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Pei T, Zhan M, Niu D, Liu Y, Deng J, Jing Y, Li P, Liu C, Ma F. CERK1 compromises Fusarium solani resistance by reducing jasmonate level and undergoes a negative feedback regulation via the MMK2-WRKY71 module in apple. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2491-2509. [PMID: 38515330 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium spp., a necrotrophic soil-borne pathogen, causes root rot disease on many crops. CERK1, as a typical pattern recognition receptor, has been widely studied. However, the function of CERK1 during plant-Fusarium interaction has not been well described. We determined that MdCERK1 is a susceptibility gene in the apple-Fusarium solani (Fs) interaction, and jasmonic acid (JA) plays a crucial role in this process. MdCERK1 directly targets and phosphorylates the lipoxygenase MdLOX2.1, an enzyme initiating the JA biosynthesis, at positions Ser326 and Thr327. These phosphorylations inhibit its translocation from the cytosol to the chloroplasts, leading to a compromised JA biosynthesis. Fs upregulates MdCERK1 expression during infection. In turn, when the JA level is low, the apple MdWRKY71, a transcriptional repressor of MdCERK1, is markedly upregulated and phosphorylated at Thr99 and Thr102 residues by the MAP kinase MdMMK2. The phosphorylation of MdWRKY71 enhances its transcription inhibition on MdCERK1. Taken together, MdCERK1 plays a novel role in limiting JA biosynthesis. There seems to be an arms race between apple and Fs, in which Fs activates MdCERK1 expression to reduce the JA level, while apple senses the low JA level and activates the MdMMK2-MdWRKY71 module to elevate JA level by inhibiting MdCERK1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Pei
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Minghui Zhan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongshan Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuerong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengmin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Changhai Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Zhao Z, Wang R, Su W, Sun T, Qi M, Zhang X, Wei F, Yu Z, Xiao F, Yan L, Yang C, Zhang J, Wang D. A comprehensive analysis of the WRKY family in soybean and functional analysis of GmWRKY164-GmGSL7c in resistance to soybean mosaic virus. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:620. [PMID: 38898399 PMCID: PMC11188170 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10523-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean mosaic disease caused by soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is one of the most devastating and widespread diseases in soybean producing areas worldwide. The WRKY transcription factors (TFs) are widely involved in plant development and stress responses. However, the roles of the GmWRKY TFs in resistance to SMV are largely unclear. RESULTS Here, 185 GmWRKYs were characterized in soybean (Glycine max), among which 60 GmWRKY genes were differentially expressed during SMV infection according to the transcriptome data. The transcriptome data and RT-qPCR results showed that the expression of GmWRKY164 decreased after imidazole treatment and had higher expression levels in the incompatible combination between soybean cultivar variety Jidou 7 and SMV strain N3. Remarkably, the silencing of GmWRKY164 reduced callose deposition and enhanced virus spread during SMV infection. In addition, the transcript levels of the GmGSL7c were dramatically lower upon the silencing of GmWRKY164. Furthermore, EMSA and ChIP-qPCR revealed that GmWRKY164 can directly bind to the promoter of GmGSL7c, which contains the W-box element. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that GmWRKY164 plays a positive role in resistance to SMV infection by regulating the expression of GmGSL7c, resulting in the deposition of callose and the inhibition of viral movement, which provides guidance for future studies in understanding virus-resistance mechanisms in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Rongna Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Weihua Su
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Tianjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Mengnan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Fengju Wei
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Zhouliang Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Fuming Xiao
- Handan Municipal Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hebei Province, Handan, 056001, China
| | - Long Yan
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
| | - Dongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
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Liu X, Dai H, Zhang F, Wang J, Shi J, Chen J, He P, Wang F, Ma Y. The miR7125-MdARF1 module enhances the resistance of apple to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides by promoting lignin synthesis in response to salicylic acid signalling. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024. [PMID: 38852059 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Apple is an important cash crop in China, and it is susceptible to fungal infections that have deleterious effects on its yield. Apple bitter rot caused by Colletorichum gloeosporioides is one of the most severe fungal diseases of apple. Salicylic acid (SA) is a key signalling molecule in the plant disease resistance signalling pathways. Lignin synthesis also plays a key role in conferring disease resistance. However, few studies have clarified the relationship between the SA disease resistance signalling pathway and the lignin disease resistance pathway in apple. MdMYB46 has previously been shown to promote lignin accumulation in apple and enhance salt and osmotic stress tolerance. Here, we investigated the relationship between MdMYB46 and biological stress; we found that MdMYB46 overexpression enhances the resistance of apple to C. gloeosporioides. We also identified MdARF1, a transcription factor upstream of MdMYB46, via yeast library screening and determined that MdARF1 was regulated by miR7125 through psRNATarget prediction. This regulatory relationship was confirmed through LUC and qRT-PCR experiments, demonstrating that miR7125 negatively regulates MdARF1. Analysis of the miR7125 promoter revealed that miR7125 responds to SA signals. The accumulation of SA level will result in the decrease of miR7125 expression level. In sum, the results of our study provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the resistance of apple to C. gloeosporioides and reveal a new pathway that enhances lignin accumulation in apple in response to SA signals. These findings provide valuable information for future studies aimed at breeding apple for disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongyan Dai
