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de Almeida Piai K, Nogueira T, Kaneshiro Olympio KP, Nardocci AC. Assessment of human health risks associated with airborne arsenic, nickel and lead exposure in particulate matter from vehicular sources in Sao Paulo city. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:1926-1943. [PMID: 36745741 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2173153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a critical public health concern. The present study assessed the risk to human health of airborne Potentially Toxic Elements (PTE) arsenic, nickel and lead exposure in particulate matter (PM10-2.5) in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Statistical analysis was performed using R Software and the risk assessment for human health was carried out according to the methods of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The results for mean annual concentration of PTE (ng m-3) were within the limits stipulated for air-quality by international agencies (arsenic <6, nickel <20 and lead <150). Airborne arsenic and lead showed higher mean concentrations during the winter than the other seasons (p < 0.05). However, the results showed a greater health risk for the adult population and during the winter season. These findings highlight the importance of air pollution as a risk factor for population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila de Almeida Piai
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental - Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Thiago Nogueira
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental - Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Adelaide Cassia Nardocci
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental - Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Zhang Q, Fang T, Men Z, Wei N, Peng J, Du T, Zhang X, Ma Y, Wu L, Mao H. Direct measurement of brake and tire wear particles based on real-world driving conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167764. [PMID: 37832679 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
With implementing vehicle emission control policies, tailpipe particulate emissions have been gradually controlled, and the relative contribution of non-tailpipe particulate emissions, such as brake and tire wear, has further increased. A unified and scientific method for sampling non-tailpipe particulate matter (PM) emissions is essential to improve the accuracy of the emission characteristics and factors. This study proposes a novel sampling method based on real-world driving conditions to obtain information on emissions and extract characteristic conditions for tire and brake pad wear. We extracted 200 representative braking segments for simulation experiments based on road type, initial and final velocities, temperature, and deceleration rate. Two standard test cycles to simulate the tire wear conditions of the front and rear wheels were constructed based on velocity, lateral, and vertical forces. Under the real-world driving condition test cycle, the emission factors of PM2.5 and PM10 for brake wear particles of passenger vehicles were 2.66 mg/km and 11.65 mg/km, respectively. In contrast, the emission factors of PM2.5 and PM10 for tire wear particles were 0.21 mg/km and 1.27 mg/km, respectively. Moreover, this study provides insights and basic data for localizing and improving the emission model, which can enhance its applicability and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tiange Fang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhengyu Men
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ning Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianfei Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tianqiang Du
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Xinfeng Zhang
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Yao Ma
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongjun Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Li Y, Hou S, Ren Z, Fu S, Wang S, Chen M, Dang Y, Li H, Li S, Li P. Transcriptomic analysis reveals hub genes and pathways in response to acetic acid stress in Kluyveromyces marxianus during high-temperature ethanol fermentation. STRESS BIOLOGY 2023; 3:26. [PMID: 37676394 PMCID: PMC10441953 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00108-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus is known for its potential in high-temperature ethanol fermentation, yet it suffers from excess acetic acid production at elevated temperatures, which hinders ethanol production. To better understand how the yeast responds to acetic acid stress during high-temperature ethanol fermentation, this study investigated its transcriptomic changes under this condition. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and enriched gene ontology (GO) terms and pathways under acetic acid stress. The results showed that 611 genes were differentially expressed, and GO and pathway enrichment analysis revealed that acetic acid stress promoted protein catabolism but repressed protein synthesis during high-temperature fermentation. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were also constructed based on the interactions between proteins coded by the DEGs. Hub genes and key modules in the PPI networks were identified, providing insight into the mechanisms of this yeast's response to acetic acid stress. The findings suggest that the decrease in ethanol production is caused by the imbalance between protein catabolism and protein synthesis. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of K. marxianus's response to acetic acid stress and highlights the importance of maintaining a proper balance between protein catabolism and protein synthesis for high-temperature ethanol fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Li
