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El-Khoury R, Rak M, Bénit P, Jacobs HT, Rustin P. Cyanide resistant respiration and the alternative oxidase pathway: A journey from plants to mammals. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148567. [PMID: 35500614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In a large number of organisms covering all phyla, the mitochondrial respiratory chain harbors, in addition to the conventional elements, auxiliary proteins that confer adaptive metabolic plasticity. The alternative oxidase (AOX) represents one of the most studied auxiliary proteins, initially identified in plants. In contrast to the standard respiratory chain, the AOX mediates a thermogenic cyanide-resistant respiration; a phenomenon that has been of great interest for over 2 centuries in that energy is not conserved when electrons flow through it. Here we summarize centuries of studies starting from the early observations of thermogenicity in plants and the identification of cyanide resistant respiration, to the fascinating discovery of the AOX and its current applications in animals under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyad El-Khoury
- American University of Beirut Medical Center, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Cairo Street, Hamra, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Malgorzata Rak
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Paule Bénit
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Howard T Jacobs
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014, Tampere University, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Pierre Rustin
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France.
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Jacobs HT, Ballard JWO. What physiological role(s) does the alternative oxidase perform in animals? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148556. [PMID: 35367450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although the alternative oxidase, AOX, was known to be widespread in the animal kingdom by 2004, its exact physiological role in animals remains poorly understood. Here we present what evidence has accumulated thus far, indicating that it may play a role in enabling animals to resist various kinds of stress, including toxins, abnormal oxygen or nutrient levels, protein unfolding, dessication and pathogen attack. Much of our knowledge comes from studies in model organisms, where any benefits from exogenously expressed AOX may be masked by its unregulated expression, which may itself be stressful. The further question arises as to why AOX has been lost from some major crown groups, namely vertebrates, insects and cephalopods, if it plays important roles favouring the survival of other animals. We conclude by presenting some speculative ideas addressing this question, and an outline of how it might be approached experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard T Jacobs
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014 Tampere University, Finland; Department of Environment and Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia.
| | - J William O Ballard
- Department of Environment and Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia; School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Giordano L, Gregory AD, Pérez Verdaguer M, Ware SA, Harvey H, DeVallance E, Brzoska T, Sundd P, Zhang Y, Sciurba FC, Shapiro SD, Kaufman BA. Extracellular Release of Mitochondrial DNA: Triggered by Cigarette Smoke and Detected in COPD. Cells 2022; 11:369. [PMID: 35159179 PMCID: PMC8834490 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is the most common risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The present study aimed to elucidate whether mtDNA is released upon CS exposure and is detected in the plasma of former smokers affected by COPD as a possible consequence of airway damage. We measured cell-free mtDNA (cf-mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (cf-nDNA) in COPD patient plasma and mouse serum with CS-induced emphysema. The plasma of patients with COPD and serum of mice with CS-induced emphysema showed increased cf-mtDNA levels. In cell culture, exposure to a sublethal dose of CSE decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, increased oxidative stress, dysregulated mitochondrial dynamics, and triggered mtDNA release in extracellular vesicles (EVs). Mitochondrial DNA release into EVs occurred concomitantly with increased expression of markers that associate with DNA damage responses, including DNase III, DNA-sensing receptors (cGAS and NLRP3), proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, and CXCL2), and markers of senescence (p16 and p21); the majority of the responses are also triggered by cytosolic DNA delivery in vitro. Exposure to a lethal CSE dose preferentially induced mtDNA and nDNA release in the cell debris. Collectively, the results of this study associate markers of mitochondrial stress, inflammation, and senescence with mtDNA release induced by CSE exposure. Because high cf-mtDNA is detected in the plasma of COPD patients and serum of mice with emphysema, our findings support the future study of cf-mtDNA as a marker of mitochondrial stress in response to CS exposure and COPD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Giordano
- Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (S.A.W.); (H.H.)
- Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (E.D.); (T.B.); (P.S.)
| | - Alyssa D. Gregory
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (A.D.G.); (Y.Z.); (F.C.S.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Mireia Pérez Verdaguer
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Sarah A. Ware
- Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (S.A.W.); (H.H.)
| | - Hayley Harvey
- Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (S.A.W.); (H.H.)
| | - Evan DeVallance
- Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (E.D.); (T.B.); (P.S.)
| | - Tomasz Brzoska
- Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (E.D.); (T.B.); (P.S.)
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Prithu Sundd
- Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (E.D.); (T.B.); (P.S.)
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (A.D.G.); (Y.Z.); (F.C.S.); (S.D.S.)
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (A.D.G.); (Y.Z.); (F.C.S.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Frank C. Sciurba
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (A.D.G.); (Y.Z.); (F.C.S.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Steven D. Shapiro
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (A.D.G.); (Y.Z.); (F.C.S.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Brett A. Kaufman
- Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (S.A.W.); (H.H.)
- Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (E.D.); (T.B.); (P.S.)
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