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiajun Shi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junqin Chen
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education of Ministry and Liaoning Province/National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping He
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Ma
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Yu X, Hu K, Geng X, Cao L, Zhou T, Lin X, Liu H, Chen J, Luo C, Qu S. The Mh-miR393a-TIR1 module regulates Alternaria alternata resistance of Malus hupehensis mainly by modulating the auxin signaling. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 341:112008. [PMID: 38307352 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
miRNAs govern gene expression and regulate plant defense. Alternaria alternata is a destructive fungal pathogen that damages apple. The wild apple germplasm Malus hupehensis is highly resistant to leaf spot disease caused by this fungus. Herein, we elucidated the regulatory and functional role of miR393a in apple resistance against A. alternata by targeting Transport Inhibitor Response 1. Mature miR393 accumulation in infected M. hupehensis increased owing to the transcriptional activation of MIR393a, determined to be a positive regulator of A. alternata resistance to either 'Orin' calli or 'Gala' leaves. 5' RLM-RACE and co-transformation assays showed that the target of miR393a was MhTIR1, a gene encoding a putative F-box auxin receptor that compromised apple immunity. RNA-seq analysis of transgenic calli revealed that MhTIR1 upregulated auxin signaling gene transcript levels and influenced phytohormone pathways and plant-pathogen interactions. miR393a compromised the sensitivity of several auxin-signaling genes to A. alternata infection, whereas MhTIR1 had the opposite effect. Using exogenous indole-3-acetic acid or the auxin synthesis inhibitor L-AOPP, we clarified that auxin enhances apple susceptibility to this pathogen. miR393a promotes SA biosynthesis and impedes pathogen-triggered ROS bursts by repressing TIR1-mediated auxin signaling. We uncovered the mechanism underlying the miR393a-TIR1 module, which interferes with apple defense against A. alternata by modulating the auxin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Yu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Kaixu Hu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaoyue Geng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China; Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221131, PR China
| | - Lifang Cao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Xinxin Lin
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Jingrui Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Changguo Luo
- Institute of Fruit Science, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang, Guizhou 550006, PR China.
| | - Shenchun Qu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China.
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Khan MKU, Zhang X, Ma Z, Huang M, Yang C, Wang X, Liu M, Peng J. Contribution of the LAC Genes in Fruit Quality Attributes of the Fruit-Bearing Plants: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15768. [PMID: 37958753 PMCID: PMC10650289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Laccase genes produce laccase enzymes that play a crucial role in the production of lignin and oxidation reactions within plants. Lignin is a complex polymer that provides structure and toughness to the cell walls of numerous fruit plants. The LAC genes that encode laccase enzymes play vital roles in plant physiology, including the synthesis of pigments like PA that contribute to the colors of fruits, and in defending against pathogens and environmental stresses. They are crucial for fruit development, ripening, structural maintenance in plants, and adaptation to various environmental factors. As such, these genes and enzymes are essential for plant growth and development, as well as for various biotechnological applications in environmental remediation and industrial processes. This review article emphasizes the significance of genes encoding laccase enzymes during fruit growth, specifically pertaining to the strengthening of the endocarp through lignification. This process is crucial for ensuring fruit defense and optimizing seed scattering. The information gathered in this article will aid breeders in producing future fruit-bearing plants that are resistant to disease, cost-effective, and nutrient-rich.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khalil Ullah Khan
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (M.K.U.K.); (X.Z.); (Z.M.); (M.H.); (C.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (M.K.U.K.); (X.Z.); (Z.M.); (M.H.); (C.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Zitan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (M.K.U.K.); (X.Z.); (Z.M.); (M.H.); (C.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Mingxia Huang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (M.K.U.K.); (X.Z.); (Z.M.); (M.H.); (C.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Ce Yang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (M.K.U.K.); (X.Z.); (Z.M.); (M.H.); (C.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (M.K.U.K.); (X.Z.); (Z.M.); (M.H.); (C.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Mengjun Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (M.K.U.K.); (X.Z.); (Z.M.); (M.H.); (C.Y.); (X.W.)
