1
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Jang H, Chen J, Iakoucheva LM, Nussinov R. Cancer and Autism: How PTEN Mutations Degrade Function at the Membrane and Isoform Expression in the Human Brain. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168354. [PMID: 37935253 PMCID: PMC10842829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Mutations causing loss of PTEN lipid phosphatase activity can promote cancer, benign tumors (PHTS), and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Exactly how they preferentially trigger distinct phenotypic outcomes has been puzzling. Here, we demonstrate that PTEN mutations differentially allosterically bias P loop dynamics and its connection to the catalytic site, affecting catalytic activity. NDD-related mutations are likely to sample conformations of the functional wild-type state, while sampled conformations for the strong, cancer-related driver mutation hotspots favor catalysis-primed conformations, suggesting that NDD mutations are likely to be weaker, and our large-scale simulations show why. Prenatal PTEN isoform expression data suggest exons 5 and 7, which harbor NDD mutations, as cancer-risk carriers. Since cancer requires more than a single mutation, our conformational and genomic analysis helps discover how same protein mutations can foster different clinical manifestations, articulates a role for co-occurring background latent driver mutations, and uncovers relationships of splicing isoform expression to life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jiaye Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lilia M Iakoucheva
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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2
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Torices L, Nunes-Xavier CE, López JI, Pulido R. Novel anti-PTEN C2 domain monoclonal antibodies to analyse the expression and function of PTEN isoform variants. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289369. [PMID: 37527256 PMCID: PMC10393154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PTEN is a major tumor suppressor gene frequently mutated in human tumors, and germline PTEN gene mutations are the molecular diagnostic of PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome (PHTS), a heterogeneous disorder that manifests with multiple hamartomas, cancer predisposition, and neurodevelopmental alterations. A diversity of translational and splicing PTEN isoforms exist, as well as PTEN C-terminal truncated variants generated by disease-associated nonsense mutations. However, most of the available anti-PTEN monoclonal antibodies (mAb) recognize epitopes at the PTEN C-terminal tail, which may introduce a bias in the analysis of the expression of PTEN isoforms and variants. We here describe the generation and precise characterization of anti-PTEN mAb recognizing the PTEN C2-domain, and their use to monitor the expression and function of PTEN isoforms and PTEN missense and nonsense mutations associated to disease. These anti-PTEN C2 domain mAb are suitable to study the pathogenicity of PTEN C-terminal truncations that retain stability and function but have lost the PTEN C-terminal epitopes. The use of well-defined anti-PTEN mAb recognizing distinct PTEN regions, as the ones here described, will help to understand the deleterious effects of specific PTEN mutations in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Torices
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Caroline E Nunes-Xavier
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - José I López
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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3
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Torices L, Mingo J, Rodríguez-Escudero I, Fernández-Acero T, Luna S, Nunes-Xavier CE, López JI, Mercadillo F, Currás M, Urioste M, Molina M, Cid VJ, Pulido R. Functional analysis of PTEN variants of unknown significance from PHTS patients unveils complex patterns of PTEN biological activity in disease. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:568-577. [PMID: 36543932 PMCID: PMC10172195 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-022-01265-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous germline mutations in PTEN gene predispose to hamartomas and tumors in different tissues, as well as to neurodevelopmental disorders, and define at genetic level the PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome (PHTS). The major physiologic role of PTEN protein is the dephosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3), counteracting the pro-oncogenic function of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and PTEN mutations in PHTS patients frequently abrogate PTEN PIP3 catalytic activity. PTEN also displays non-canonical PIP3-independent functions, but their involvement in PHTS pathogeny is less understood. We have previously identified and described, at clinical and genetic level, novel PTEN variants of unknown functional significance in PHTS patients. Here, we have performed an extensive functional characterization of these PTEN variants (c.77 C > T, p.