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shiqi Hou
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ziwei Ren
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shaojie Fu
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Sunhaoyu Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Mingpeng Chen
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yan Dang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongshen Li
- Institute of New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shizhong Li
- Institute of New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Pengsong Li
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Pereira GM, Kamigauti LY, Nogueira T, Gavidia-Calderón ME, Monteiro Dos Santos D, Evtyugina M, Alves C, Vasconcellos PDC, de Freitas ED, Andrade MDF. Emission factors for a biofuel impacted fleet in south America's largest metropolitan area. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:121826. [PMID: 37196840 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) is among the largest urban areas in the Southern Hemisphere. Vehicular emissions are of great concern in metropolitan areas and MASP is unique due to the use of biofuels on a large scale (sugar-cane ethanol and biodiesel). In this work, tunnel measurements were employed to assess vehicle emissions and to calculate emission factors (EFs) for heavy-duty and light-duty vehicles (HDVs and LDVs). The EFs were determined for particulate matter (PM) and its chemical compounds. The EFs obtained for 2018 were compared with previous tunnel experiments performed in the same area. An overall trend of reduction of fine and coarse PM, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) EFs for both LDVs and HDVs was observed if compared to those observed in past years, suggesting the effectiveness of vehicular emissions control policies implemented in Brazil. A predominance of Fe, Cu, Al, and Ba metals emission was observed for the LDV fleet in the fine fraction. Cu presented higher emissions than two decades ago, which was associated with the increased use of ethanol fuel in the region. For HDVs, Zn and Pb were mostly emitted in the fine mode and were linked with lubricating oil emissions from diesel vehicles. A predominance in the emission of three- and four-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for HDVs and five-ring PAHs for LDVs agreed with what was observed in previous studies. The use of biofuels may explain the lower PAH emissions for LDVs (including carcinogenic BaP) compared to those observed in other countries. The tendency observed was that LDVs emit higher amounts of carcinogenic species. The use of these real EFs in air quality modeling resulted in more accurate simulations of PM concentrations, showing the importance of updating data with real-world measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Martins Pereira
- Departamento de Ciencias Atmosfericas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciencias Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Yoshiaki Kamigauti
- Departamento de Ciencias Atmosfericas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciencias Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Thiago Nogueira
- Departamento de Ciencias Atmosfericas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciencias Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Mario Eduardo Gavidia-Calderón
- Departamento de Ciencias Atmosfericas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciencias Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | | | - Margarita Evtyugina
- Department of Environment, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Célia Alves
- Department of Environment, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | | | - Edmilson Dias de Freitas
- Departamento de Ciencias Atmosfericas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciencias Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fatima Andrade
- Departamento de Ciencias Atmosfericas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciencias Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