- Research Center of Chinese jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Jianying Peng
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (M.K.U.K.); (X.Z.); (Z.M.); (M.H.); (C.Y.); (X.W.)
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Liu X, Wang Q, Jiang G, Wan Q, Dong B, Lu M, Deng J, Zhong S, Wang Y, Khan IA, Xiao Z, Fang Q, Zhao H. Temperature-responsive module of OfAP1 and OfLFY regulates floral transition and floral organ identity in Osmanthus fragrans. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 203:108076. [PMID: 37832366 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The MADS-box transcription factor APETELA1 (AP1) is crucially important for reproductive developmental processes. The function of AP1 and the classic LFY-AP1 interaction in woody plants are not widely known. Here, the OfAP1-a gene from the continuously flowering plant Osmanthus fragrans 'Sijigui' was characterized, and its roles in regulating flowering time, petal number robustness and floral organ identity were determined using overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum. The expression of OfAP1-a was significantly induced by low ambient temperature and was upregulated with the floral transition process. Ectopic expression OfAP1-a revealed its classic function in flowering and flower ABC models. The expression of OfAP1-a is inhibited by LEAFY (OfLFY) through direct promoter binding, as confirmed by yeast one-hybrid and dual luciferase assays. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing OfAP1-a exhibited accelerated flowering and altered floral organ identities. Moreover, OfAP1-a-overexpressing plants displayed variable petal numbers. Likewise, the overexpression of OfLFY in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana altered petal number robustness and inflorescence architecture, partially by regulating native AP1 in transformed plants. Furthermore, we performed RNA-seq analysis of transgenic Nicotiana plants. DEGs were identified by transcriptome analysis, and we found that the expression of several floral homeotic genes was altered in both OfAP1-a and OfLFY-overexpressing transgenic lines. Our results suggest that OfAP1-a may play important roles during floral transition and development in response to ambient temperature. OfAP1-a functions as a petal number modulator and may directly activate a subset of flowers to regulate floral organ formation. OfAP1-a and OfLFY mutually regulate the expression of each other and coregulate genes that might be involved in these phenotypes related to flowering. The results provide valuable data for understanding the function of the LFY-AP1 module in the reproductive process and shaping floral structures in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Gege Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Qianqian Wan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Mei Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Jinping Deng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Shiwei Zhong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yiguang Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Irshad Ahmad Khan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Zheng Xiao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Qiu Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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Yang Y, He Y, Lv S, Zhu H, Wang T, Wang G, Hong N, Wang L. The PcMYB44-mediated miR397-PcLACs module regulates defence-induced lignification in pear resistance to fungal disease. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1107-1125. [PMID: 37312259 PMCID: PMC10423334 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by Alternaria alternata and Botryosphaeria dothidea diminish pear yield and quality, and restrict the pear agricultural industry. Lignification is a conserved mechanism for plant resistance against pathogen invasion. The regulatory mechanisms underlying defence-induced lignification in pear in response to fungal pathogen infection remain unknown. In this study, analysis of lignification level and lignin content in pear revealed that A. alternata and B. dothidea induced lignification, and transcriptomics showed that lignin biosynthesis was affected. To explore whether laccases (LACs) mediated by miR397 regulate lignification in pear, we investigated the role of PcmiR397 in repressing the expression of PcLACs using 5'-RNA ligase-mediated-RACE and co-transformation in tobacco. Opposite expression patterns for PcmiR397 and PcLAC target genes were observed in pear in response to pathogens. Transient transformation in pear demonstrated that silencing PcmiR397 and overexpressing a single PcLAC enhanced resistance to pathogens via lignin synthesis. To further reveal the mechanism underpinning the PcMIR397 response of pear to pathogens, the PcMIR397 promoter was analysed, and pMIR397-1039 was found to be inhibited by pathogen infection. The transcription factor PcMYB44 was up-regulated, and it bound to the PcMIR397 promoter and inhibited transcription following pathogen infection. The results demonstrate the role of PcmiR397-PcLACs in broad-spectrum resistance to fungal disease, and the potential role of PcMYB44 involved in the miR397-PcLAC module in regulating defence-induced lignification. The findings provide valuable candidate gene resources and guidance for molecular breeding to improve resistance to fungal disease in pear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuekun Yang
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ying He
