1
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Yang S, Cai M, Huang J, Zhang S, Mo X, Jiang K, Cui H, Yuan J. EB1 decoration of microtubule lattice facilitates spindle-kinetochore lateral attachment in Plasmodium male gametogenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2864. [PMID: 37208365 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38516-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation of 8 duplicated haploid genomes into 8 daughter gametes is essential for male gametogenesis and mosquito transmission of Plasmodium. Plasmodium undergoes endomitosis in this multinucleated cell division, which is highly reliant on proper spindle-kinetochore attachment. However, the mechanisms underlying the spindle-kinetochore attachment remain elusive. End-binding proteins (EBs) are conserved microtubule (MT) plus-end binding proteins and play an important role in regulating MT plus-end dynamics. Here, we report that the Plasmodium EB1 is an orthologue distinct from the canonical eukaryotic EB1. Both in vitro and in vivo assays reveal that the Plasmodium EB1 losses MT plus-end tracking but possesses MT-lattice affinity. This MT-binding feature of Plasmodium EB1 is contributed by both CH domain and linker region. EB1-deficient parasites produce male gametocytes that develop to the anucleated male gametes, leading to defective mosquito transmission. EB1 is localized at the nucleoplasm of male gametocytes. During the gametogenesis, EB1 decorates the full-length of spindle MTs and regulates spindle structure. The kinetochores attach to spindle MTs laterally throughout endomitosis and this attachment is EB1-dependent. Consequently, impaired spindle-kinetochore attachment is observed in EB1-deficient parasites. These results indicate that a parasite-specific EB1 with MT-lattice binding affinity fulfills the spindle-kinetochore lateral attachment in male gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Mengya Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Junjie Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoli Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Huiting Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Jing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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2
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Dang D, Efstathiou C, Sun D, Yue H, Sastry NR, Draviam VM. Deep learning techniques and mathematical modeling allow 3D analysis of mitotic spindle dynamics. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213913. [PMID: 36880744 PMCID: PMC9998659 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202111094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-lapse microscopy movies have transformed the study of subcellular dynamics. However, manual analysis of movies can introduce bias and variability, obscuring important insights. While automation can overcome such limitations, spatial and temporal discontinuities in time-lapse movies render methods such as 3D object segmentation and tracking difficult. Here, we present SpinX, a framework for reconstructing gaps between successive image frames by combining deep learning and mathematical object modeling. By incorporating expert feedback through selective annotations, SpinX identifies subcellular structures, despite confounding neighbor-cell information, non-uniform illumination, and variable fluorophore marker intensities. The automation and continuity introduced here allows the precise 3D tracking and analysis of spindle movements with respect to the cell cortex for the first time. We demonstrate the utility of SpinX using distinct spindle markers, cell lines, microscopes, and drug treatments. In summary, SpinX provides an exciting opportunity to study spindle dynamics in a sophisticated way, creating a framework for step changes in studies using time-lapse microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dang
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London, UK.,Department of Informatics, King's College London , London, UK
| | | | - Dijue Sun
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London, UK
| | - Haoran Yue
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London, UK
| | | | - Viji M Draviam
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London, UK
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3
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Bunning AR, Gupta Jr. ML. The importance of microtubule-dependent tension in accurate chromosome segregation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1096333. [PMID: 36755973 PMCID: PMC9899852 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1096333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation is vital for cell and organismal viability. The mitotic spindle, a bipolar macromolecular machine composed largely of dynamic microtubules, is responsible for chromosome segregation during each cell replication cycle. Prior to anaphase, a bipolar metaphase spindle must be formed in which each pair of chromatids is attached to microtubules from opposite spindle poles. In this bipolar configuration pulling forces from the dynamic microtubules can generate tension across the sister kinetochores. The tension status acts as a signal that can destabilize aberrant kinetochore-microtubule attachments and reinforces correct, bipolar connections. Historically it has been challenging to isolate the specific role of tension in mitotic processes due to the interdependency of attachment and tension status at kinetochores. Recent technical and experimental advances have revealed new insights into how tension functions during mitosis. Here we summarize the evidence that tension serves as a biophysical signal that unifies multiple aspects of kinetochore and centromere function to ensure accurate chromosome segregation.
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4
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Li Q, Ma Y, Chang F, Xu Y, Deng J, Duan J, Jiang W, He Q, Xu L, Zhong L, Shao G, Li L. The deubiquitinating enzyme complex BRISC regulates Aurora B activation via lysine-63-linked ubiquitination in mitosis. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1335. [PMID: 36473924 PMCID: PMC9726926 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation requires bi-oriented kinetochore-microtubule attachment on the metaphase spindle. Aurora B kinase, the catalytic core of the chromosome passage complex (CPC), plays a crucial role in this process. Aurora B activation has widely been investigated in the context of protein phosphorylation. Here, we report that Aurora B is ubiquitinated in mitosis through lysine-63 ubiquitin chains (K63-Ub), which is required for its activation. Mutation of Aurora B at its primary K63 ubiquitin site inhibits its activation, reduces its kinase activity, and disrupts the association of Aurora B with other components of CPC, leading to severe mitotic defects and cell apoptosis. Moreover, we identify that BRCC36 isopeptidase complex (BRISC) is the K63-specific deubiquitinating enzyme for Aurora B. BRISC deficiency augments the accumulation of Aurora B K63-Ubs, leading to Aurora B hyperactivation and erroneous chromosome-microtubule attachments. These findings define the role of K63-linked ubiquitination in regulating Aurora B activation and provide a potential site for Aurora B-targeting drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Yanfang Ma
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Fen Chang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Yongjie Xu
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Jingcheng Deng
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Junyi Duan
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Qihua He
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Center of Medical and Health Analysis, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Luzheng Xu
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Center of Medical and Health Analysis, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Zhong
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Center of Medical and Health Analysis, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Genze Shao
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191 Beijing, China
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5