(Thr26Ile), T26I; c.284 C > G, p.(Pro95Arg), P95R; c.529 T > A, p.(Tyr177Asn), Y177N; c.781 C > G, p.(Gln261Glu), Q261E; c.829 A > G, p.(Thr277Ala), T277A; and c.929 A > G, p.(Asp310Gly), D310G), including cell expression levels and protein stability, PIP3-phosphatase activity, and subcellular localization. In addition, caspase-3 cleavage analysis in cells has been assessed using a C2-domain caspase-3 cleavage-specific anti-PTEN antibody. We have found complex patterns of functional activity on PTEN variants, ranging from loss of PIP3-phosphatase activity, diminished protein expression and stability, and altered nuclear/cytoplasmic localization, to intact functional properties, when compared with PTEN wild type. Furthermore, we have found that PTEN cleavage at the C2-domain by the pro-apoptotic protease caspase-3 is diminished in specific PTEN PHTS variants. Our findings illustrate the multifaceted molecular features of pathogenic PTEN protein variants, which could account for the complexity in the genotype/phenotype manifestations of PHTS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Torices
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Janire Mingo
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Escudero
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Fernández-Acero
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Luna
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Caroline E Nunes-Xavier
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - José I López
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Fátima Mercadillo
- Familial Cancer Clinical Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Currás
- Familial Cancer Clinical Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Urioste
- Familial Cancer Clinical Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor J Cid
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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4
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Transition from Animal-Based to Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)-Based Models of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Opportunities and Challenges. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040538. [PMID: 36831205 PMCID: PMC9954744 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) arise from the disruption of highly coordinated mechanisms underlying brain development, which results in impaired sensory, motor and/or cognitive functions. Although rodent models have offered very relevant insights to the field, the translation of findings to clinics, particularly regarding therapeutic approaches for these diseases, remains challenging. Part of the explanation for this failure may be the genetic differences-some targets not being conserved between species-and, most importantly, the differences in regulation of gene expression. This prompts the use of human-derived models to study NDDS. The generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hIPSCs) added a new suitable alternative to overcome species limitations, allowing for the study of human neuronal development while maintaining the genetic background of the donor patient. Several hIPSC models of NDDs already proved their worth by mimicking several pathological phenotypes found in humans. In this review, we highlight the utility of hIPSCs to pave new paths for NDD research and development of new therapeutic tools, summarize the challenges and advances of hIPSC-culture and neuronal differentiation protocols and discuss the best way to take advantage of these models, illustrating this with examples of success for some NDDs.
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5
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Jang H, Chen J, Iakoucheva LM, Nussinov R. How PTEN mutations degrade function at the membrane and life expectancy of carriers of mutations in the human brain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.26.525746. [PMID: 36747841 PMCID: PMC9900933 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.26.525746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PTEN dysfunction, caused by loss of lipid phosphatase activity or deletion, promotes pathologies, cancer, benign tumors, and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Despite efforts, exactly how the mutations trigger distinct phenotypic outcomes, cancer or NDD, has been puzzling. It has also been unclear how to distinguish between mutations harbored by isoforms, are they cancer or NDDs-related. Here we address both. We demonstrate that PTEN mutations differentially allosterically bias P-loop dynamics and its connection to the catalytic site, affecting catalytic activity. NDD-related mutations are likely to sample conformations present in the wild-type, while sampled conformations sheltering cancer-related hotspots favor catalysis-prone conformations, suggesting that NDD mutations are weaker. Analysis of isoform expression data indicates that if the transcript has NDD-related mutations, alone or in combination with cancer hotspots, there is high prenatal expression. If no mutations within the measured days, low expression levels. Cancer mutations promote stronger signaling and cell proliferation; NDDs' are weaker, influencing brain cell differentiation. Further, exon 5 is impacted by NDD or non-NDD mutations, while exon 7 is exclusively impacted by NDD mutations. Our comprehensive conformational and genomic analysis helps discover how same allele mutations can foster different clinical manifestations and uncovers correlations of splicing isoform expression to life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, U.S.A
