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Araujo-Castro M, Paja Fano M, González-Boillos M, Pascual-Corrales E, Martín Rojas-Marcos P, García-Cano A, Ruiz-Sanchez JG, Vicente A, Gómez-Hoyos E, Casterás A, Puig-Pérez A, García Sanz I, Recasens M, Barahona San Millan R, Picón César MJ, Díaz Guardiola P, Perdomo CM, Manjón-Miguélez L, Rebollo Román A, Robles Lázaro C, María Recio J, Morales-Ruiz M, Calatayud M, Jiménez López N, Meneses D, Sampedro Nuñez M, Mena Ribas E, Sanmartín Sánchez A, Gonzalvo Diaz C, Lamas C, Castillo Tous MD, Serrano J, Michalopoulou T, Tenés Rodrigo S, Roa Chamorro R, Jaén Aguila F, Moya Mateo EM, Gutiérrez-Medina S, Hanzu FA, Parra Ramírez P. Impact of primary aldosteronism on kidney function: results from the SPAIN-ALDO registry. J Hypertens 2024; 42:1805-1812. [PMID: 39051487 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the impact of aldosterone excess on renal function in individuals with primary aldosteronism and to compare its evolution after surgery or mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) treatment. METHODS A multicentre, retrospective cohort study of primary aldosteronism patients in follow-up in 36 Spanish tertiary hospitals, who underwent specific treatment for primary aldosteronism (MRA or adrenalectomy). RESULTS A total of 789 patients with primary aldosteronism were included, with a median age of 57.5 years and 41.8% being women. At primary aldosteronism diagnosis, the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was 10.7% ( n = 84), with 75% of cases classified as state 3a ( n = 63). Primary aldosteronism patients with CKD had a longer duration of hypertension, a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular events, hypokalaemia, and albuminuria. Unilateral adrenalectomy was performed in 41.8% of cases ( n = 330), and 459 patients were treated with MRA. After a median follow-up of 30.7 months (range 13.3-68.4), there was a significant decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in operated patients and those receiving MRA. During follow-up, 24.4% of patients with CKD at the time of primary aldosteronism diagnosis had normalized renal function, and 39% of those with albuminuria had albuminuria remission. There were no differences in renal function or albuminuria regression between the two therapy groups. However, development of albuminuria was less common in operated than in medically treated patients (0 vs. 6.0%, P = 0.009). CONCLUSION CKD affects around 10% of the patients with primary aldosteronism, with a higher risk in individuals with long-term hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular events, hypokalaemia, and albuminuria. At short-term, both MRA and surgical treatment lead to a reduction of renal function, but adrenalectomy led to higher renal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Araujo-Castro
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal Madrid
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Madrid
| | - Miguel Paja Fano
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, OSI Bilbao-Basurto, Hospital Universitario de Basurto
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao
| | | | | | | | - Ana García-Cano
- Biochemistry Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal
| | | | - Almudena Vicente
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitario de Toledo, Toledo
| | - Emilia Gómez-Hoyos
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid
| | - Anna Casterás
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona
| | - Albert Puig-Pérez
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona
| | - Iñigo García Sanz
- General & Digestive Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid
| | - Mónica Recasens
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, Hospital De Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona
| | | | - María José Picón César
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria de Málaga, IBIMA Málaga
- CIBEROBN
| | | | - Carolina M Perdomo
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona
| | - Laura Manjón-Miguélez
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA)
| | | | - Cristina Robles Lázaro
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca
| | - José María Recio
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca
| | - Manuel Morales-Ruiz
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department-CDB, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Barcelona
| | - María Calatayud
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, Hospital Doce de Octubre, Madrid
| | | | - Diego Meneses
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz
| | | | - Elena Mena Ribas
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Islas Baleares
| | | | - Cesar Gonzalvo Diaz
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete
| | - Cristina Lamas
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete
| | | | - Joaquín Serrano
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante
| | | | | | - Ricardo Roa Chamorro
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada
| | - Fernando Jaén Aguila
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada
| | | | | | - Felicia Alexandra Hanzu
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIPAS, Barcelona, Spain
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Li X, Feng R, Xiang R, Tao L, Zhao YP, Tang P, Zuo Z, Gao DS, Lou Q, Pu P, Chen YM, Chen J, Lv FJ, Wang L, Zhao H, Shi QY, He YT, Khan NA, Chang J, Mao M. Bilateral superselective adrenal artery embolization for bilateral primary aldosteronism: a novel approach in an efficacy and safety proof-of-principle trial. Hypertens Res 2024:10.1038/s41440-024-01881-7. [PMID: 39261700 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-024-01881-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Superselective adrenal artery embolization (SAAE) offers a novel approach for treating primary aldosteronism (PA). In this study, we aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of SAAE for the treatment of PA based on the lateralization results obtained from adrenal vein sampling (AVS).In this prospective study, we enrolled 40 patients with PA who underwent SAAE. The patients were categorized into two groups, unilateral PA and bilateral PA, based on AVS results. Clinical parameters and biochemical markers were assessed at 3 and 12 months postoperatively. The primary outcomes were changes in blood pressure and defined daily dose (DDD) of antihypertensive medications compared to baseline. Thirty-eight patients achieved technical success, with favorable clinical and biochemical efficacy rates. At three months postoperatively, the clinical efficacy rates were 79.2% and 78.6% for the UPA and BPA groups, respectively. At 12 months, the rates were 83.3% and 71.4%, respectively. Both groups exhibited a significant decrease in average blood pressure at 3 and 12 months compared with baseline (P < 0.001), and there was also a notable reduction in DDD (P < 0.05). At three months, the biochemical efficacy rates were 61.9% and 58.3% in the UPA and BPA groups, respectively. Due to loss to follow-up, biochemical indicators were not assessed at 12 months postoperatively. No severe adverse reactions occurred during or after SAAE. Patients with both UPA and BPA can benefit from SAAE. The superiority of bilateral adrenal artery embolization in the treatment of BPA over unilateral adrenal artery embolization requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Feng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Xiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Tao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong-Peng Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhong Zuo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dian-Sa Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Lou