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Matković J, Ghosh S, Ćosić M, Eibes S, Barišić M, Pavin N, Tolić IM. Kinetochore- and chromosome-driven transition of microtubules into bundles promotes spindle assembly. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7307. [PMID: 36435852 PMCID: PMC9701229 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic spindle assembly is crucial for chromosome segregation and relies on bundles of microtubules that extend from the poles and overlap in the middle. However, how these structures form remains poorly understood. Here we show that overlap bundles arise through a network-to-bundles transition driven by kinetochores and chromosomes. STED super-resolution microscopy reveals that PRC1-crosslinked microtubules initially form loose arrays, which become rearranged into bundles. Kinetochores promote microtubule bundling by lateral binding via CENP-E/kinesin-7 in an Aurora B-regulated manner. Steric interactions between the bundle-associated chromosomes at the spindle midplane drive bundle separation and spindle widening. In agreement with experiments, theoretical modeling suggests that bundles arise through competing attractive and repulsive mechanisms. Finally, perturbation of overlap bundles leads to inefficient correction of erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments. Thus, kinetochores and chromosomes drive coarsening of a uniform microtubule array into overlap bundles, which promote not only spindle formation but also chromosome segregation fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurica Matković
- grid.4905.80000 0004 0635 7705Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Subhadip Ghosh
- grid.4808.40000 0001 0657 4636Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mateja Ćosić
- grid.4905.80000 0004 0635 7705Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Susana Eibes
- grid.417390.80000 0001 2175 6024Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marin Barišić
- grid.417390.80000 0001 2175 6024Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nenad Pavin
- grid.4808.40000 0001 0657 4636Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva M. Tolić
- grid.4905.80000 0004 0635 7705Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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6
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Ying Z, Wang K, Wu J, Wang M, Yang J, Wang X, Zhou G, Chen H, Xu H, Sze SCW, Gao F, Li C, Sha O. CCHCR1-astrin interaction promotes centriole duplication through recruitment of CEP72. BMC Biol 2022; 20:240. [PMID: 36280838 PMCID: PMC9590400 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01437-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The centrosome is one of the most important non-membranous organelles regulating microtubule organization and progression of cell mitosis. The coiled-coil alpha-helical rod protein 1 (CCHCR1, also known as HCR) gene is considered to be a psoriasis susceptibility gene, and the protein is suggested to be localized to the P-bodies and centrosomes in mammalian cells. However, the exact cellular function of HCR and its potential regulatory role in the centrosomes remain unexplored. RESULTS We found that HCR interacts directly with astrin, a key factor in centrosome maturation and mitosis. Immunoprecipitation assays showed that the coiled-coil region present in the C-terminus of HCR and astrin respectively mediated the interaction between them. Astrin not only recruits HCR to the centrosome, but also protects HCR from ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated degradation. In addition, depletion of either HCR or astrin significantly reduced centrosome localization of CEP72 and subsequent MCPH proteins, including CEP152, CDK5RAP2, and CEP63. The absence of HCR also caused centriole duplication defects and mitotic errors, resulting in multipolar spindle formation, genomic instability, and DNA damage. CONCLUSION We conclude that HCR is localized and stabilized at the centrosome by directly binding to astrin. HCR are required for the centrosomal recruitment of MCPH proteins and centriolar duplication. Both HCR and astrin play key roles in keeping normal microtubule assembly and maintaining genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguang Ying
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Kaifang Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Junfeng Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Mingyu Wang
- Medical AI Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Guowei Zhou
- Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Haibin Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515000, China
| | - Hongwu Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515000, China
- Department of Clinically Oriented Anatomy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515000, China
| | - Stephen Cho Wing Sze
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hongkong, 999077, China
- Golden Meditech Centre for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hongkong, 999077, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Chunman Li
- Department of Anatomy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515000, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515000, China.
| | - Ou Sha
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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7
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Risteski P, Božan D, Jagrić M, Bosilj A, Pavin N, Tolić IM. Length-dependent poleward flux of sister kinetochore fibers promotes chromosome alignment. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111169. [PMID: 35926461 PMCID: PMC9364240 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome alignment at the spindle equator promotes proper chromosome segregation and depends on pulling forces exerted at kinetochore fiber tips together with polar ejection forces. However, kinetochore fibers are also subjected to forces driving their poleward flux. Here we introduce a flux-driven centering model that relies on flux generated by forces within the overlaps of bridging and kinetochore fibers. This centering mechanism works so that the longer kinetochore fiber fluxes faster than the shorter one, moving the kinetochores toward the center. We develop speckle microscopy in human spindles and confirm the key prediction that kinetochore fiber flux is length dependent. Kinetochores are better centered when overlaps are shorter and the kinetochore fiber flux slower than the bridging fiber flux. We identify Kif18A and Kif4A as overlap and flux regulators and NuMA as a fiber coupler. Thus, length-dependent sliding forces exerted by the bridging fiber onto kinetochore fibers support chromosome alignment. A flux-driven centering model explains chromosome alignment at the spindle equator Kinetochore fiber poleward flux is driven by overlap microtubules Kinetochore centering requires faster flux of the longer sister kinetochore fiber Chromosome alignment depends on the overlap length of bridging microtubules
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Risteski
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Božan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Bijenička cesta 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mihaela Jagrić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Agneza Bosilj
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Bijenička cesta 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nenad Pavin
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Bijenička cesta 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Iva M Tolić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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8
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Vukušić K, Tolić IM. Polar Chromosomes—Challenges of a Risky Path. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091531. [PMID: 35563837 PMCID: PMC9101661 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of chromosome congression and alignment is at the core of mitotic fidelity. In this review, we discuss distinct spatial routes that the chromosomes take to align during prometaphase, which are characterized by distinct biomolecular requirements. Peripheral polar chromosomes are an intriguing case as their alignment depends on the activity of kinetochore motors, polar ejection forces, and a transition from lateral to end-on attachments to microtubules, all of which can result in the delayed alignment of these chromosomes. Due to their undesirable position close to and often behind the spindle pole, these chromosomes may be particularly prone to the formation of erroneous kinetochore-microtubule interactions, such as merotelic attachments. To prevent such errors, the cell employs intricate mechanisms to preposition the spindle poles with respect to chromosomes, ensure the formation of end-on attachments in restricted spindle regions, repair faulty attachments by error correction mechanisms, and delay segregation by the spindle assembly checkpoint. Despite this protective machinery, there are several ways in which polar chromosomes can fail in alignment, mis-segregate, and lead to aneuploidy. In agreement with this, polar chromosomes are present in certain tumors and may even be involved in the process of tumorigenesis.