| | - Jiaye Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Lilia M Iakoucheva
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, U.S.A
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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6
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Sun Y, Li W, Li X, Zheng H, Qiu Y, Yang H. Oncogenic role of karyopherin α2 (KPNA2) in human tumors: A pan-cancer analysis. Comput Biol Med 2021; 139:104955. [PMID: 34735944 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND KPNA2, a nuclear export protein that plays an important role in tumorigenesis, is an emerging hotspot target in oncology. Despite increasing supporting evidence of its importance, no pan-cancer analysis, across multiple databases, is available for in-depth data mining of the gene. METHODS Tumor data from both The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were explored to investigate the potential oncogenic roles of KPNA2. Diverse analytical methods were used to gain a full-scale understanding of KPNA2: gene expression, survival situations, genetic mutations, DNA methylation, sites of protein phosphorylation, immunocyte infiltration, and correlative cellular pathways. RESULTS KPNA2 is highly expressed in many cancers, and different correlations exist between KPNA2 expression and prognosis of cancer patients. cBioPortal reported that a nonsense mutation of R285* was considered to be the primary tumorigenic genetic alteration to KPNA2 and was found in cases of LUSC, STAD, and CESC. Enhanced phosphorylation of S62 was found in several cancers and the level of infiltration of cancer-associated fibroblasts was found to be linearly correlated with KPNA2 expression levels in ACC, BRCA, MESO, TGCT, THCA, and THYM. Correlations between KPNA2 DNA methylation and the pathogenesis of various tumors in TCGA were further identified. KEGG and GO enrichment analysis identified cell cycle, microtubule binding, and tubulin binding functions for KPNA2. CONCLUSION This is the first pan-cancer analysis focusing on KPNA2. It provides a comprehensive understanding about the role of KPNA2 in tumorigenesis and highlights the potential targeted role of KPNA2 for cancer study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of the Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Affiliated Southwest Hospital of Army Medical University, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Amy Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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7
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PTEN mutations in autism spectrum disorder and congenital hydrocephalus: developmental pleiotropy and therapeutic targets. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:961-976. [PMID: 34625286 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The lack of effective treatments for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and congenital hydrocephalus (CH) reflects the limited understanding of the biology underlying these common neurodevelopmental disorders. Although ASD and CH have been extensively studied as independent entities, recent human genomic and preclinical animal studies have uncovered shared molecular pathophysiology. Here, we review and discuss phenotypic, genomic, and molecular similarities between ASD and CH, and identify the PTEN-PI3K-mTOR (phosphatase and tensin homolog-phosphoinositide 3-kinase-mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway as a common underlying mechanism that holds diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic promise for individuals with ASD and CH.
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8
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Abstract