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shamei Lv
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Haodong Zhu
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Tingting Wang
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Guoping Wang
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ni Hong
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Liping Wang
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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Zhou Y, Liu H, Wu T, Zheng Y, Wang R, Xue D, Yan Q, Yuan X, Chen X. Screening of Reference Genes under Biotic Stress and Hormone Treatment of Mung Bean ( Vigna radiata) by Quantitative Real-Time PCR. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1739. [PMID: 37761879 PMCID: PMC10530681 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mung bean (Vigna radiata) production has been greatly threatened by numerous diseases. Infection with these pathogens causes extensive changes in gene expression and the activation of hormone signal transduction. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is the most common technique used for gene expression validation. Screening proper reference genes for mung bean under pathogen infection and hormone treatment is a prerequisite for ensuring the accuracy of qRT-PCR data in mung bean disease-resistance research. In this study, six candidate reference genes (Cons4, ACT, TUA, TUB, GAPDH, and EF1α) were selected to evaluate the expression stability under four soil-borne disease pathogens (Pythium myriotylum, Pythium aphanidermatum, Fusarium oxysporum, and Rhizoctonia solani) and five hormone treatments (SA, MeJA, ETH, ABA, and GA3). In the samples from different treatments, the Ct value distribution of the six candidate reference genes was different. Under the condition of hormone treatment, the Ct value ranged from a minimum of 17.87 for EF1α to a maximum of 29.63 for GAPDH. Under the condition of pathogen infection, the Ct value ranged from a minimum of 19.43 for EF1α to a maximum of 31.82 for GAPDH. After primer specificity analysis, it was found that GAPDH was not specific, so the five reference genes Cons4, ACT, TUA, TUB, and EF1α were used in subsequent experiments. The software products GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder were used for qRT-PCR data analysis. In general, the best candidates reference genes were: TUA for SA, ABA, GA3, and Pythium myriotylum treatment; TUB for ETH treatment; ACT for MeJA and Fusarium oxysporum treatment; and EF1α for Pythium aphanidermatum and Rhizoctonia solani treatment. The most stably expressed genes in all samples were TUA, while Cons4 was the least stable reference gene. Finally, the reliability of the reference gene was further validated by analysis of the expression profiles of four mung bean genes (Vradi0146s00260, Vradi0158s00480, Vradi07g23860, and Vradi11g03350) selected from transcriptome data. Our results provide more accurate information for the normalization of qRT-PCR data in mung bean response to pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (H.L.)
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (H.L.)
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (H.L.)
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ruimin Wang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Dong Xue
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Qiang Yan
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (H.L.)
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (H.L.)
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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9
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Liu Y, Liu Q, Li X, Zhang Z, Ai S, Liu C, Ma F, Li C. MdERF114 enhances the resistance of apple roots to Fusarium solani by regulating the transcription of MdPRX63. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:2015-2029. [PMID: 36721923 PMCID: PMC10315273 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As the main fungal etiologic agent of apple (Malus domestica) replant disease (ARD), Fusarium solani seriously damages apple roots. Ethylene response factors (ERFs) play an important role in plant resistance to biotic stress. Here, we show that MdERF114 is expressed during F. solani infections and positively regulates the resistance of apple roots to F. solani. Yeast one-hybrid, dual-luciferase, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and determinations of lignin content indicated that MdERF114 directly binds the GCC-box of the MdPEROXIDASE63 (MdPRX63) promoter and activates its expression, resulting in lignin deposition in apple roots and increased resistance to F. solani. We identified a WRKY family transcription factor, MdWRKY75, that binds to the W-box of the MdERF114 promoter. Overexpression of MdWRKY75 enhanced resistance of apple roots to F. solani. MdMYB8 interacted with MdERF114 to enhance resistance to F. solani by promoting the binding of MdERF114 to the MdPRX63 promoter. In summary, our findings reveal that the MdWRKY75-MdERF114-MdMYB8-MdPRX63 module is required for apple resistance to F. solani and the application of this mechanism by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated root transformation provides a promising strategy to prevent ARD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qianwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xuewen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shukang Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | | | - Chao Li
- Author for correspondence: ; (F.M.); (C.L.)