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Pereira GM, Nogueira T, Kamigauti LY, Monteiro Dos Santos D, Nascimento EQM, Martins JV, Vicente A, Artaxo P, Alves C, de Castro Vasconcellos P, de Fatima Andrade M. Particulate matter fingerprints in biofuel impacted tunnels in South America's largest metropolitan area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159006. [PMID: 36162571 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized the chemical composition of particulate matter (PM) from light- (LDV) and heavy-duty (HDV) vehicles based on two traffic tunnel samplings carried out in the megacity of São Paulo (Brazil), which has >7 million vehicles and intense biofuel use. The samples were collected with high-volume samplers and analyzed using chemical characterization techniques (ion and gas chromatography, thermal-optical analysis, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy). Chemical source profiles (%) were calculated based on the measurements performed inside and outside the tunnels. Identifying a high abundance of Fe and Cu for traffic-related PM in the LDV-impacted tunnel was possible, linked with the emission of vehicles powered by ethanol and gasohol (gasoline and ethanol blend). We calculated diagnostic ratios (e.g., EC/Cu, Fe/Cu, pyrene/benzo[a]pyrene, pyrene/benzo[b]fluoranthene, and fluoranthene/benzo[b]fluoranthene) characteristic of fuel exhausts (diesel/biodiesel and ethanol/gasohol), allowing their use in the assessment of the temporal variation of the fuel type used in urban sites. Element diagnostic ratios (Cu/Sb and Fe/Cu) pointed to the predominance of LDVs exhaust-related copper and can differentiate LDVs exhaust from brake wear emissions. The carbonaceous fraction EC3 was suggested as an HDV emission tracer. A higher total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) fraction of traffic-related PM2.5 was observed in the HDV-impacted tunnel, with a predominance of diesel-related pyrene and fluoranthene, as well as higher oxy-PAHs (e.g., 9,10-anthraquinone, associated with biodiesel blends) abundances. However, carcinogenic species presented higher abundances for the LDV-impacted tunnel (e.g., benzo[a]pyrene). These findings highlighted the impact of biofuels on the characteristic ratios of chemical species and pointed to possible markers for LDVs and HDVs exhausts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Martins Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Nogueira
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Yoshiaki Kamigauti
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Vinicius Martins
- Departamento de Mineralogia e Geotectônica, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-080 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Vicente
- Department of Environment and Planning, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Célia Alves
- Department of Environment and Planning, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Maria de Fatima Andrade
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
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Li C, Liu Q, Wang Y, Yang X, Chen S, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Li L. Salt stress improves thermotolerance and high-temperature bioethanol production of multi-stress-tolerant Pichia kudriavzevii by stimulating intracellular metabolism and inhibiting oxidative damage. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:222. [PMID: 34823567 PMCID: PMC8613974 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-temperature bioethanol production benefits from yeast thermotolerance. Salt stress could induce obvious cross-protection against heat stress of Pichia kudriavzevii, contributing to the improvement of its thermotolerance and bioethanol fermentation. However, the underlying mechanisms of the cross-protection remain poorly understood. RESULTS Salt stress showed obvious cross-protection for thermotolerance and high-temperature ethanol production of P. kudriavzevii observed by biomass, cell morphology and bioethanol production capacity. The biomass and ethanol production of P. kudriavzevii at 45 °C were, respectively, improved by 2.6 and 3.9 times by 300 mmol/L NaCl. Metabolic network map showed that salt stress obviously improved the key enzymes and intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism, contributing to the synthesis of bioethanol, ATP, amino acids, nucleotides, and unsaturated fatty acids, as well as subsequent intracellular metabolisms. The increasing trehalose, glycerol, HSPs, and ergosterol helped maintain the normal function of cell components. Heat stress induced serious oxidative stress that the ROS-positive cell rate and dead cell rate, respectively, rose from 0.5% and 2.4% to 28.2% and 69.2%, with the incubation temperature increasing from 30 to 45 °C. The heat-induced ROS outburst, oxidative damage, and cell death were obviously inhibited by salt stress, especially the dead cell rate which fell to only 20.3% at 300 mmol/L NaCl. The inhibiting oxidative damage mainly resulted from the abundant synthesis of GSH and GST, which, respectively, increased by 4.8 and 76.1 times after addition of 300 mmol/L NaCl. The improved bioethanol production was not only due to the improved thermotolerance, but resulted from the up-regulated alcohol dehydrogenases and down-regulated aldehyde dehydrogenases by salt stress. CONCLUSION The results provide a first insight into the mechanisms of the improved thermotolerance and high-temperature bioethanol production of P. kudriavzevii by salt stress, and provide important information to construct genetic engineering yeasts for high-temperature bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Qiuying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Yueqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Xianqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China.
| | - Shengjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Yanyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Laihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
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Rudke AP, Martins JA, de Almeida DS, Martins LD, Beal A, Hallak R, Freitas ED, Andrade MF, Foroutan H, Baek BH, de A Albuquerque TT. How mobility restrictions policy and atmospheric conditions impacted air quality in the State of São Paulo during the COVID-19 outbreak. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:111255. [PMID: 33971134 PMCID: PMC8547779 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mobility restrictions are among actions to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and have been pointed as reasons for improving air quality, especially in large cities. However, it is crucial to assess the impact of atmospheric conditions on air quality and air pollutant dispersion in the face of the potential variability of all sources. In this study, the impact of mobility restrictions on the air quality was analyzed for the most populous Brazilian State, São Paulo, severely impacted by COVID-19. Ground-based air quality data (PM10, PM2.5, CO, SO2, NOx, NO2, NO, and O3) were used from 50 automatic air quality monitoring stations to evaluate the changes in concentrations before (January 01 - March 25) and during the partial quarantine (March 16 - June 30). Rainfall, fires, and daily cell phone mobility data were also used as supplementary information to the analyses. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to assess the heterogeneity of the air quality data during and before mobility restrictions. In general, the results demonstrated no substantial improvements in air quality for most of the pollutants when comparing before and during restrictions periods. Besides, when the analyzed period of 2020 is compared with the year 2019, there is no significant air quality improvement in the São Paulo State. However, special attention should be given to the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP), due to the vast population residing in this area and exposed to air pollution. The region reached an average decrease of 29% in CO, 28% in NOx, 40% in NO, 19% in SO2, 15% in PM2.5, and 8% in PM10 concentrations during the mobility restrictions period compared to the same period in 2019. The only pollutant that showed an increase in concentration was ozone, with a 20% increase compared to 2019 during the mobility restrictions period. Before the mobility restrictions period, the region reached an average decrease of 30% in CO, 39% in NOx, 63% in NO, 12% in SO2, 23% in PM2.5, 18% in PM10, and 16% in O3 concentrations when compared to the same period in 2019. On the other hand, Cubatão, a highly industrialized area, showed statistically significant increases above 20% for most monitored pollutants in both periods of 2020 compared to 2019. This study reinforces that the main driving force of pollutant concentration variability is the dynamics of the atmosphere at its various time scales. An abnormal rainy season, with above average rainfall before the restrictions and below average after it, generated a scenario in which the probable significant reductions in emissions did not substantially affect the concentration of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Rudke
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Av. Dos Pioneiros, 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, Brazil
| | - J A Martins
- Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Av. Dos Pioneiros, 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, Brazil; Affiliated with the Division of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University, John Ericssons Väg 1, V-Hus, Lund, Sweden
| | - D S de Almeida
- Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Av. Dos Pioneiros, 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, Brazil; Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 235, SP310, 13565-905, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - L D Martins
- Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Av. Dos Pioneiros, 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, Brazil
| | - A Beal
- Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Av. Dos Pioneiros, 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, Brazil
| | - R Hallak
- Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Do Matão, 1226, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E D Freitas
- Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Do Matão, 1226, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M F Andrade
- Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Do Matão, 1226, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H Foroutan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, VA, 24061, Blacksburg, USA
| | - B H Baek
- George Mason University, College of Science, 4400 University Dr, VA, 22030, Fairfax, USA
| | - T T de A Albuquerque
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Post Graduation Program on Environmental Engineering - Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, 29075-910, Vitória, Brazil.
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Li P, Tan X, Fu X, Dang Y, Li S. Metabolomic analysis reveals Kluyveromyces marxianus’s stress responses during high-temperature ethanol fermentation. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Air pollution as a determinant of food delivery and related plastic waste. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 5:212-220. [PMID: 33077882 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-00961-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plastic waste is a growing environmental concern. The food delivery industry is criticized for its environmental impact, especially its current use of plastic packaging. At the same time, the environment impacts the industry. We show that air pollution is a behavioural driver of food delivery consumption in the urban developing world. Our hypothesis is that individuals are more likely to order delivery when their personal cost of exposure to the outdoor environment rises. We surveyed office workers in three Chinese cities and found that an increase of 100 μg m-3 in particulate matter pollution (PM2.5) raised the propensity to order food delivery by two-fifths of the sample mean. We used photographic evidence to quantify disposable plastic in meal delivery. Data from an online delivery platform with a broad customer base indicate a smaller, but still substantial, causal link between air quality and food delivery. Overall, air pollution control brings plastic waste co-benefits.