In over two decades since the discovery of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), nearly 18,000 publications have attempted to elucidate its functions and roles in normal physiology and disease. The frequent disruption of PTEN in cancer cells was a strong indication that it had critical roles in tumour suppression. Germline PTEN mutations have been identified in patients with heterogeneous tumour syndromic diseases, known as PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome (PHTS), and in some individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Today we know that by limiting oncogenic signalling through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, PTEN governs a number of processes including survival, proliferation, energy metabolism, and cellular architecture. Some of the most exciting recent advances in the understanding of PTEN biology and signalling have revisited its unappreciated roles as a protein phosphatase, identified non-enzymatic scaffold functions, and unravelled its nuclear function. These discoveries are certain to provide a new perspective on its full tumour suppressor potential, and knowledge from this work will lead to new anti-cancer strategies that exploit PTEN biology. In this review, we will highlight some outstanding questions and some of the very latest advances in the understanding of the tumour suppressor PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Tak-Sum Chow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leonardo Salmena
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Luna S, Torices L, Mingo J, Amo L, Rodríguez-Escudero I, Ruiz-Ibarlucea P, Erramuzpe A, Cortés JM, Tejada MI, Molina M, Nunes-Xavier CE, López JI, Cid VJ, Pulido R. A global analysis of the reconstitution of PTEN function by translational readthrough of PTEN pathogenic premature termination codons. Hum Mutat 2021; 42:551-566. [PMID: 33600059 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The PTEN tumor suppressor gene is mutated with high incidence in tumors and in the germline of patients with cancer predisposition or with macrocephaly associated with autism. PTEN nonsense mutations generating premature termination codons (PTC) and producing nonfunctional truncated PTEN proteins are frequent in association with human disease. However, there are no studies addressing the restoration of full-length PTEN proteins from the PTC-mutated PTEN gene by translational readthrough. Here, we have performed a global translational and functional readthrough analysis of the complete collection of PTEN PTC somatic or hereditary mutations found in tumors or in the germline of patients (disease-associated PTEN PTCome), and we set standards for the analysis of the potential of readthrough functional reconstitution in disease-relevant genes. Our analysis indicates that prevalent pathogenic PTEN PTC mutations are susceptible to PTEN functional restoration in response to readthrough-inducing compounds. Comprehensive readthrough analyses of disease-associated PTComes will be valuable tools for the implementation of readthrough-based precision interventions in specific groups of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Luna
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Leire Torices
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Janire Mingo
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Laura Amo
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Escudero
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Asier Erramuzpe
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Jesús M Cortés
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - María I Tejada
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - María Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Caroline E Nunes-Xavier
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - José I López
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Víctor J Cid
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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10
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Comprehensive in silico mutational-sensitivity analysis of PTEN establishes signature regions implicated in pathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Genomics 2020; 113:999-1017. [PMID: 33152507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An extensively studied cancer and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) gene like PTEN provided an exclusive opportunity to map its mutational-landscape, compare and establish plausible genotypic predictors of ASD-associated phenotypic outcomes. Our exhaustive in silico analysis on 4252 SNPs using >30 tools identified increased mutational-density in exon7. Phosphatase domain, although evolutionarily conserved, had the most nsSNPs localised within signature regions. The evolutionarily variable C-terminal side contained the highest truncating-SNPs outside signature regions of C2 domain and most PTMs within C-tail site which displayed maximum intolerance to polymorphisms, and permitted benign but destabilising nsSNPs that enhanced its intrinsically-disordered nature. ASD-associated SNPs localised within ATP-binding motifs and Nuclear-Localising-Sequences were the most potent triggers of ASD manifestation. These, along with variations within P, WPD and TI loops, M1 within phosphatase domain, M2 and MoRFs of C2 domain, caused severe long-range conformational fluctuations altering PTEN's dynamic stability- not observed in variations outside signature regions. 3'UTR-SNPs affected 44 strong miRNA brain-specific targets; several 5' UTR-SNPs targeted transcription-factor POLR2A and 10 pathogenic Splice-Affecting-Variants were identified.
