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Tahmasbi B, Eshraghi R, Amini-Tehrani M, Zamanian H, Ilami A. Polycystic ovarian syndrome elevates the distress of sexual pain in Iranian women with infertility. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:364. [PMID: 38909223 PMCID: PMC11193243 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-024-03181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual dysfunction may lead to sexual distress in women with infertility, while polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) may escalate this distress. This study aimed to investigate the role of PCOS in the relationship between sexual dysfunction and sexual distress in Iranian women with infertility. METHODS The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), Female Sexual Distress Scale-Revised (FSDS-R), and Depression and Anxiety modules of the DASS-21 were cross-sectionally investigated in 190 women with infertility (103 women with PCOS and 87 women without PCOS). RESULTS There were negative correlations between sexual function domains and sexual distress (P < .001) in the total sample. Moderation analysis revealed that higher levels of impaired desire, arousal, and pain elevated sexual distress in the PCOS group. After adjusting for depression and anxiety, only the association between sexual pain and sexual distress was moderated by PCOS condition (P = .008). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that impaired sexual function is associated with increased levels of sexual distress in infertile female patients. Importantly, comorbid PCOS renders patients susceptible to sexual distress where sexual pain is increased. Further research may shed light on the physiological, psychological, and relational aspects of sexual pain and associated distress in infertile female patients with comorbid PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Tahmasbi
- Shahid Akbarabadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShACRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Eshraghi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Qotbe Ravandi St, Kashan, 8715981151, Iran.
| | - Mohammadali Amini-Tehrani
- Health Psychology and Behavior Medicine Research Group, Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Exceptional Talents Development Center (ETDC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, Australia
| | - Hadi Zamanian
- Health Psychology and Behavior Medicine Research Group, Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Exceptional Talents Development Center (ETDC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
- School of Public Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Lavasani St, Qom, 3713649373, Iran.
- School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Ashkan Ilami
- Health Psychology and Behavior Medicine Research Group, Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Exceptional Talents Development Center (ETDC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Kish International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Pastoor H, Both S, Laan ETM, Laven JSE. Sexual dysfunction in women with PCOS: a case control study. Hum Reprod 2023; 38:2230-2238. [PMID: 37776157 PMCID: PMC10628505 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dead193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the relationship of sex steroid levels with sexual function in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? SUMMARY ANSWER Women with PCOS reported more sexual dysfunction and more sexual distress compared to those without PCOS, but only few and weak associations between androgen levels and sexual function were observed. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The literature shows that women with PCOS report lower levels of sexual function and sexual satisfactionand more sexual distress. Contributing factors seem to be obesity, alopecia, hirsutism, acne, infertility, anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. In women with PCOS clinical and/or biochemical hyperandrogenism is common; its relationship with sexualfunction is, however, inconclusive. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This observational prospective case control study with 135 women (68 PCOS, 67 control) was conductedfrom March 2017 until March 2020. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Heterosexual women with and without PCOS, aged 18-40 years, in a steady relationshipand without any comorbidities, underwent an extensive medical and endocrine screening using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and validated sexual function questionnaires. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Women with PCOS reported significantly lower sexual function (Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) P < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.104), higher levels of sexual distress (Female Sexual Distress Scale-Revised P < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.090), and they more often complied with the definition of sexual dysfunction (41.2% vs 11.9%, P < 0.001, Phi V = 0.331) and clinical sexual distress (51.5% vs 19.4%, P < 0.001, Phi V = 0.335). Regression analysis adjusted for confounders showed only few and weak associations between androgen levels and sexual function, with each model explaining a maximum of 15% sexual function. Following significant Group × Hormone interactions, analyses for both groups separately showed no significant associations in the PCOS group. The control group showed only weak negative associations between testosterone and FSFI pain (β = -6.022, P = 0.044, Adj R2 = 0.050), between FAI and FSFI orgasm (β = -3.360, P = 0.023, Adj R2 = 0.049) and between androstenedione and clinical sexual distress (β = -7.293, P = 0.036, exp(β) = 0.001). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The focus of the study on sexual functioning potentially creates selection bias. Possibly women with more severe sexual disturbances did or did not choose to participate. Differences between women with PCOS and controls in relationship duration and hormonal contraceptive use might have skewed the sexual function outcomes. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Sexual function is impaired in women with PCOS. However, endocrine perturbations seem to have minimal direct impact on sexual function. Addressing sexuality and offering psychosexual counseling is important in the clinical care for women with PCOS. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was funded by the departments of the participating centers: Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychosomatic OBGYN and Sexology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; and Department of Sexology and Psychosomatic OBGYN, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. J.S.E.L. received unrestricted research grants from the following companies (in alphabetical order): Ansh Labs, Ferring, Merck Serono and Roche Diagnostics. He also received consultancy fees from Ansh Labs, Ferring, Titus Healthcare and Roche Diagnostics. The other authors have no conflicts of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER CCMO register, registration number: NL55484.078.16, 10 March 2016. https://www.toetsingonline.nl/to/ccmo_search.nsf/Searchform?OpenForm.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pastoor
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Both
- Department of Sexology and Psychosomatic Gynaecology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E T M Laan
- Department of Sexology and Psychosomatic Gynaecology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J S E Laven
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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KORKMAZ N, ÇETİN S. The factors affecting sexual satisfaction and sexual myths in married women: A prospective study. JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.32322/jhsm.1135045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The cultural differences and taboos of the society affect women’s sexual life and sexual relationship qualities and their belief in sexual myths. In addition, women’s demographic characteristics and living conditions are also effective on sexual myths. Our aim in this study is to analyze the frequency of believing in sexual myths in married women and to examine the factors affecting sexual life and sexual relationship qualities.