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10
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Zeng Q, Johnson KB, Mukhtar S, Nason S, Huntley R, Millet F, Yang CH, Hassani MA, Zuverza-Mena N, Sundin GW. Aureobasidium pullulans from the Fire Blight Biocontrol Product, Blossom Protect, Induces Host Resistance in Apple Flowers. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1192-1201. [PMID: 36794987 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-22-0452-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora, is a devastating disease of apple. Blossom Protect, a product that contains Aureobasidium pullulans as the active ingredient, is one of the most effective biological controls of fire blight. It has been postulated that the mode of action of A. pullulans is to compete against and antagonize epiphytic growth of E. amylovora on flowers, but recent studies have found that flowers treated with Blossom Protect harbored similar to or only slightly reduced E. amylovora populations compared with nontreated flowers. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that A. pullulans-mediated biocontrol of fire blight is the result of induced host resistance. We found that PR genes in the systemic acquired resistance pathway, but not genes in the induced systemic resistance pathway, were induced in hypanthial tissue of apple flowers after the Blossom Protect treatment. Additionally, the induction of PR gene expression was coupled with an increase of plant-derived salicylic acid in this tissue. After inoculation with E. amylovora, PR gene expression was suppressed in nontreated flowers, but in flowers pretreated with Blossom Protect, the heightened PR expression offset the immune repression caused by E. amylovora, and prevented infection. Temporal and spatial analysis of PR gene induction showed that induction of PR genes occurred 2 days after the Blossom Protect treatment, and required direct flower-yeast contact. Finally, we observed deterioration of the epidermal layer of the hypanthium in some of the Blossom Protect-treated flowers, suggesting that PR gene induction in flowers may be a result of pathogenesis by A. pullulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zeng
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Kenneth B Johnson
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Salma Mukhtar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Sara Nason
- Department of Environmental Science and Forestry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Regan Huntley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Felicia Millet
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Ching-Hong Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211
| | - M Amine Hassani
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Nubia Zuverza-Mena
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - George W Sundin
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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11
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Li Y, Ma X, Xiao LD, Yu YN, Yan HL, Gong ZH. CaWRKY50 Acts as a Negative Regulator in Response to Colletotrichum scovillei Infection in Pepper. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1962. [PMID: 37653879 PMCID: PMC10221478 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Chili anthracnose is one of the most common and destructive fungal pathogens that affects the yield and quality of pepper. Although WRKY proteins play crucial roles in pepper resistance to a variety of pathogens, the mechanism of their resistance to anthracnose is still unknown. In this study, we found that CaWRKY50 expression was obviously induced by Colletotrichum scovillei infection and salicylic acid (SA) treatments. CaWRKY50-silencing enhanced pepper resistance to C. scovillei, while transient overexpression of CaWRKY50 in pepper increased susceptibility to C. scovillei. We further found that overexpression of CaWRKY50 in tomatoes significantly decreased resistance to C. scovillei by SA and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathways. Moreover, CaWRKY50 suppressed the expression of two SA-related genes, CaEDS1 (enhanced disease susceptibility 1) and CaSAMT1 (salicylate carboxymethyltransferase 1), by directly binding to the W-box motif in their promoters. Additionally, we demonstrated that CaWRKY50 interacts with CaWRKY42 and CaMIEL1 in the nucleus. Thus, our findings revealed that CaWRKY50 plays a negative role in pepper resistance to C. scovillei through the SA-mediated signaling pathway and the antioxidant defense system. These results provide a theoretical foundation for molecular breeding of pepper varieties resistant to anthracnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.L.); (X.M.); (Y.-N.Y.)
| | - Xiao Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.L.); (X.M.); (Y.-N.Y.)
| | - Luo-Dan Xiao
- Yibin Research Institute of Tea Industry, Yibin 644000, China;
| | - Ya-Nan Yu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.L.); (X.M.); (Y.-N.Y.)
| | - Hui-Ling Yan
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Zhen-Hui Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.L.); (X.M.); (Y.-N.Y.)