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11
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Abstract
Germline pathogenic phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mutations cause PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS), characterized by various benign and malignant tumors of the thyroid, breast, endometrium, and other organs. Patients with PHTS may present with other clinical features such as macrocephaly, intestinal polyposis, cognitive changes, and pathognomonic skin changes. Clinically, deregulation of PTEN function is implicated in other human diseases in addition to many types of human cancer. PTEN is an important phosphatase that counteracts one of the most critical cancer pathways: the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathways. Although PTEN can dephosphorylate lipids and proteins, it also has functions independent of phosphatase activity in normal and pathological states. It is positively and negatively regulated at the transcriptional level as well as posttranslationally by phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, oxidation, and acetylation. Although most of its tumor-suppressor activity is likely to be caused by lipid dephosphorylation at the plasma membrane, PTEN also resides in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and its subcellular distribution is under strict control. In this review, we highlight our current knowledge of PTEN function and recent discoveries in understanding PTEN function regulation and how this can be exploited therapeutically for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Ngeow
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798.,Cancer Genetics Service, Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610.,Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.,Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.,Germline High Risk Cancer Focus Group, CASE Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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12
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Wong CW, Wang Y, Liu T, Li L, Cheung SKK, Or PMY, Cheng ASL, Choy KW, Burbach JPH, Feng B, Chang RCC, Chan AM. Autism-associated PTEN missense mutation leads to enhanced nuclear localization and neurite outgrowth in an induced pluripotent stem cell line. FEBS J 2020; 287:4848-4861. [PMID: 32150788 PMCID: PMC7754348 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutation in the PTEN gene is the genetic basis of PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome with the affected individuals harboring features of autism spectrum disorders. Characterizing a panel of 14 autism‐associated PTEN missense mutations revealed reduced protein stability, catalytic activity, and subcellular distribution. Nine out of 14 (64%) PTEN missense mutants had reduced protein expression with most mutations confined to the C2 domain. Selected mutants displayed enhanced polyubiquitination and shortened protein half‐life, but that did not appear to involve the polyubiquitination sites at lysine residues at codon 13 or 289. Analyzing their intrinsic lipid phosphatase activities revealed that 78% (11 out of 14) of these mutants had twofold to 10‐fold reduction in catalytic activity toward phosphatidylinositol phosphate substrates. Analyzing the subcellular localization of the PTEN missense mutants showed that 64% (nine out of 14) had altered nuclear‐to‐cytosol ratios with four mutants (G44D, H123Q, E157G, and D326N) showing greater nuclear localization. The E157G mutant was knocked‐in to an induced pluripotent stem cell line and recapitulated a similar nuclear targeting preference. Furthermore, iPSCs expressing the E157G mutant were more proliferative at the neural progenitor cell stage but exhibited more extensive dendritic outgrowth. In summary, the combination of biological changes in PTEN is expected to contribute to the behavioral and cellular features of this neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wai Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yubing Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tian Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lisha Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Penelope Mei-Yu Or
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alfred Sze-Lok Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwong Wai Choy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Johannes Peter Henri Burbach
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bo Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Raymond Chuen Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Andrew M Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Brain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Ye J, Zhong L, Xiong L, Li J, Yu L, Dan W, Yuan Z, Yao J, Zhong P, Liu J, Liu D, Liu B. Nuclear import of NLS- RARα is mediated by importin α/β. Cell Signal 2020; 69:109567. [PMID: 32036017 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor α (PML/RARα) is hypothesized to play a vital role in the pathogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). A previous study has demonstrated that PML/RARα is cleaved by neutrophil elastase (NE) in early myeloid cells, which leads to an increase in the nuclear localization signal (NLS) in RARα and in the incidence of APL. In this study, we explored the effects of NLS-RARα on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and studied the mechanism of its localization. LV-NLS-RARα recombinant lentivirus and negative control LV-NC lentivirus were transfected into HL-60 cells and U937 cells while mutant NLS-RARα were transfected into U937 cells, and all groups were treated with 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3(1,25D3). The results showed that NLS-RARα was located mainly in the nucleus while mutant NLS-RARα was located in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of NLS-RARα downregulated the expression of CD11b, CD11c, CD14, and three forms of CEBPβ compared to the overexpression of NC and mutant NLS-RARα. It was speculated that the abnormal localization of NLS-RARα was mediated via importin-α/β in the pathogenesis of APL. By producing point mutations in the two NLSs in NLS-RARα, we showed that the nuclear import of NLS-RARα was mainly dependent on the NLS of the RARα portion. Subsequently, we found that importin-α1 (KPNA2)/importin-β1 (KPNB1) participates in the nuclear transport of NLS-RARα. Taken together, abnormal localization of NLS-RARα blocks the differentiation of APL cells, and nuclear localization of NLS-RARα depends on NLS of the RARα portion and is mediated via binding with importin-α/β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Ye