Material and Method: Married women between the ages of 18-55 in the tertiary gynecology and obstetrics clinic were included in the study, prospectively. Demographic characteristics of women such as age, marital status, marriage and employment status, monthly income, family structure and number of children, sexual life and sexual relationship qualities and sexual myths were compared. The Golombok-Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction (GRISS) Scale, which is used to evaluate the quality of sexual intercourse and sexual dysfunctions, and The Sexual Myth Scale to determine the status of having sexual myths were used.
Results: Overall 171 married women were included in the study. The median age was 35 years (IQR 29-43) and 60.8% (n=104) were university graduates and 20.5% (n=35) were graduate/doctoral graduates. The rate of believing in sexual myths among married women was 21.4%. As the age of the women increased, the frequency of sexual intercourse decreased (p
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Fereidooni B, Jenabi E, Khazaei S, Abdoli S. The Effective Factors on The Sexual Function of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2022; 16:220-223. [PMID: 36029060 PMCID: PMC9396011 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2021.531195.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: One of the most common endocrine disorders in women during reproductive age is polycystic ovary
syndrome (PCOS). This study aimed to evaluate sexual functioning among women with PCOS in a sample of a region’s
population in the west of Iran. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study that was conducted on 130 women with PCOS who
referred to three clinics of gynecology, infertility, and dermatology affiliated with Hamadan University of Medical
Sciences, Iran, from September to November 2020. The measurement tools included demographic characteristics,
hirsutism score, and sexual function was assessed using the female sexual function index (FSFI) questionnaire. Results: In total, 60% of patients had reported sexual dysfunction related to lubrication, satisfaction, and pain as domains
of sexual dysfunction. The number 109 (83.85%) of them had hirsutism and these patients had a lower score for
lubrication (3.7 ± 1.47 vs. 4.47 ± 1.71, P=0.03), orgasm (3.2 ± 1.34 vs. 3.95 ± 1.37, P=0.02), satisfaction (3.4 ± 1.29
vs. 3.71 ± 1.33, P=0.03), and FSFI score (22.56 ± 5.78 vs. 25.42 ± 5.51, P=0.04). Women with higher education had
reported higher scores of FSFI and its domains. Rural participants had a higher arousal score (3.93 ± 1.4 vs. 3.37 ±
1.28, P=0.04). Moreover, housekeeper women had higher scores regarding desire, pain, and total FSFI score. Conclusion: Our results showed that there was a significant association between hirsutism and FSFI scores, different
domains, including lubrication, orgasm, and satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Fereidooni
- Midwife in Social Security Organization, Hamadan Branch, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ensieh Jenabi
- Autism Spectrum Disorders Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Salman Khazaei
- Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sara Abdoli
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Maseroli E, Vignozzi L. Are Endogenous Androgens Linked to Female Sexual Function? A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Sex Med 2022; 19:553-568. [PMID: 35227621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2022.01.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefits of treatment with testosterone (T) in women with loss of desire suggest that low androgens may distinguish women with sexual dysfunction (SD) from others; however, evidence on this point is lacking. AIM To answer the question: is there an association between endogenous levels of androgens and sexual function in women? METHODS An extensive search was performed in MEDLINE, Embase and PsycInfo. Four separate meta-analyses were conducted for total T, free T, Free Androgen Index (FAI), and Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS). Cohort, cross-sectional, and prospective studies were included. OUTCOMES The main outcome was the association between endogenous androgens and sexual desire. Global sexual function was considered as a secondary outcome. The effect measure was expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD). RESULTS The meta-analysis on total T included 34 studies involving 3,268 women, mean age 36.5 years. In 11 studies, a significant association was found between sexual desire, measured by validated psychometric instruments, and total T (SMD = 0.59 [0.29;0.88], P < 0.0001), with a moderate effect. The association with global sexual function (n = 12 studies) was also significant (SMD = 0.44 [0.21;0.67], P <0.0001). Overall, total T was associated with a better sexual function (SMD = 0.55 [0.28;0.82)], P < 0.0001), with similar results obtained when poor quality studies were removed. Age showed a negative relationship with the overall outcome. No differences were found when stratifying the studies according to menopausal status, type of menopause, age at menopause, use of hormonal replacement therapy, relationship status, method for T measurement, phase of the menstrual cycle or use of hormonal contraception. The meta-analysis of T derivatives (free T and FAI) also showed a significant, moderate association with sexual desire. In contrast, DHEAS seems not to exert any significant influence on desire, whilst showing a positive association with global sexual function. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Endogenous androgens show a moderate association with a better sexual function in women; however, the role of psychological, relational and other hormonal factors should not be overlooked. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS This represents the first attempt at meta-analyzing data available on the topic. A significant publication bias was found for total T. CONCLUSION There appears to be a moderate association between total T and sexual desire/global sexual function, which is confirmed, although weak, in studies employing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Similar results on desire were obtained for free T and FAI. DHEAS only showed a positive association with global sexual function. More research is needed. Maseroli E and Vignozzi L. Are Endogenous Androgens Linked to Female Sexual Function? A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Sex Med 2022;19:553-568.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Maseroli
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy; Department of Experimental Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio," University of Florence, Italy; I.N.B.B. (Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi), Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
A critique of the literature that androgen deficit underlies women's sexual dysfunctions is provided. Although there is scant evidence that androgens are responsible, many aspects of androgen activity remain to be investigated. Research does link serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to women's sexual desire but apparently not via DHEA's androgenic activity. Current assessment and management of women's sexual dysfunction are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Basson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Loh HH, Yee A, Loh HS, Kanagasundram S, Francis B, Lim LL. Sexual dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hormones (Athens) 2020; 19:413-423. [PMID: 32462512 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-020-00210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common disorder characterized by clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism and ovulary dysfunction. Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) adversely affects quality of life and interpersonal relationships. We aimed to compare the prevalence of FSD in women with and without PCOS. METHODS We pooled data from 28 observational studies involving 6256 women. Apart from the total prevalence of FSD, subgroup analyses based on different PCOS diagnostic criteria and obesity status (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 25 kg/m2) were performed. The differences in total and subscale scores of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) among women with and without PCOS were also compared. RESULTS Women with PCOS were younger (mean ± SD 28.56 ± 3.0 vs 31.5 ± 3.2 years, p < 0.001) with higher BMI (28.5 ± 4.2 vs 27.0 ± 6.1 kg/m2, p < 0.001), Ferriman-Gallwey score (10.0 ± 3.2 vs 4.0 ± 2.1, p < 0.001), and serum total testosterone level (2.34 ± 0.58 nmol/L vs 1.57 ± 0.60 nmol/L, p < 0.001) compared with women without PCOS. The prevalence of FSD among women with and without PCOS was 35% and 29.6%, respectively. There was no significant difference in total FSFI score (24.59 ± 3.97 vs 26.04 ± 3.05, p = 0.237) between the two groups. Women with PCOS, however, had significantly lower scores in the pain (p < 0.001) and satisfaction subscales (p = 0.010) compared with women without PCOS. Women with PCOS had 1.32 higher odds (95% CI 1.07, 1.61) of having FSD than women without PCOS. CONCLUSION Women with PCOS have a higher risk of FSD than those without PCOS. Although total FSFI scores were not significantly different, women with PCOS tended to report dyspareunia and lack of sexual satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai Heng Loh
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Jalan Datuk Muhammad Musa, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Anne Yee
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University Malaya Centre of Addiction Science (UMCAS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Huai Seng Loh
- Clinical Academic Unit, Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia, Iskandar Puteri, 79200, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Sharmilla Kanagasundram
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Benedict Francis
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lee-Ling Lim