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9
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Qin B, Zhu Z, Yin F, Yan D, Wan J, Dong M, Wang Z. Phosphorylation of small kinetochore-associated protein induced by GSK3β promotes cell migration and invasion in esophageal cancer. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:972-983. [PMID: 35201967 PMCID: PMC9037550 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2038847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthesis kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a kinase shown to regulate esophageal cancer (EC) progression. However, the significance of GSK-3β in phosphorylation of small kinetochore-associated protein (SKAP) has not been fully characterized. GSK-3β/SKAP expression was analyzed in EC tissues by RT-qPCR. The association between GSK-3β expression and the overall survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Transwell and wound healing assays were performed to assess the effects of GSK-3β/SKAP knockdown on EC cell migration and invasion. By in vitro kinase assay, the SKAP T294 site was identified as a phosphorylated target of GSK-3β. Moreover, we established two cell lines expressing either T294D (phosphor-mimic) or T294A (phosphor-deficiency) SKAP to analyze the effect of SKAP phosphorylation on EC cell invasion, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. GSK-3β was overexpressed and positively correlated with SKAP levels in EC tissues. Increased GSK-3β expression was associated with EC poor prognosis. Both of GSK-3β knockdown and silencing SKAP decreased EC cell migration and invasion. GSK-3β phosphorylated SKAP protein at Thr294 site. Additionally, a T294D mutant SKAP enhanced cell migration, invasion, and EMT process. Conversely, a T294A mutant SKAP inhibited EC cell malignancy. Meanwhile, cell invasion and migration abilities were inhibited after silencing GSK-3β in EC109-WT, EC109-T294A and EC109-T294D cells. Phosphorylation of SKAP induced by GSK-3β promoted EC cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qin
- Translational Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Department of Biological Sample Bank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fanxiang Yin
- Translational Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dan Yan
- Translational Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiajia Wan
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Meng Dong
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhengyang Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,CONTACT Zhengyang Wang ; Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou450000, Henan, China
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10
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Yoo S, Sinha A, Yang D, Altorki NK, Tandon R, Wang W, Chavez D, Lee E, Patel AS, Sato T, Kong R, Ding B, Schadt EE, Watanabe H, Massion PP, Borczuk AC, Zhu J, Powell CA. Integrative network analysis of early-stage lung adenocarcinoma identifies aurora kinase inhibition as interceptor of invasion and progression. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1592. [PMID: 35332150 PMCID: PMC8948234 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we focus on the molecular characterization of clinically significant histological subtypes of early-stage lung adenocarcinoma (esLUAD), which is the most common histological subtype of lung cancer. Within lung adenocarcinoma, histology is heterogeneous and associated with tumor invasion and diverse clinical outcomes. We present a gene signature distinguishing invasive and non-invasive tumors among esLUAD. Using the gene signatures, we estimate an Invasiveness Score that is strongly associated with survival of esLUAD patients in multiple independent cohorts and with the invasiveness phenotype in lung cancer cell lines. Regulatory network analysis identifies aurora kinase as one of master regulators of the gene signature and the perturbation of aurora kinases in vitro and in a murine model of invasive lung adenocarcinoma reduces tumor invasion. Our study reveals aurora kinases as a therapeutic target for treatment of early-stage invasive lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyeul Yoo
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, New York, NY, USA
- Sema4, Stamford, CT, USA
| | - Abhilasha Sinha
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dawei Yang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nasser K Altorki
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Radhika Tandon
- School of Medicine, St. George's University, West Indies, Grenada
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deebly Chavez
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eunjee Lee
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, New York, NY, USA
- Sema4, Stamford, CT, USA
| | - Ayushi S Patel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Vileck Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Takashi Sato
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Ranran Kong
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bisen Ding
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women And Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, New York, NY, USA
- Sema4, Stamford, CT, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hideo Watanabe
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pierre P Massion
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alain C Borczuk
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, New York, NY, USA.
- Sema4, Stamford, CT, USA.
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Charles A Powell
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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11
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Barbosa J, Sunkel CE, Conde C. The Role of Mitotic Kinases and the RZZ Complex in Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments: Doing the Right Link. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:787294. [PMID: 35155423 PMCID: PMC8832123 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.787294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, the interaction of kinetochores (KTs) with microtubules (MTs) drives chromosome congression to the spindle equator and supports the segregation of sister chromatids. Faithful genome partition critically relies on the ability of chromosomes to establish and maintain proper amphitelic end-on attachments, a configuration in which sister KTs are connected to robust MT fibers emanating from opposite spindle poles. Because the capture of spindle MTs by KTs is error prone, cells use mechanisms that sense and correct inaccurate KT-MT interactions before committing to segregate sister chromatids in anaphase. If left unresolved, these errors can result in the unequal distribution of chromosomes and lead to aneuploidy, a hallmark of cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular strategies that monitor the formation and fine-tuning of KT-MT attachments. We describe the complex network of proteins that operates at the KT-MT interface and discuss how AURORA B and PLK1 coordinate several concurrent events so that the stability of KT-MT attachments is precisely modulated throughout mitotic progression. We also outline updated knowledge on how the RZZ complex is regulated to ensure the formation of end-on attachments and the fidelity of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Barbosa
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: João Barbosa, ; Claudio E. Sunkel, ; Carlos Conde,
| | - Claudio E. Sunkel
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: João Barbosa, ; Claudio E. Sunkel, ; Carlos Conde,
| | - Carlos Conde
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: João Barbosa, ; Claudio E. Sunkel, ; Carlos Conde,
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12