- Central Laboratory of Yong-Chuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China; Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Liang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ling Xiong
- Central Laboratory of Yong-Chuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lihua Yu
- Central Laboratory of Yong-Chuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Wenran Dan
- Central Laboratory of Yong-Chuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Juanjuan Yao
- Central Laboratory of Yong-Chuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Pengqiang Zhong
- Central Laboratory of Yong-Chuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Junmei Liu
- Central Laboratory of Yong-Chuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Dongdong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Beizhong Liu
- Central Laboratory of Yong-Chuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China; Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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14
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Pulido R, Mingo J, Gaafar A, Nunes-Xavier CE, Luna S, Torices L, Angulo JC, López JI. Precise Immunodetection of PTEN Protein in Human Neoplasia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a036293. [PMID: 31501265 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PTEN is a major tumor-suppressor protein whose expression and biological activity are frequently diminished in sporadic or inherited cancers. PTEN gene deletion or loss-of-function mutations favor tumor cell growth and are commonly found in clinical practice. In addition, diminished PTEN protein expression is also frequently observed in tumor samples from cancer patients in the absence of PTEN gene alterations. This makes PTEN protein levels a potential biomarker parameter in clinical oncology, which can guide therapeutic decisions. The specific detection of PTEN protein can be achieved by using highly defined anti-PTEN monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), characterized with precision in terms of sensitivity for the detection technique, specificity for PTEN binding, and constraints of epitope recognition. This is especially relevant taking into consideration that PTEN is highly targeted by mutations and posttranslational modifications, and different PTEN protein isoforms exist. The precise characterization of anti-PTEN mAb reactivity is an important step in the validation of these reagents as diagnostic and prognostic tools in clinical oncology, including their routine use in analytical immunohistochemistry (IHC). Here, we review the current status on the use of well-defined anti-PTEN mAbs for PTEN immunodetection in the clinical context and discuss their potential usefulness and limitations for a more precise cancer diagnosis and patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pulido
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48011, Spain
| | - Janire Mingo
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
| | - Ayman Gaafar
- Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
| | - Caroline E Nunes-Xavier
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain.,Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo N-0310, Norway
| | - Sandra Luna
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
| | - Leire Torices
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
| | - Javier C Angulo
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Getafe, Getafe, Madrid 28904, Spain.,Clinical Department, European University of Madrid, Laureate Universities, Madrid 28904, Spain
| | - José I López
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo 48903, Spain.,University of the Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Spain
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15
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Fernández-Acero T, Bertalmio E, Luna S, Mingo J, Bravo-Plaza I, Rodríguez-Escudero I, Molina M, Pulido R, Cid VJ. Expression of Human PTEN-L in a Yeast Heterologous Model Unveils Specific N-Terminal Motifs Controlling PTEN-L Subcellular Localization and Function. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121512. [PMID: 31779149 PMCID: PMC6952770 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour suppressor PTEN is frequently downregulated, mutated or lost in several types of tumours and congenital disorders including PHTS (PTEN Hamartoma Tumour Syndrome) and ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder). PTEN is a lipid phosphatase whose activity over the lipid messenger PIP3 counteracts the stimulation of the oncogenic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Recently, several extended versions of PTEN produced in the cell by alternative translation initiation have been described, among which, PTEN-L and PTEN-M represent the longest isoforms. We previously developed a humanized yeast model in which the expression of PI3K in Saccharomyces cerevisiae led to growth inhibition that could be suppressed by co-expression of PTEN. Here, we show that the expression of PTEN-L and PTEN-M in yeast results in robust counteracting of PI3K-dependent growth inhibition. N-terminally tagged GFP-PTEN-L was sharply localized at the yeast plasma membrane. Point mutations of a putative membrane-binding helix located at the PTEN-L extension or its deletion shifted localization to nuclear. Also, a shift from plasma membrane to nucleus was observed in mutants at basic amino acid clusters at the PIP2-binding motif, and at the Cα2 and CBR3 loops at the C2 domain. In contrast, C-terminally tagged PTEN-L-GFP displayed mitochondrial localization in yeast, which was shifted to plasma membrane by removing the first 22 PTEN-L residues. Our results suggest an important role of the N-terminal extension of alternative PTEN isoforms on their spatial and functional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Fernández-Acero
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS). Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (T.F.-A.); (E.B.); (I.B.-P.); (I.R.-E.); (M.M.)