- Library of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Pu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue-Ming Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng-Jie Lv
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiu-Yue Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Tian He
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nouman Ali Khan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Chang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Min Mao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Hu J, Cai X, Zhu Q, Heizhati M, Wen W, Luo Q, Hong J, Dang Y, Yang W, Li N. Relationship Between Plasma Aldosterone Concentrations and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Diagnosis in Patients with Hypertension: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:1625-1636. [PMID: 37304667 PMCID: PMC10257476 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s408722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the association between plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) diagnosis in Chinese hypertensive patients. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of all patients diagnosed with hypertension between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2021. We included 3713 hypertensive patients based on the criteria for inclusion and exclusion. PAC measurement was performed using a radioimmunoassay. NAFLD was diagnosed using abdominal ultrasonography. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for univariable and multivariable models. A generalized additive model was used to identify nonlinear relationships between PAC and NAFLD diagnosis. Results A total of 3713 participants were included in the analysis. Over a median follow-up of 30 months, 1572 hypertensive individuals developed new-onset NAFLD. When PAC was used as a continuous variable, the risk of NAFLD increased by 1.04 and 1.24-fold for each 1 ng/dL and 5 ng/dL increase in PAC, respectively. When PAC was considered a categorical variable, the HR for tertile 3 was 1.71 (95% CI, 1.47-1.98, P < 0.001) compared to tertile 1. Overall, there was a J-shaped relationship between PAC and new-onset NAFLD. By fitting a two-piecewise linear regression model and using a recursive algorithm, we identified a PAC inflection point at 13 ng/dL (log-likelihood ratio test, P = 0.005). In adjusted model 3, for PAC ≥ 13 ng/dL, a 5 ng/dL increase in PAC was associated with a 30% increase in the risk of new-onset NAFLD (95% CI, 1.25-1.35, P < 0.001). Conclusion The study revealed a non-linear relationship between elevated PAC levels and the incidence of NAFLD in hypertensive patients. Notably, the risk of new-onset NAFLD was significantly increased when PAC levels were ≥13 ng/dL. Larger, prospective studies are necessary to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Hu
- Hypertension Center, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xintian Cai
- Hypertension Center, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Hypertension Center, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mulalibieke Heizhati
- Hypertension Center, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Wen
- Hypertension Center, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Luo
- Hypertension Center, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Hong
- Hypertension Center, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujie Dang
- Hypertension Center, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Yang
- Hypertension Center, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nanfang Li
- Hypertension Center, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
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Yuan Y, Li N, Liu Y, Wang M, Heizhati M, Zhu Q, Yao X, Luo Q. Plasma aldosterone concentration is associated with white matter lesions in patients with primary aldosteronism. Endocrine 2022; 75:889-898. [PMID: 34780033 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02920-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most frequent form of secondary hypertension. Hypertension is a risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia. White matter lesions (WMLs) are linked to vascular risk factors, which increase the risk of dementia. We aimed to analyze the association of PA-related parameters and WMLs in patients with PA. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of all patients with PA in the Hypertension Center of the People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from January 1, 2011 to April 1, 2021. We analyzed the relationship between plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone-renin ratio (ARR), serum potassium, and WMLs. RESULTS We enrolled 138 patients with WMLs and matched these to controls without WMLs at a 1:4 ratio. Among the analytic sample (N = 711) with ages ranging from 30 to 64 years, 69% were male. In the logistic regression analysis, PAC, PRA and serum potassium were treated as continuous variables. The results showed that PAC (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01, 1.06, P = 0.008) was positively associated with the risk of WMLs, and serum potassium (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.16, 0.44, P < 0.001) was inversely associated with the risk of WMLs. PRA (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.68, 1.08, P = 0.384) was not associated with the risk of WMLs after adjusting for confounders. The results of restricted cubic splines showed the dose-response association between increasing PAC, ARR, decreasing serum potassium, and the risk of WMLs. We also divided PAC, ARR and serum potassium into two groups according to the result of restricted cubic splines. After adjusting for confounders, patients who were in Q2 (≥23.12 ng/dl) of PAC (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.36, 3.15), Q2 (≥56.81 (ng/dl per ng/ml*h) of ARR (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.22, 2.72) and Q2 (≤3.58 mmol/l) of serum potassium (OR 2.99, 95% CI 1.95, 4.50) had a significantly higher risk of WMLs than their counterparts. In stratified analyses, there was no evidence of subgroup heterogeneity regarding the change in the risk of WMLs (P > 0.05 for interaction for all). CONCLUSION Our results suggested that the PAC and serum potassium were related to the risk of WMLs in patients with PA. In particular, PAC ≥23.12 ng/dl significantly increased the risk of WMLs in patients with PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Yuan
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Hypertension Research Laboratory", Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Nanfang Li
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Hypertension Research Laboratory", Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, Urumqi, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Radiography Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Menghui Wang
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Hypertension Research Laboratory", Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, Urumqi, China
| | - Mulalibieke Heizhati
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Hypertension Research Laboratory", Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, Urumqi, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Hypertension Research Laboratory", Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaoguang Yao
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Hypertension Research Laboratory", Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, Urumqi, China
| | - Qin Luo
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Hypertension Research Laboratory", Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, Urumqi, China
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