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Bolanos-Garcia VM. On the Regulation of Mitosis by the Kinetochore, a Macromolecular Complex and Organising Hub of Eukaryotic Organisms. Subcell Biochem 2022; 99:235-267. [PMID: 36151378 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-00793-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The kinetochore is the multiprotein complex of eukaryotic organisms that is assembled on mitotic or meiotic centromeres to connect centromeric DNA with microtubules. Its function involves the coordinated action of more than 100 different proteins. The kinetochore acts as an organiser hub that establishes physical connections with microtubules and centromere-associated proteins and recruits central protein components of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), an evolutionarily conserved surveillance mechanism of eukaryotic organisms that detects unattached kinetochores and destabilises incorrect kinetochore-microtubule attachments. The molecular communication between the kinetochore and the SAC is highly dynamic and tightly regulated to ensure that cells can progress towards anaphase until each chromosome is properly bi-oriented on the mitotic spindle. This is achieved through an interplay of highly cooperative interactions and concerted phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events that are organised in time and space.This contribution discusses our current understanding of the function, structure and regulation of the kinetochore, in particular, how its communication with the SAC results in the amplification of specific signals to exquisitely control the eukaryotic cell cycle. This contribution also addresses recent advances in machine learning approaches, cell imaging and proteomics techniques that have enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that ensure the high fidelity and timely segregation of the genetic material every time a cell divides as well as the current challenges in the study of this fascinating molecular machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Bolanos-Garcia
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
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13
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McKim KS. Highway to hell-thy meiotic divisions: Chromosome passenger complex functions driven by microtubules: CPC interactions with both the chromosomes and microtubules are important for spindle assembly and function: CPC interactions with both the chromosomes and microtubules are important for spindle assembly and function. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100202. [PMID: 34821405 PMCID: PMC8688318 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The chromosome passenger complex (CPC) localizes to chromosomes and microtubules, sometimes simultaneously. The CPC also has multiple domains for interacting with chromatin and microtubules. Interactions between the CPC and both the chromatin and microtubules is important for spindle assembly and error correction. Such dual chromatin-microtubule interactions may increase the concentration of the CPC necessary for efficient kinase activity while also making it responsive to specific conditions or structures in the cell. CPC-microtubule dependent functions are considered in the context of the first meiotic division. Acentrosomal spindle assembly is a process that depends on transfer of the CPC from the chromosomes to the microtubules. Furthermore, transfer to the microtubules is not only to position the CPC for a later role in cytokinesis; metaphase I error correction and subsequent bi-orientation of bivalents may depend on microtubule associated CPC interacting with the kinetochores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S McKim
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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14
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Song X, Conti D, Shrestha RL, Braun D, Draviam VM. Counteraction between Astrin-PP1 and Cyclin-B-CDK1 pathways protects chromosome-microtubule attachments independent of biorientation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7010. [PMID: 34853300 PMCID: PMC8636589 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in chromosome-microtubule attachment can cause chromosomal instability (CIN), frequently associated with infertility and aggressive cancers. Chromosome-microtubule attachment is mediated by a large macromolecular structure, the kinetochore. Sister kinetochores of each chromosome are pulled by microtubules from opposing spindle-poles, a state called biorientation which prevents chromosome missegregation. Kinetochore-microtubule attachments that lack the opposing-pull are detached by Aurora-B/Ipl1. It is unclear how mono-oriented attachments that precede biorientation are spared despite the lack of opposing-pull. Using an RNAi-screen, we uncover a unique role for the Astrin-SKAP complex in protecting mono-oriented attachments. We provide evidence of domains in the microtubule-end associated protein that sense changes specific to end-on kinetochore-microtubule attachments and assemble an outer-kinetochore crescent to stabilise attachments. We find that Astrin-PP1 and Cyclin-B-CDK1 pathways counteract each other to preserve mono-oriented attachments. Thus, CIN prevention pathways are not only surveying attachment defects but also actively recognising and stabilising mature attachments independent of biorientation. Chromosome instability frequently occurs due to issues with chromosome-microtubule attachments. Here the authors show that the Astrin-PP1 and Cyclin-B-CDK1 pathways counteract each other to protect chromosome-microtubule attachments independent of biorientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhong Song
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Duccio Conti
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.,Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roshan L Shrestha
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK.,Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dominique Braun
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Viji M Draviam
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK. .,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK.
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15
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The Aurora B gradient sustains kinetochore stability in anaphase. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109818. [PMID: 34758321 PMCID: PMC8595645 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores assemble on chromosomes in mitosis to allow microtubules to attach and bring about accurate chromosome segregation. The kinases Cyclin B-Cdk1 and Aurora B are crucial for the formation of stable kinetochores. However, the activity of these two kinases appears to decline dramatically at centromeres during anaphase onset, precisely when microtubule attachments are required to move chromosomes toward opposite poles of the dividing cell. We find that, although Aurora B leaves centromeres at anaphase, a gradient of Aurora B activity centered on the central spindle is still able to phosphorylate kinetochore substrates such as Dsn1 to modulate kinetochore stability in anaphase and to regulate kinetochore disassembly as cells enter telophase. We provide a model to explain how Aurora B co-operates with Cyclin B-Cdk1 to maintain kinetochore function in anaphase. Central spindle Aurora B targets kinetochore substrates in anaphase Phosphorylation of Dsn1 by Aurora B stabilizes kinetochores in anaphase Dsn1 phosphorylation modulates chromosome movements in anaphase
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16