| | - Eleonora Bertalmio
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS). Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (T.F.-A.); (E.B.); (I.B.-P.); (I.R.-E.); (M.M.)
| | - Sandra Luna
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biocruces Bizkaia, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (S.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Janire Mingo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biocruces Bizkaia, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (S.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Ignacio Bravo-Plaza
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS). Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (T.F.-A.); (E.B.); (I.B.-P.); (I.R.-E.); (M.M.)
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Escudero
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS). Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (T.F.-A.); (E.B.); (I.B.-P.); (I.R.-E.); (M.M.)
| | - María Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS). Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (T.F.-A.); (E.B.); (I.B.-P.); (I.R.-E.); (M.M.)
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biocruces Bizkaia, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (S.L.); (J.M.)
- IKERBASQUE, Fundación Vasca para la Ciencia, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (V.J.C.)
| | - Víctor J. Cid
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS). Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (T.F.-A.); (E.B.); (I.B.-P.); (I.R.-E.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (V.J.C.)
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16
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Rademacher S, Eickholt BJ. PTEN in Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a036780. [PMID: 31427284 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a classical tumor suppressor that antagonizes phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling. Although there is a strong association of PTEN germline mutations with cancer syndromes, they have also been described in a subset of patients with autism spectrum disorders with macrocephaly characterized by impairments in social interactions and communication, repetitive behavior and, occasionally, epilepsy. To investigate PTEN's role during neurodevelopment and its implication for autism, several conditional Pten knockout mouse models have been generated. These models are valuable tools to understand PTEN's spatiotemporal roles during neurodevelopment. In this review, we will highlight the anatomical and phenotypic results from animal studies and link them to cellular and molecular findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rademacher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta J Eickholt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Coronas-Serna JM, Valenti M, Del Val E, Fernández-Acero T, Rodríguez-Escudero I, Mingo J, Luna S, Torices L, Pulido R, Molina M, Cid VJ. Modeling human disease in yeast: recreating the PI3K-PTEN-Akt signaling pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int Microbiol 2019; 23:75-87. [PMID: 31218536 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a model organism that has been thoroughly exploited to understand the universal mechanisms that govern signaling pathways. Due to its ease of manipulation, humanized yeast models that successfully reproduce the function of human genes permit the development of highly efficient genetic approaches for molecular studies. Of special interest are those pathways related to human disease that are conserved from yeast to mammals. However, it is also possible to engineer yeast cells to implement functions that are naturally absent in fungi. Along the years, we have reconstructed several aspects of the mammalian phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway in S. cerevisiae. Here, we briefly review the use of S. cerevisiae as a tool to study human oncogenes and tumor suppressors, and we present an overview of the models applied to the study of the PI3K oncoproteins, the tumor suppressor PTEN, and the Akt protein kinase. We discuss the application of these models to study the basic functional properties of these signaling proteins, the functional assessment of their clinically relevant variants, and the design of feasible platforms for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia María Coronas-Serna
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Valenti
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elba Del Val
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Fernández-Acero
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Escudero
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Janire Mingo
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Sandra Luna
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Leire Torices
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
| | - María Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor J Cid
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Precise definition of PTEN C-terminal epitopes and its implications in clinical oncology. NPJ Precis Oncol 2019; 3:11. [PMID: 30993208 PMCID: PMC6465295 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-019-0083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-PTEN monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are arising as important tools for immunohistochemistry (IHC) and protein quantification routine analysis in clinical oncology. Although an effort has been made to document the reliability of tumor tissue section immunostaining by anti-PTEN mAb, and to standardize their IHC use in research and in the clinical practice, the precise topological and biochemical definition of the epitope recognized by each mAb has been conventionally overlooked. In this study, six commercial anti-PTEN mAb have been validated and characterized for sensitivity and specificity by IHC and FISH, using a set of prostate and urothelial bladder tumor specimens, and by immunoblot, using PTEN positive and PTEN negative human cell lines. Immunoblot precise epitope mapping, performed using recombinant PTEN variants and mutations, revealed that all mAb recognized linear epitopes of 6–11 amino acid length at the PTEN C-terminus. Tumor-associated or disease-associated mutations at the PTEN C-terminus did not affect subcellular localization or PIP3 phosphatase activity of PTEN in cells, although resulted in specific loss of reactivity for some mAb. Furthermore, specific mimicking-phosphorylation mutations at the PTEN C-terminal region also abolished binding of specific mAb. Our study adds new evidence on the relevance of a precise epitope mapping in the validation of anti-PTEN mAb for their use in the clinics. This will be substantial to provide a more accurate diagnosis in clinical oncology based on PTEN protein expression in tumors and biological fluids.