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12
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Zhou T, Cao L, Hu K, Yu X, Qu S. miR164-NAC21/22 module regulates the resistance of Malus hupehensis against Alternaria alternata by controlling jasmonic acid signaling. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 330:111635. [PMID: 36787851 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Apple leaf spot disease caused by Alternaria alternata apple pathotype (A. alternata AP) is one of the most severe fungal diseases affecting apple cultivation. Transcription factors are involved in various disease-resistance responses, and many of them are regulated by miRNAs. Here, we performed RNA-Seq to investigate gene expression changes during the defense response of Malus hupehensis against A. alternata AP. NAC21/22 was induced upon A. alternata AP infection and silenced by miR164 via direct mRNA cleavage. Contrasting expression patterns were noted between mature miR164 and NAC21/22 during infection. Contrary to NAC21/22 silencing, transiently overexpressing NAC21/22 in M. hupehensis alleviated disease symptoms on 'gala' leaves, impeded A. alternata AP growth, and promoted jasmonic acid (JA) signaling-related gene expression. Importantly, transient miR164f overexpression in 'gala' leaves enhanced A. alternata AP sensitivity, due perhaps to NAC21/22 downregulation, whereas miR164 suppression produced an opposite effect. In summary, the miR164-NAC21/22 module plays a pivotal role in apple resistance against A. alternata AP by regulating JA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Lifang Cao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Kaixu Hu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Xinyi Yu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Shenchun Qu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
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13
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Wang Y, Wang X, Fang J, Yin W, Yan X, Tu M, Liu H, Zhang Z, Li Z, Gao M, Lu H, Wang Y, Wang X. VqWRKY56 interacts with VqbZIPC22 in grapevine to promote proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and increase resistance to powdery mildew. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1856-1875. [PMID: 36527243 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew (PM) is a severe fungal disease of cultivated grapevine world-wide. Proanthocyanidins (PAs) play an important role in resistance to fungal pathogens; however, little is known about PA-mediated PM resistance in grapevine. We identified a WRKY transcription factor, VqWRKY56, from Vitis quinquangularis, the expression of which was significantly induced by PM. Overexpression (OE) of VqWRKY56 in Vitis vinifera increased PA content and reduced susceptibility to PM. Furthermore, the transgenic plants showed more cell death and increased accumulation of salicylic acid and reactive oxygen species. Transient silencing of VqWRKY56 in V. quinquangularis and V. vinifera reduced PA accumulation and increased the susceptibility to PM. VqWRKY56 interacted with VqbZIPC22 in vitro and in planta. The protein VqWRKY56 can bind to VvCHS3, VvLAR1, and VvANR promoters, and VqbZIPC22 can bind to VvANR promoter. Co-expression of VqWRKY56 and VqbZIPC22 significantly increased the transcript level of VvCHS3, VvLAR1, and VvANR genes. Finally, transient OE of VqbZIPC22 in V. vinifera promoted PA accumulation and improved resistance to PM, while transient silencing in V. quinquangularis had the opposite effect. Our study provides new insights into the mechanism of PA regulation by VqWRKY56 in grapevine and provides a basis for further metabolic engineering of PA biosynthesis to improve PM resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xianhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jinghao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wuchen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Mingxing Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhengda Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Min Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Yuejin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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14
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Liang Z, Liu K, Jiang C, Yang A, Yan J, Han X, Zhang C, Cong P, Zhang L. Insertion of a TRIM-like sequence in MdFLS2-1 promoter is associated with its allele-specific expression in response to Alternaria alternata in apple. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1090621. [PMID: 36643297 PMCID: PMC9834810 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1090621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria blotch disease, caused by Alternaria alternata apple pathotype (AAAP), is one of the major fungal diseases in apple. Early field observations revealed, the anther-derived homozygote Hanfu line (HFTH1) was highly susceptible to AAAP, whereas Hanfu (HF) exhibited resistance to AAAP. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the difference in sensitivity of HF and HFTH1 to AAAP, we performed allele-specific expression (ASE) analysis and comparative transcriptomic analysis before and after AAAP inoculation. We reported an important immune gene, namely, MdFLS2, which displayed strong ASE in HF with much lower expression levels of HFTH1-derived alleles. Transient overexpression of the dominant allele of MdFLS2-1 from HF in GL-3 apple leaves could enhance resistance to AAAP and induce expression of genes related to salicylic acid pathway. In addition, MdFLS2-1 was identified with an insertion of an 85-bp terminal-repeat retrotransposon in miniature (TRIM) element-like sequence in the upstream region of the nonreference allele. In contrast, only one terminal direct repeat (TDR) from TRIM-like sequence was present in the upstream region of the HFTH1-derived allele MdFLS2-2. Furthermore, the results of luciferase and β-glucuronidase reporter assays demonstrated that the intact TRIM-like sequence has enhancer activity. This suggested that insertion of the TRIM-like sequence regulates the expression level of the allele of MdFLS2, in turn, affecting the sensitivity of HF and HFTH1 to AAAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolin Liang