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Asia Diabetes Foundation, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Boivin MJ, Fatehi F, Phillips-Chan AE, Richardson JR, Summers AN, Foley SA. Exploratory study of a screening measure for polycystic ovarian syndrome, quality of life assessment, and neuropsychological evaluation. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2020; 20:132. [PMID: 32576264 PMCID: PMC7313190 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-020-00994-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background The universally adopted 2018 PCOS medical diagnostic and treatment guidelines for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) cites the need for a brief screening measure that can be easily administered in the clinical care setting. We evaluate a 12-item questionnaire emphasizing the medical symptoms of PCOS with a group of women with PCOS as well as comparison samples of college women not diagnosed with PCOS. Method Of 120 undergraduate psychology women 18 to 41 years of age, 86 screened negative on a 12-item PCOS symptoms inventory. They were compared to a group of PCOS patients diagnosed medically in a manner consistent with the Teede et al. (2018) evidence-based diagnostic guidelines. The screen-positive, screen-negative, and PCOS-confirmed groups were compared on the PCOS Quality-of-Life (QoL) questionnaire, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (ZDS), Spielberg State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Fatigue Symptom Inventory (FSI), Spiritual well-being and Spiritual Beliefs Inventories, the computerized Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metric (ANAM) battery, and an experimental tachistoscopic Bilateral Perceptual Asymmetries Letter and Dots Matching Bilateral Field Advantage (BFA) test (to evaluate the effects of early brain androgenization possible from PCOS). For each questionnaire and neuropsychological performance principal outcome, the Linear Mixed Effects (LME) model was employed to evaluate the predictive significance of demographic characteristics and group membership (confirmed cases, screen negative and screen positive cases) for these outcomes. Results The PCOS-confirmed women scored more poorly than the screen-negative (reference) and screen-positive groups on all the measures of physical, emotional, social, and spiritual well-being measures. On the ANAM neuropsychological battery, PCOS-confirmed women did more poorly on Sternberg Memory and Stimulus Response throughput measures. They also had slower correct response speed for both the unilateral and bilateral dot- and letter-matching tachistoscopic stimulus presentations. However, the bilateral field advantage throughput performance ratio did not differ among groups, which is a global measure of bilateral versus unilateral brain/behavior asymmetries. Conclusion PCOS screening can be a feasible and important part of women’s healthcare. PCOS-confirmed women should receive not only the medical standard of care from the 2018 guidelines, but also comprehensive psychosocial and neurocognitive support to enhance their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Boivin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology & Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 909 Wilson Road, Rm 327, West Fee Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Farnaz Fatehi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology & Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 909 Wilson Road, Rm 327, West Fee Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | | | - Julia R Richardson
- Department of Psychology, Indiana Wesleyan University, Marion, Indiana, USA
| | - Amanda N Summers
- Department of Psychology, Indiana Wesleyan University, Marion, Indiana, USA
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Abbott DH, Rogers J, Dumesic DA, Levine JE. Naturally Occurring and Experimentally Induced Rhesus Macaque Models for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Translational Gateways to Clinical Application. Med Sci (Basel) 2019; 7:medsci7120107. [PMID: 31783681 PMCID: PMC6950671 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7120107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Indian rhesus macaque nonhuman primate models for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) implicate both female hyperandrogenism and developmental molecular origins as core components of PCOS etiopathogenesis. Establishing and exploiting macaque models for translational impact into the clinic, however, has required multi-year, integrated basic-clinical science collaborations. Paradigm shifting insight has accrued from such concerted investment, leading to novel mechanistic understanding of PCOS, including hyperandrogenic fetal and peripubertal origins, epigenetic programming, altered neural function, defective oocytes and embryos, adipogenic constraint enhancing progression to insulin resistance, pancreatic decompensation and type 2 diabetes, together with placental compromise, all contributing to transgenerational transmission of traits likely to manifest in adult PCOS phenotypes. Our recent demonstration of PCOS-related traits in naturally hyperandrogenic (High T) female macaques additionally creates opportunities to employ whole genome sequencing to enable exploration of gene variants within human PCOS candidate genes contributing to PCOS-related traits in macaque models. This review will therefore consider Indian macaque model contributions to various aspects of PCOS-related pathophysiology, as well as the benefits of using macaque models with compellingly close homologies to the human genome, phenotype, development and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Abbott
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-608-698-1953
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Daniel A. Dumesic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Jon E. Levine
- Department of Neuroscience, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA;
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