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19
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Bonjoch L, Mur P, Arnau-Collell C, Vargas-Parra G, Shamloo B, Franch-Expósito S, Pineda M, Capellà G, Erman B, Castellví-Bel S. Approaches to functionally validate candidate genetic variants involved in colorectal cancer predisposition. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 69:27-40. [PMID: 30935834 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most next generation sequencing (NGS) studies identified candidate genetic variants predisposing to colorectal cancer (CRC) but do not tackle its functional interpretation to unequivocally recognize a new hereditary CRC gene. Besides, germline variants in already established hereditary CRC-predisposing genes or somatic variants share the same need when trying to categorize those with relevant significance. Functional genomics approaches have an important role in identifying the causal links between genetic architecture and phenotypes, in order to decipher cellular function in health and disease. Therefore, functional interpretation of identified genetic variants by NGS platforms is now essential. Available approaches nowadays include bioinformatics, cell and molecular biology and animal models. Recent advances, such as the CRISPR-Cas9, ZFN and TALEN systems, have been already used as a powerful tool with this objective. However, the use of cell lines is of limited value due to the CRC heterogeneity and its close interaction with microenvironment. Access to tridimensional cultures or organoids and xenograft models that mimic the in vivo tissue architecture could revolutionize functional analysis. This review will focus on the application of state-of-the-art functional studies to better tackle new genes involved in germline predisposition to this neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Bonjoch
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Mur
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), ONCOBELL Program, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Coral Arnau-Collell
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gardenia Vargas-Parra
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), ONCOBELL Program, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Bahar Shamloo
- Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Bioengineering Department, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sebastià Franch-Expósito
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pineda
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), ONCOBELL Program, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Gabriel Capellà
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), ONCOBELL Program, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Batu Erman
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sergi Castellví-Bel
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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20
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Yehia L, Ngeow J, Eng C. PTEN-opathies: from biological insights to evidence-based precision medicine. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:452-464. [PMID: 30614812 DOI: 10.1172/jci121277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) classically counteracts the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade. Germline pathogenic PTEN mutations cause PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS), featuring various benign and malignant tumors, as well as neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder. Germline and somatic mosaic mutations in genes encoding components of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway downstream of PTEN predispose to syndromes with partially overlapping clinical features, termed the "PTEN-opathies." Experimental models of PTEN pathway disruption uncover the molecular and cellular processes influencing clinical phenotypic manifestations. Such insights not only teach us about biological mechanisms in states of health and disease, but also enable more accurate gene-informed cancer risk assessment, medical management, and targeted therapeutics. Hence, the PTEN-opathies serve as a prototype for bedside to bench, and back to the bedside, practice of evidence-based precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamis Yehia
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Joanne Ngeow
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Cancer Genetics Service, Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore.,Oncology Academic Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Germline High Risk Cancer Focus Group, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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