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Zhang M, Yang F, Wang W, Wang X, Wang D, Dou Z, Song X, Liu X, Yao X. SKAP interacts with Aurora B to guide end-on capture of spindle microtubules via phase separation. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:841-852. [PMID: 34554241 PMCID: PMC8800532 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation in mitosis is orchestrated by the dynamic interactions between the kinetochore and spindle microtubules. Our recent studies show that mitotic motor CENP-E cooperates with SKAP and forms a link between kinetochore core MIS13 complex and spindle microtubule plus-ends to achieve accurate chromosome alignment in mitosis. However, it remains elusive how SKAP regulates kinetochore attachment from lateral association to end-on attachment during metaphase alignment. Here, we identify a novel interaction between Aurora B and SKAP that orchestrates accurate interaction between the kinetochore and dynamic spindle microtubules. Interestingly, SKAP spontaneously phase-separates in vitro via weak, multivalent interactions into droplets with fast internal dynamics. SKAP and Aurora B form heterogeneous coacervates in vitro, which recapitulate the dynamics and behavior of SKAP comets in vivo. Importantly, SKAP interaction with Aurora B via phase separation is essential for accurate chromosome segregation and alignment. Based on those findings, we reason that SKAP–Aurora B interaction via phase separation constitutes a dynamic pool of Aurora B activity during the lateral to end-on conversion of kinetochore–microtubule attachments to achieve faithful cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjuan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics & Chemical Biology and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Fengrui Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics & Chemical Biology and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Hefei 230027, China.,Keck Center for Organoids Plasticity Control, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Wenwen Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Keck Center for Organoids Plasticity Control, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Xiwei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics & Chemical Biology and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Hefei 230027, China.,Keck Center for Organoids Plasticity Control, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Dongmei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics & Chemical Biology and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Hefei 230027, China.,Keck Center for Organoids Plasticity Control, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Zhen Dou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics & Chemical Biology and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics & Chemical Biology and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Hefei 230027, China.,Keck Center for Organoids Plasticity Control, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Xing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xuebiao Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
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17
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Jang JK, Gladstein AC, Das A, Shapiro JG, Sisco ZL, McKim KS. Multiple pools of PP2A regulate spindle assembly, kinetochore attachments and cohesion in Drosophila oocytes. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs254037. [PMID: 34297127 PMCID: PMC8325958 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.254037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiosis in female oocytes lacks centrosomes, the microtubule-organizing centers. In Drosophila oocytes, meiotic spindle assembly depends on the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC). To investigate the mechanisms that regulate Aurora B activity, we examined the role of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in Drosophila oocyte meiosis. We found that both forms of PP2A, B55 and B56, antagonize the Aurora B spindle assembly function, suggesting that a balance between Aurora B and PP2A activity maintains the oocyte spindle during meiosis I. PP2A-B56, which has a B subunit encoded by two partially redundant paralogs, wdb and wrd, is also required for maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion, establishment of end-on microtubule attachments, and metaphase I arrest in oocytes. WDB recruitment to the centromeres depends on BUBR1, MEI-S332 and kinetochore protein SPC105R. Although BUBR1 stabilizes microtubule attachments in Drosophila oocytes, it is not required for cohesion maintenance during meiosis I. We propose at least three populations of PP2A-B56 regulate meiosis, two of which depend on SPC105R and a third that is associated with the spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kim S. McKim
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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18
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Scott SJ, Li X, Jammula S, Devonshire G, Lindon C, Fitzgerald RC, D'Avino PP. Evidence that polyploidy in esophageal adenocarcinoma originates from mitotic slippage caused by defective chromosome attachments. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:2179-2193. [PMID: 33649470 PMCID: PMC8257792 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00745-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyploidy is present in many cancer types and is increasingly recognized as an important factor in promoting chromosomal instability, genome evolution, and heterogeneity in cancer cells. However, the mechanisms that trigger polyploidy in cancer cells are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the origin of polyploidy in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), a highly heterogenous cancer, using a combination of genomics and cell biology approaches in EAC cell lines, organoids, and tumors. We found the EAC cells and organoids present specific mitotic defects consistent with problems in the attachment of chromosomes to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle. Time-lapse analyses confirmed that EAC cells have problems in congressing and aligning their chromosomes, which can ultimately culminate in mitotic slippage and polyploidy. Furthermore, whole-genome sequencing, RNA-seq, and quantitative immunofluorescence analyses revealed alterations in the copy number, expression, and cellular distribution of several proteins known to be involved in the mechanics and regulation of chromosome dynamics during mitosis. Together, these results provide evidence that an imbalance in the amount of proteins implicated in the attachment of chromosomes to spindle microtubules is the molecular mechanism underlying mitotic slippage in EAC. Our findings that the likely origin of polyploidy in EAC is mitotic failure caused by problems in chromosomal attachments not only improves our understanding of cancer evolution and diversification, but may also aid in the classification and treatment of EAC and possibly other highly heterogeneous cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey J Scott
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xiaodun Li
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sriganesh Jammula
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ginny Devonshire
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Catherine Lindon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca C Fitzgerald
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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19
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Multinucleation associated DNA damage blocks proliferation in p53-compromised cells. Commun Biol 2021; 4:451. [PMID: 33837239 PMCID: PMC8035210 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear atypia is one of the hallmarks of cancers. Here, we perform single-cell tracking studies to determine the immediate and long-term impact of nuclear atypia. Tracking the fate of newborn cells exhibiting nuclear atypia shows that multinucleation, unlike other forms of nuclear atypia, blocks proliferation in p53-compromised cells. Because ~50% of cancers display compromised p53, we explored how multinucleation blocks proliferation. Multinucleation increases 53BP1-decorated nuclear bodies (DNA damage repair platforms), along with a heterogeneous reduction in transcription and protein accumulation across the multi-nucleated compartments. Multinucleation Associated DNA Damage associated with 53BP1-bodies remains unresolved for days, despite an intact NHEJ machinery that repairs laser-induced DNA damage within minutes. Persistent DNA damage, a DNA replication block, and reduced phospho-Rb, reveal a novel replication stress independent cell cycle arrest caused by mitotic lesions. These findings call for segregating protective and prohibitive nuclear atypia to inform therapeutic approaches aimed at limiting tumour heterogeneity. Hart et al. track newborn single cells by live microscopy after inducing a variety of nuclear atypia by CENP-E inhibitor treatment. They find that that multinucleation, unlike other forms of nuclear atypia, blocks proliferation independently of p53 and is associated with persistent 53BP1 DNA damage foci, thus providing insights into the consequences of multinucleation, often observed in disease states.
