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Basidiomycetes, also known as club fungi, consist of a specific group of fungi. Basidiomycetes produce a large number of secondary metabolites, of which sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids and triterpenoids are the primary components. However, these terpenoids tend to be present in low amounts, which makes it difficult to meet application requirements. Terpenoid biosynthesis improves the quantity of these secondary metabolites. However, current understanding of the biosynthetic mechanism of terpenoids in basidiomycetes is insufficient. Therefore, this article reviews the latest research on the biosynthesis of terpenoids in basidiomycetes and summarizes the CYP450 involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids in basidiomycetes. We also propose opportunities and challenges for chassis microbial heterologous production of terpenoids in basidiomycetes and provide a reference basis for the better development of basidiomycete engineering.
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Gressler M, Löhr NA, Schäfer T, Lawrinowitz S, Seibold PS, Hoffmeister D. Mind the mushroom: natural product biosynthetic genes and enzymes of Basidiomycota. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:702-722. [PMID: 33404035 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00077a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to September 2020 Mushroom-forming fungi of the division Basidiomycota have traditionally been recognised as prolific producers of structurally diverse and often bioactive secondary metabolites, using the methods of chemistry for research. Over the past decade, -omics technologies were applied on these fungi, and sophisticated heterologous gene expression platforms emerged, which have boosted research into the genetic and biochemical basis of the biosyntheses. This review provides an overview on experimentally confirmed natural product biosyntheses of basidiomycete polyketides, amino acid-derived products, terpenoids, and volatiles. We also present challenges and solutions particular to natural product research with these fungi. 222 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gressler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Nikolai A Löhr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Tim Schäfer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Lawrinowitz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Paula Sophie Seibold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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Genomics-directed activation of cryptic natural product pathways deciphers codes for biosynthesis and molecular function. J Nat Med 2020; 75:261-274. [PMID: 33274411 PMCID: PMC7902601 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-020-01466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural products, which can be isolated from living organisms worldwide, have played a pivotal role in drug discovery since ancient times. However, it has become more challenging to identify a structurally novel molecule with promising biological activity for pharmaceutical development, mainly due to the limited methodologies for their acquisition. In this review, we summarize our recent studies that activate the biosynthetic potential of filamentous fungi by genetic engineering to harness the metabolic flow for the efficient production of unprecedented natural products. The recent revolution in genome sequencing technology enables the accumulation of vast amounts of information on biosynthetic genes, the blueprint of the molecular construction. Utilizing the established heterologous expression system, activation of the pathway-specific transcription factor coupled with a knockout strategy, and manipulating the global regulatory gene, the biosynthetic genes were exploited to activate biosynthetic pathways and decipher the encoded enzyme functions. We show that this methodology was beneficial for acquiring fungal treasures for drug discovery. These studies also enabled the investigation of the molecular function of natural products in fungal development.
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