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Germplasm Resources Utilization), Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Xingcheng, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Germplasm Resources Utilization), Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Xingcheng, China
| | - Chunyang Jiang
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Germplasm Resources Utilization), Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Xingcheng, China
| | - An Yang
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Germplasm Resources Utilization), Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Xingcheng, China
| | - Jiadi Yan
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Germplasm Resources Utilization), Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Xingcheng, China
| | - Xiaolei Han
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Germplasm Resources Utilization), Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Xingcheng, China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Germplasm Resources Utilization), Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Xingcheng, China
| | - Peihua Cong
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Germplasm Resources Utilization), Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Xingcheng, China
| | - Liyi Zhang
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Germplasm Resources Utilization), Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Xingcheng, China
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15
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Zhong X, Li M, Zhang M, Feng Y, Zhang H, Tian H. Genome-wide analysis of the laccase gene family in wheat and relationship with arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. PLANTA 2022; 257:15. [PMID: 36528718 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We identified 156 laccase genes belonging to 11 subfamilies in the wheat genome, and the natural variation of laccase genes significantly affected the development of wheat-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Laccases (LACs) have a variety of functions in plant lignification, cell elongation and stress responses. This study aimed to reveal the phylogeny, chromosomal spatial distribution, coexpression and evolution of LAC genes in the wheat genome and to investigate the possible roles of LAC genes during arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. The genomic characteristics of LAC genes were analyzed by using bioinformatics analysis methods, and the polymorphisms of LAC genes were analyzed by using a diverse wheat panel composed of 289 wheat cultivars. We identified 156 LAC genes belonging to 11 subfamilies in the wheat genome, and segmental duplication dominated the amplification of the LAC gene family in the wheat genome. LACs are dominantly located in the R2 region of wheat chromosomes. Some LACs are collinear with the characterized LACs in Arabidopsis thaliana or rice. A number of genes encoding transcription factors, kinases, and phosphatases were coexpressed with LAC genes in wheat. TaLACs may be potential targets for some miRNAs. Most TaLACs are mainly expressed in the roots and stems of plants. The expression of TaLACs could be regulated by the inoculation of Fusarium graminearum or AM fungi. The polymorphisms of TaLACs mainly accumulate by random drift instead of by selection. Through candidate gene association analysis, we found that the natural variations in TaLACs significantly affected root colonization by AM fungi. The present study provides useful information for further study of the biological functions of LAC genes in wheat, especially the roles of LAC genes during the development of AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengjiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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The roles of WRKY transcription factors in Malus spp. and Pyrus spp. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:713-729. [PMID: 35906324 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00886-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The WRKY transcription factor gene family is known to be involved in plant defense against pathogens and in tolerance to different environmental stresses at different stages of development. The response mechanisms through which these genes act can be influenced by different phytohormones as well as by many trans- and cis-acting elements, making this network an important topic for analysis, but still something complex to fully understand. According to available reports, these genes can also perform important roles in pome species (Malus spp. and Pyrus spp.) metabolism, especially in adaptation of these plants to stressful conditions. Here, we present a quick review of what is known about WRKY genes in Malus and Pyrus genomes offering a simple way to understand what is already known about this topic. We also add information connecting the evolution of these transcription factors with others that can also be found in pomes.