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20
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Renda F, Khodjakov A. Role of spatial patterns and kinetochore architecture in spindle morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:75-85. [PMID: 33836948 PMCID: PMC8762378 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitotic spindle is a self-assembling macromolecular machine responsible for the faithful segregation of chromosomes during cell division. Assembly of the spindle is believed to be governed by the 'Search & Capture' (S&C) principle in which dynamic microtubules explore space in search of kinetochores while the latter capture microtubules and thus connect chromosomes to the spindle. Due to the stochastic nature of the encounters between kinetochores and microtubules, the time required for incorporating all chromosomes into the spindle is profoundly affected by geometric constraints, such as the size and shape of kinetochores as well as their distribution in space at the onset of spindle assembly. In recent years, several molecular mechanisms that control these parameters have been discovered. It is now clear that stochastic S&C takes place in structured space, where components are optimally distributed and oriented to minimize steric hindrances. Nucleation of numerous non-centrosomal microtubules near kinetochores accelerates capture, while changes in the kinetochore architecture at various stages of spindle assembly promote proper connection of sister kinetochores to the opposite spindle poles. Here we discuss how the concerted action of multiple facilitating mechanisms ensure that the spindle assembles rapidly yet with a minimal number of errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fioranna Renda
- Biggs Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, United States.
| | - Alexey Khodjakov
- Biggs Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, United States; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States.
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21
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Shrestha RL, Rossi A, Wangsa D, Hogan AK, Zaldana KS, Suva E, Chung YJ, Sanders CL, Difilippantonio S, Karpova TS, Karim B, Foltz DR, Fachinetti D, Aplan PD, Ried T, Basrai MA. CENP-A overexpression promotes aneuploidy with karyotypic heterogeneity. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211820. [PMID: 33620383 PMCID: PMC7905998 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202007195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of many cancers. Restricting the localization of centromeric histone H3 variant CENP-A to centromeres prevents CIN. CENP-A overexpression (OE) and mislocalization have been observed in cancers and correlate with poor prognosis; however, the molecular consequences of CENP-A OE on CIN and aneuploidy have not been defined. Here, we show that CENP-A OE leads to its mislocalization and CIN with lagging chromosomes and micronuclei in pseudodiploid DLD1 cells and xenograft mouse model. CIN is due to reduced localization of proteins to the kinetochore, resulting in defects in kinetochore integrity and unstable kinetochore–microtubule attachments. CENP-A OE contributes to reduced expression of cell adhesion genes and higher invasion of DLD1 cells. We show that CENP-A OE contributes to aneuploidy with karyotypic heterogeneity in human cells and xenograft mouse model. In summary, our results provide a molecular link between CENP-A OE and aneuploidy, and suggest that karyotypic heterogeneity may contribute to the aggressive phenotype of CENP-A–overexpressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan L Shrestha
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Austin Rossi
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Darawalee Wangsa
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ann K Hogan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Kimberly S Zaldana
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Evelyn Suva
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yang Jo Chung
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chelsea L Sanders
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Simone Difilippantonio
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Tatiana S Karpova
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Baktiar Karim
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Daniel R Foltz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Daniele Fachinetti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, Paris, France
| | - Peter D Aplan
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Thomas Ried
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Munira A Basrai
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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22
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Jiang Z, Zhang S, Lee YM, Teng X, Yang Q, Toyama Y, Liou YC. Hyaluronan-Mediated Motility Receptor Governs Chromosome Segregation by Regulating Microtubules Sliding Within the Bridging Fiber. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000493. [PMID: 33788418 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Accurate segregation of chromosomes during anaphase relies on the central spindle and its regulators. A newly raised concept of the central spindle, the bridging fiber, shows that sliding of antiparallel microtubules (MTs) within the bridging fiber promotes chromosome segregation. However, the regulators of the bridging fiber and its regulatory mechanism on MTs sliding remain largely unknown. In this study, the non-motor microtubule-associated protein, hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (HMMR), is identified as a novel regulator of the bridging fiber. It then identifies that HMMR regulates MTs sliding within the bridging fiber by cooperating with its binding partner HSET. By utilizing a laser-based cell ablation system and photoactivation approach, the study's results reveal that depletion of HMMR causes an inhibitory effect on MTs sliding within the bridging fiber and disrupts the forced uniformity on the kinetochore-attached microtubules-formed fibers (k-fibers). These are created by suppressing the dynamics of HSET, which functions in transiting the force from sliding of bridging MTs to the k-fiber. This study sheds new light on the novel regulatory mechanism of MTs sliding within the bridging fiber by HMMR and HSET and uncovers the role of HMMR in chromosome segregation during anaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Jiang
- Laboratory of Precision Cancer Medicine, Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yew Mun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xiang Teng
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Qiaoyun Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yusuke Toyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Yih-Cherng Liou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.,Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117573, Singapore
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23
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The right place at the right time: Aurora B kinase localization to centromeres and kinetochores. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:299-311. [PMID: 32406506 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The fidelity of chromosome segregation during mitosis is intimately linked to the function of kinetochores, which are large protein complexes assembled at sites of centromeric heterochromatin on mitotic chromosomes. These key "orchestrators" of mitosis physically connect chromosomes to spindle microtubules and transduce forces through these connections to congress chromosomes and silence the spindle assembly checkpoint. Kinetochore-microtubule attachments are highly regulated to ensure that incorrect attachments are not prematurely stabilized, but instead released and corrected. The kinase activity of the centromeric protein Aurora B is required for kinetochore-microtubule destabilization during mitosis, but how the kinase acts on outer kinetochore substrates to selectively destabilize immature and erroneous attachments remains debated. Here, we review recent literature that sheds light on how Aurora B kinase is recruited to both centromeres and kinetochores and discuss possible mechanisms for how kinase interactions with substrates at distinct regions of mitotic chromosomes are regulated.