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Li X, Huo M, Zhao L, Cao Z, Xu M, Wan J, Niu Q, Huo C, Tang J, Liu R. Study of the effects of ultrafine carbon black on the structure and function of trypsin. J Mol Recognit 2020; 34:e2874. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China—America CRC for Environment & Health Shandong University Qingdao PR China
| | - Mengling Huo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China—America CRC for Environment & Health Shandong University Qingdao PR China
| | - Lining Zhao
- College of Life Sciences Hebei University Baoding PR China
| | - Zhaozhen Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan PR China
| | - Mengchen Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China—America CRC for Environment & Health Shandong University Qingdao PR China
| | - Jingqiang Wan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China—America CRC for Environment & Health Shandong University Qingdao PR China
| | - Qigui Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China—America CRC for Environment & Health Shandong University Qingdao PR China
| | - Chenqian Huo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China—America CRC for Environment & Health Shandong University Qingdao PR China
| | - Jingchun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering Nankai University Tianjin PR China
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China—America CRC for Environment & Health Shandong University Qingdao PR China
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Locosselli GM, Moreira TCL, Chacón-Madrid K, Arruda MAZ, Camargo EPD, Kamigauti LY, da Trindade RIF, Andrade MDF, André CDSD, André PAD, Singer JM, Saiki M, Zaccarelli-Marino MA, Saldiva PHN, Buckeridge MS. Spatial-temporal variability of metal pollution across an industrial district, evidencing the environmental inequality in São Paulo. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114583. [PMID: 33618488 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although air pollution decreased in some cities that shifted from an industrial to a service-based economy, and vehicular emission regulation became more restrictive, it is still a major risk factor for mortality worldwide. In central São Paulo, Brazil, air quality monitoring stations and tree-ring analyses revealed a decreasing trend in the concentrations of particulate matter and metals. Such trends, however, may not be observed in industrial districts located in the urban periphery, where the usual mobile sources may be combined with local stationary sources. To evaluate environmental pollution in an industrial district in southeastern São Paulo, we assessed its spatial variability, by measuring magnetic properties and concentrations of Al, Ba, Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, S, Sr, Zn in the bark of 62 trees, and its temporal trends, by measuring Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, Zn in tree rings of three trees. Source apportionment analysis based on tree barks revealed two clusters with high concentrations of metals, one related to vehicular and industrial emissions (Al, Ba, Cu, Fe, Zn) in the east side of the industrial cluster, and the other related to soil resuspension (Cu, Zn, Mn) in its west side. These patterns are also supported by the magnetic properties of bark associated with iron oxides and titanium-iron alloy concentrations. Dendrochemical analyses revealed that only the concentrations of Pb consistently decreased over the last four decades. The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, V, and Zn did not significantly decrease over time, in contrast with their negative trends previously reported in central São Paulo. This combined biomonitoring approach revealed spatial clusters of metal concentration in the vicinity of this industrial cluster and showed that the local population has not benefited from the decreasing polluting metal concentrations in the last decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Maselli Locosselli
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Estudos Avançados, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julio M Singer
- Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mitiko Saiki
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva
- Instituto de Estudos Avançados, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Silveira Buckeridge
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Estudos Avançados, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Li P, Fu X, Zhang L, Li S. CRISPR/Cas-based screening of a gene activation library in Saccharomyces cerevisiae identifies a crucial role of OLE1 in thermotolerance. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:1154-1163. [PMID: 30394685 PMCID: PMC6801138 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas-based (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated) screening has been proved to be an efficient method to study functional genomics from yeast to human. In this study, we report the development of a focused CRISPR/Cas-based gene activation library in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its application in gene identification based on functional screening towards improved thermotolerance. The gene activation library was subjected to screening at 42°C, and the same library cultured at 30°C was set as a control group. After five successive subcultures, five clones were randomly picked from the libraries cultured at 30 and 42°C, respectively. The five clones selected at 30°C contain the specificity sequences of five different single guide RNAs, whereas all the five clones selected at 42°C contain the specificity sequence of one sgRNA that targets the promoter region of OLE1. A crucial role of OLE1 in thermotolerance was identified: the overexpression of OLE1 increased fatty acid unsaturation, and thereby helped counter lipid peroxidation caused by heat stress, rendering the yeast thermotolerant. This study described the application of CRISPR/Cas-based gene activation screening with an example of thermotolerant yeast screening, demonstrating that this method can be used to identify functional genes in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengsong Li
- MOST‐USDA Joint Research Center for BiofuelsBeijing Engineering Research Center for BiofuelsInstitute of New Energy TechnologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Xiaofen Fu