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Yang G, Cui S, Ma N, Song Y, Ma J, Huang W, Zhang Y, Xu J. Genetic Structure and Triazole Antifungal Susceptibilities of Alternaria alternata from Greenhouses in Kunming, China. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0038222. [PMID: 35546576 PMCID: PMC9241833 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00382-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria alternata is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen and a ubiquitous phytopathogen capable of causing diseases to >100 agricultural crops and ornamental plants. To control plant diseases caused by A. alternata, triazole fungicides have been widely used both in open crop and vegetable fields and in indoor growth facilities such as greenhouses. At present, the effect of fungicide use on triazole resistance development in A. alternata populations is not known. Here, we isolated 237 A. alternata strains from nine greenhouses around metropolitan Kunming in Yunnan, southwest China, determined their genotypes using 10 short tandem repeat markers, and quantified their susceptibility to four triazoles (difenoconazole, tebuconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole). Abundant allelic and genotypic diversities were detected among these A. alternata strains. Significantly, over 17% of the strains were resistant to difenoconazole, and both known and new drug-resistance mutations were found in the triazole target gene cyp51. Our findings of high-level genetic variation of A. alternata in greenhouses coupled with high-frequency fungicide resistance call for greater attention to continued monitoring and to developing alternative plant fungal disease management strategies in greenhouses. IMPORTANCE Alternaria alternata is among the most common fungi in our environments, such as indoor facilities, the soil, and outdoor air. It can cause diseases in >100 crop and ornamental plants. Furthermore, it can cause human infections. However, our understanding of its genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility is very limited. Indeed, the critical threshold values for resistance have not been defined for most antifungal drugs in this species. Greenhouses are known to have heavy applications of agricultural fungicides. In this study, we analyzed strains of A. alternata from nine greenhouses near metropolitan Kunming in southwestern China. Our study revealed very high genetic diversity and identified strains with high MIC values against two agricultural and two medical triazole antifungals within each of the nine greenhouses. Our study calls for greater attention to this emerging threat to food security and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
- Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sai Cui
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuansha Song
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Ma
- Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Huang
- Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianping Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Khandagale K, Roylawar P, Kulkarni O, Khambalkar P, Ade A, Kulkarni A, Singh M, Gawande S. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Onion in Response to Infection by Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cifferi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:857306. [PMID: 35481153 PMCID: PMC9036366 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.857306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purple blotch (PB) is one of the most destructive foliar diseases of onion and other alliums, caused by a necrotrophic fungal pathogen Alternaria porri. There are no reports on the molecular response of onion to PB infection. To elucidate the response of onion to A. porri infection, we consequently carried out an RNAseq analysis of the resistant (Arka Kalyan; AK) and susceptible (Agrifound rose; AFR) genotype after an artificial infection. Through differential expression analyses between control and pathogen-treated plants, we identified 8,064 upregulated and 248 downregulated genes in AFR, while 832 upregulated and 564 downregulated genes were identified in AK. A further significant reprogramming in the gene expression profile was also demonstrated by a functional annotation analysis. Gene ontology (GO) terms, which are particularly involved in defense responses and signaling, are overrepresented in current analyses such as "oxidoreductase activity," "chitin catabolic processes," and "defense response." Several key plant defense genes were differentially expressed on A. porri infection, which includes pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, receptor-like kinases, phytohormone signaling, cell-wall integrity, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, and transcription factors. Some of the genes were exclusively overexpressed in resistant genotype, namely, GABA transporter1, ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein, xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase, and PR-5 (thaumatin-like). Antioxidant enzyme activities were observed to be increased after infection in both genotypes but higher activity was found in the resistant genotype, AK. This is the first report of transcriptome profiling in onion in response to PB infection and will serve as a resource for future studies to elucidate the molecular mechanism of onion-A. porri interaction and to improve PB resistance in onions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Khandagale
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Praveen Roylawar
- Department of Botany, Sangamner Nagarpalika Arts, D. J. Malpani Commerce, B. N. Sarda Science College, Sangamner, India
| | - Onkar Kulkarni
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | | | - Avinash Ade
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Abhijeet Kulkarni
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Major Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research (DOGR), Pune, India
| | - Suresh Gawande
- ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research (DOGR), Pune, India
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