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24
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Geraghty Z, Barnard C, Uluocak P, Gruneberg U. The association of Plk1 with the astrin-kinastrin complex promotes formation and maintenance of a metaphase plate. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs251025. [PMID: 33288550 PMCID: PMC7803464 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.251025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Errors in mitotic chromosome segregation can lead to DNA damage and aneuploidy, both hallmarks of cancer. To achieve synchronous error-free segregation, mitotic chromosomes must align at the metaphase plate with stable amphitelic attachments to microtubules emanating from opposing spindle poles. The astrin-kinastrin (astrin is also known as SPAG5 and kinastrin as SKAP) complex, also containing DYNLL1 and MYCBP, is a spindle and kinetochore protein complex with important roles in bipolar spindle formation, chromosome alignment and microtubule-kinetochore attachment. However, the molecular mechanisms by which astrin-kinastrin fulfils these diverse roles are not fully understood. Here, we characterise a direct interaction between astrin and the mitotic kinase Plk1. We identify the Plk1-binding site on astrin as well as four Plk1 phosphorylation sites on astrin. Regulation of astrin by Plk1 is dispensable for bipolar spindle formation and bulk chromosome congression, but promotes stable microtubule-kinetochore attachments and metaphase plate maintenance. It is known that Plk1 activity is required for effective microtubule-kinetochore attachment formation, and we suggest that astrin phosphorylation by Plk1 contributes to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Geraghty
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Christina Barnard
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Pelin Uluocak
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Ulrike Gruneberg
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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25
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Li Z, Chen L, Chen C, Zhou Y, Hu D, Yang J, Chen Y, Zhuo W, Mao M, Zhang X, Xu L, Wang L, Zhou J. Targeting ferroptosis in breast cancer. Biomark Res 2020; 8:58. [PMID: 33292585 PMCID: PMC7643412 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-020-00230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently discovered distinct type of regulated cell death caused by the accumulation of lipid-based ROS. Metabolism and expression of specific genes affect the occurrence of ferroptosis, making it a promising therapeutic target to manage cancer. Here, we describe the current status of ferroptosis studies in breast cancer and trace the key regulators of ferroptosis back to previous studies. We also compare ferroptosis to common regulated cell death patterns and discuss the sensitivity to ferroptosis in different subtypes of breast cancer. We propose that viewing ferroptosis-related studies from a historical angle will accelerate the development of ferroptosis-based biomarkers and therapeutic strategies in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310009 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Lini Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Yulu Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Dengdi Hu
- Cixi People’s Hospital Medical and Health Group, 315300 Ningbo, Zhejiang China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Yongxia Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Wenying Zhuo
- Cixi People’s Hospital Medical and Health Group, 315300 Ningbo, Zhejiang China
| | - Misha Mao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Linbo Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Jichun Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
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26
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BUBR1 Pseudokinase Domain Promotes Kinetochore PP2A-B56 Recruitment, Spindle Checkpoint Silencing, and Chromosome Alignment. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108397. [PMID: 33207204 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance of phospho-signaling at the outer kinetochore is critical for forming accurate attachments between kinetochores and the mitotic spindle and timely exit from mitosis. A major player in determining this balance is the PP2A-B56 phosphatase, which is recruited to the kinase attachment regulatory domain (KARD) of budding uninhibited by benzimidazole 1-related 1 (BUBR1) in a phospho-dependent manner. This unleashes a rapid, switch-like phosphatase relay that reverses mitotic phosphorylation at the kinetochore, extinguishing the checkpoint and promoting anaphase. Here, we demonstrate that the C-terminal pseudokinase domain of human BUBR1 is required to promote KARD phosphorylation. Mutation or removal of the pseudokinase domain results in decreased PP2A-B56 recruitment to the outer kinetochore attenuated checkpoint silencing and errors in chromosome alignment as a result of imbalance in Aurora B activity. Our data, therefore, elucidate a function for the BUBR1 pseudokinase domain in ensuring accurate and timely exit from mitosis.
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27
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Ying Z, Yang J, Li W, Wang X, Zhu Z, Jiang W, Li C, Sha O. Astrin: A Key Player in Mitosis and Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:866. [PMID: 32984344 PMCID: PMC7484939 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrin, which is a spindle-associated protein, was found to be closely related to mitotic spindle formation and maintenance. It interacts with other spindle-related proteins to play a key role in maintaining the attachment of the kinetochore-microtubule and integrity of centrosomes and promoting the centriole duplication. In addition, Astrin was quite recently found to be abnormally highly expressed in a variety of cancers. Astrin promotes the development of cancer by participating in various molecular pathways and is considered as a potential prognostic and survival predictor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguang Ying
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zeyao Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weipeng Jiang
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunman Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ou Sha
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, China.,School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, China
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28
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Jerabkova K, Liao Y, Kleiss C, Fournane S, Durik M, Agote-Arán A, Brino L, Sedlacek R, Sumara I. Deubiquitylase UCHL3 regulates bi-orientation and segregation of chromosomes during mitosis. FASEB J 2020; 34:12751-12767. [PMID: 32738097 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000769r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Equal segregation of chromosomes during mitosis ensures euploidy of daughter cells. Defects in this process may result in an imbalance in the chromosomal composition and cellular transformation. Proteolytic and non-proteolytic ubiquitylation pathways ensure directionality and fidelity of mitotic progression but specific mitotic functions of deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) remain less studied. Here we describe the role of the DUB ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L3 (UCHL3) in the regulation of chromosome bi-orientation and segregation during mitosis. Downregulation or inhibition of UCHL3 leads to chromosome alignment defects during metaphase. Frequent segregation errors during anaphase are also observed upon inactivation of UCHL3. Mechanistically, UCHL3 interacts with and deubiquitylates Aurora B, the catalytic subunit of chromosome passenger complex (CPC), known to be critically involved in the regulation of chromosome alignment and segregation. UCHL3 does not regulate protein levels of Aurora B or the binding of Aurora B to other CPC subunits. Instead, UCHL3 promotes localization of Aurora B to kinetochores, suggesting its role in the error correction mechanism monitoring bi-orientation of chromosomes during metaphase. Thus, UCHL3 contributes to the regulation of faithful genome segregation and maintenance of euploidy in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Jerabkova
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of development and stem cells, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Strasbourg, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yongrong Liao
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of development and stem cells, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Strasbourg, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Charlotte Kleiss
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of development and stem cells, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Strasbourg, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sadek Fournane
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of development and stem cells, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Strasbourg, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Matej Durik
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of development and stem cells, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Strasbourg, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Arantxa Agote-Arán