- MOST‐USDA Joint Research Center for BiofuelsBeijing Engineering Research Center for BiofuelsInstitute of New Energy TechnologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOST‐USDA Joint Research Center for BiofuelsBeijing Engineering Research Center for BiofuelsInstitute of New Energy TechnologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Shizhong Li
- MOST‐USDA Joint Research Center for BiofuelsBeijing Engineering Research Center for BiofuelsInstitute of New Energy TechnologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
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Locosselli GM, Camargo EPD, Moreira TCL, Todesco E, Andrade MDF, André CDSD, André PAD, Singer JM, Ferreira LS, Saldiva PHN, Buckeridge MS. The role of air pollution and climate on the growth of urban trees. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 666:652-661. [PMID: 30807955 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The urban environment features poor air quality and harsher climate conditions that affect the life in the cities. Citizens are especially vulnerable to climate change, because heat island and impervious exacerbates extreme climate events. Urban trees are important tools for mitigation and adaptation of cities to climate change because they provide ecosystem services that increase while trees grow. Nonetheless, the growth of trees may be affected by the harsher conditions found in the urban environment. We assessed the impact of air pollution and climate on the spatial/temporal variability of tree growth in São Paulo, Brazil, one of the largest urban conglomerates in the world. For this purpose, we sampled 41 trees of the Tipuana tipu species in a region that includes industrial areas. We built a tree-ring chronology using standard dendrochronological methods. Spatial analyses show that trees grow faster in the warmer parts of the city and under higher concentrations of airborne P, whereas growth is reduced under higher concentrations of Al, Ba, Zn. Particulate matter (PM10) from the industrial cluster also reduce average growth rate of trees, up to 37% in all diameter classes. Similar results were obtained via temporal analyses, suggesting that the annual growth rate is positively associated with temperature, which explain 16% of interannual growth variability. Precipitation, on the other hand, has no association with tree growth. The average concentration of PM10 explains 41% of interannual growth variability, and higher concentrations during the driest months reduce growth rate. Despite heat island effect and water limitation in the soil of the city, this species takes advantage of warmer conditions and it is not limited by water availability as measured by precipitation. On the other hand, air pollution directly impacts the growth of these trees being a major limiting growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Maselli Locosselli
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Estudos Avançados, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evelyn Pereira de Camargo
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Estudos Avançados, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Enzo Todesco
- Instituto de Astronomia e Geofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Julio M Singer
- Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva
- Instituto de Estudos Avançados, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Silveira Buckeridge
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Estudos Avançados, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Li P, Fu X, Chen M, Zhang L, Li S. Proteomic profiling and integrated analysis with transcriptomic data bring new insights in the stress responses of Kluyveromyces marxianus after an arrest during high-temperature ethanol fermentation. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:49. [PMID: 30899329 PMCID: PMC6408782 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus is a potential candidate for high-temperature fermentation. When K. marxianus was used for high-temperature ethanol fermentation, a fermentation arrest was observed during the late fermentation stage and the stress responses have been investigated based on the integration of RNA-Seq and metabolite data. In order to bring new insights into the cellular responses of K. marxianus after the fermentation arrest during high-temperature ethanol fermentation, quantitative proteomic profiling and integrated analysis with transcriptomic data were performed in this study. RESULTS Samples collected at 14, 16, 18, 20 and 22 h during high-temperature fermentation were subjected to isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomic profiling and integrated analysis with transcriptomic data. The correlations between transcripts and proteins for the comparative group 16 h vs 14 h accounted for only 4.20% quantified proteins and 3.23% differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), respectively, much higher percentages of correlations (30.56%-59.11%) were found for other comparative groups (i.e., 18 h vs 14 h, 20 h vs 14 h, and 22 h vs 14 h). According to Spearman correlation tests between transcriptome and proteome (the absolute value of a correlation coefficient between 0.5 and 1 indicates a strong correlation), poor correlations were found for all quantified proteins (R = - 0.0355 to 0.0138), DEPs (R = - 0.0079 to 0.0233) and the DEPs with opposite expression trends to corresponding differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (R = - 0.0478 to 0.0636), whereas stronger correlations were observed in terms of the DEPs with the same expression trends as the correlated DEGs (R = 0.5593 to 0.7080). The results of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) verification indicate that the iTRAQ results were reliable. After the fermentation arrest, a number of proteins involved in transcription, translation, oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid metabolism were down-regulated, some molecular chaperones and proteasome proteins were up-regulated, the ATPase activity significantly decreased, and the total fatty acids gradually accumulated. In addition, the contents of palmitic acid, oleic acid, C16, C18, C22 and C24 fatty acids increased by 16.77%, 28.49%, 14.14%, 26.88%, 628.57% and 125.29%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed some biochemical and enzymatic alterations provoked by the stress conditions in the specific case of K. marxianus: such as decreases in transcription, translation and oxidative phosphorylation, alterations in cellular fatty acid composition, and increases in the abundance of molecular chaperones and proteasome proteins. These findings provide potential targets for further metabolic engineering towards improvement of the stress tolerance in K. marxianus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengsong Li
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Biofuels, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Biofuels, Institute of New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Xiaofen Fu
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Biofuels, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Biofuels, Institute of New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Ming Chen
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Biofuels, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Biofuels, Institute of New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Biofuels, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Biofuels, Institute of New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Agricultural Utilization Research Center, Nutrition and Health Research Institute, COFCO Corporation, No.4 Road, Future Science and Technology Park South, Beiqijia, Changping, Beijing, 102209 China
| | - Shizhong Li
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Biofuels, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Biofuels, Institute of New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
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Fu X, Li P, Zhang L, Li S. Understanding the stress responses of Kluyveromyces marxianus after an arrest during high-temperature ethanol fermentation based on integration of RNA-Seq and metabolite data. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2715-2729. [PMID: 30673809 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The thermotolerant Kluyveromyces marxianus is a potential candidate for high-temperature ethanol fermentation. Although K. marxianus exhibited high ethanol productivity at 45 °C during the early fermentation stage, we observed a fermentation arrest due to the accumulated inhibitors. The stress responses of K. marxianus during high-temperature fermentation were revealed based on integration of RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and metabolite data. High temperature stimulated mitochondrial respiration but repressed the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, leading to increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a lowered ratio of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)/oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Glycerol production was enhanced during the early fermentation stage, which might contribute to NADH reoxidation and ROS generation. Excess ROS could be neutralized by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) that might be reserved in the following ways: (1) decreased biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) reduced NADPH consumption; (2) enhanced acetic acid production increased NADPH regeneration. The degree of fatty acid unsaturation was also reduced to adapt to high temperature. In addition, stress responses were also observed after the fermentation arrest at 45 °C. Genes related to peroxidase activity, iron-sulfur cluster assembly, and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) binding were downregulated, while genes associated with DNA repair and lipid composition of the plasma were upregulated. The yeast also produced more ergosterol to deal with ethanol stress. This study gains comprehensive insights into the K. marxianus transcriptome under various stresses during high-temperature ethanol fermentation, providing rich information for further metabolic engineering towards improved stress tolerance and ethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Fu
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Biofuels, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Biofuels, Institute of New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Pengsong Li
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Biofuels, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Biofuels, Institute of New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Biofuels, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Biofuels, Institute of New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Agricultural Utilization Research Center, Nutrition and Health Research Institute, COFCO Corporation, No.4 Road, Future Science and Technology Park South, Beiqijia, Changping, Beijing, 102209, China
| | - Shizhong Li
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Biofuels, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Biofuels, Institute of New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Disentangling vehicular emission impact on urban air pollution using ethanol as a tracer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10679. [PMID: 30013098 PMCID: PMC6048126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area is a unique case worldwide due to the extensive use of biofuel, particularly ethanol, by its large fleet of nearly 8 million cars. Based on source apportionment analysis of Organic Aerosols in downtown Sao Paulo, and using ethanol as tracer of passenger vehicles, we have identified primary emissions from light-duty-vehicles (LDV) and heavy-duty-vehicles (HDV), as well as secondary process component. Each of those factors mirror a relevant primary source or secondary process in this densely occupied area. Using those factors as predictors in a multiple linear regression analysis of a wide range of pollutants, we have quantified the role of primary LDV or HDV emissions, as well as atmospheric secondary processes, on air quality degradation. Results show a significant contribution of HDV emissions, despite contributing only about 5% of vehicles number in the region. The latter is responsible, for example, of 40% and 47% of benzene and black carbon atmospheric concentration, respectively. This work describes an innovative use of biofuel as a tracer of passenger vehicle emissions, allowing to better understand the role of vehicular sources on air quality degradation in one of most populated megacities worldwide.
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