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of development and stem cells, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Strasbourg, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Brino
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of development and stem cells, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Strasbourg, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Izabela Sumara
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of development and stem cells, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Strasbourg, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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29
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Barbosa J, Conde C, Sunkel C. RZZ-SPINDLY-DYNEIN: you got to keep 'em separated. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:1716-1726. [PMID: 32544383 PMCID: PMC7469663 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1780382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To maintain genome stability, chromosomes must be equally distributed among daughter cells at the end of mitosis. The accuracy of chromosome segregation requires sister-kinetochores to stably attach to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles. However, initial kinetochore-microtubule interactions are able to turnover so that defective attachment configurations that typically arise during early mitosis may be corrected. Growing evidence supports a role for the RZZ complex in preventing the stabilization of erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments. This inhibitory function of RZZ toward end-on attachments is relieved by DYNEIN-mediated transport of the complex as chromosomes congress and appropriate interactions with microtubules are established. However, it remains unclear how DYNEIN is antagonized to prevent premature RZZ removal. We recently described a new mechanism that sheds new light on this matter. We found that POLO kinase phosphorylates the DYNEIN adaptor SPINDLY to promote the uncoupling between RZZ and DYNEIN. Elevated POLO activity during prometaphase ensures that RZZ is retained at kinetochores to allow the dynamic turnover of kinetochore-microtubule interactions and prevent the stabilization of erroneous attachments. Here, we discuss additional interpretations to explain a model for POLO-dependent regulation of the RZZ-SPINDLY-DYNEIN module during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Barbosa
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Conde
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Claudio Sunkel
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciência Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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30
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Króliczewski J, Bartoszewska S, Dudkowska M, Janiszewska D, Biernatowska A, Crossman DK, Krzymiński K, Wysocka M, Romanowska A, Baginski M, Markuszewski M, Ochocka RJ, Collawn JF, Sikorski AF, Sikora E, Bartoszewski R. Utilizing Genome-Wide mRNA Profiling to Identify the Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Mechanism of Triazoloacridone C-1305 as Direct Microtubule Stabilization. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040864. [PMID: 32252403 PMCID: PMC7226417 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rational drug design and in vitro pharmacology profiling constitute the gold standard in drug development pipelines. Problems arise, however, because this process is often difficult due to limited information regarding the complete identification of a molecule’s biological activities. The increasing affordability of genome-wide next-generation technologies now provides an excellent opportunity to understand a compound’s diverse effects on gene regulation. Here, we used an unbiased approach in lung and colon cancer cell lines to identify the early transcriptomic signatures of C-1305 cytotoxicity that highlight the novel pathways responsible for its biological activity. Our results demonstrate that C-1305 promotes direct microtubule stabilization as a part of its mechanism of action that leads to apoptosis. Furthermore, we show that C-1305 promotes G2 cell cycle arrest by modulating gene expression. The results indicate that C-1305 is the first microtubule stabilizing agent that also is a topoisomerase II inhibitor. This study provides a novel approach and methodology for delineating the antitumor mechanisms of other putative anticancer drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Króliczewski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland; (J.K.); (R.J.O.)
| | - Sylwia Bartoszewska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Dudkowska
- Laboratory of the Molecular Bases of Ageing, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (D.J.); (E.S.)
| | - Dorota Janiszewska
- Laboratory of the Molecular Bases of Ageing, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (D.J.); (E.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Biernatowska
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw Poland;
| | - David K. Crossman
- Department of Genetics, UAB Genomics Core Facility, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
| | - Karol Krzymiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.K.); (M.W.); (A.R.)
| | - Małgorzata Wysocka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.K.); (M.W.); (A.R.)
| | - Anna Romanowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.K.); (M.W.); (A.R.)
| | - Maciej Baginski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Michal Markuszewski
- Department of Biopharmacy and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Renata J. Ochocka
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland; (J.K.); (R.J.O.)
| | - James F. Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | | | - Ewa Sikora
- Laboratory of the Molecular Bases of Ageing, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (D.J.); (E.S.)
| | - Rafal Bartoszewski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland; (J.K.); (R.J.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-349-32-14; Fax: +48-58-349-32-11
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31
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Wimbish RT, DeLuca JG. Hec1/Ndc80 Tail Domain Function at the Kinetochore-Microtubule Interface. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:43. [PMID: 32161753 PMCID: PMC7054225 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful mitotic cell division is critically dependent on the formation of correct attachments between chromosomes and spindle microtubules. Microtubule attachments are mediated by kinetochores, which are large proteinaceous structures assembled on centromeric chromatin of mitotic chromosomes. These attachments must be sufficiently stable to transduce force; however, the strength of these attachments are also tightly regulated to ensure timely, error-free progression through mitosis. The highly conserved, kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex is a core component of the kinetochore-microtubule attachment machinery in eukaryotic cells. A small, disordered region within the Hec1 subunit of the NDC80 complex – the N-terminal “tail” domain – has been actively investigated during the last decade due to its roles in generating and regulating kinetochore-microtubule attachments. In this review, we discuss the role of the NDC80 complex, and specifically the Hec1 tail domain, at the kinetochore-microtubule interface, and how recent studies provide a more unified view of Hec1 tail domain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Wimbish
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer G DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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32
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Keating L, Touati SA, Wassmann K. A PP2A-B56-Centered View on Metaphase-to-Anaphase Transition in Mouse Oocyte Meiosis I. Cells 2020; 9:E390. [PMID: 32046180 PMCID: PMC7072534 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiosis is required to reduce to haploid the diploid genome content of a cell, generating gametes-oocytes and sperm-with the correct number of chromosomes. To achieve this goal, two specialized cell divisions without intermediate S-phase are executed in a time-controlled manner. In mammalian female meiosis, these divisions are error-prone. Human oocytes have an exceptionally high error rate that further increases with age, with significant consequences for human fertility. To understand why errors in chromosome segregation occur at such high rates in oocytes, it is essential to understand the molecular players at work controlling these divisions. In this review, we look at the interplay of kinase and phosphatase activities at the transition from metaphase-to-anaphase for correct segregation of chromosomes. We focus on the activity of PP2A-B56, a key phosphatase for anaphase onset in both mitosis and meiosis. We start by introducing multiple roles PP2A-B56 occupies for progression through mitosis, before laying out whether or not the same principles may apply to the first meiotic division in oocytes, and describing the known meiosis-specific roles of PP2A-B56 and discrepancies with mitotic cell cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Keating
- Mammalian Oocyte Meiosis (MOM) UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France; (L.K.); (S.A.T.)
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandra A. Touati
- Mammalian Oocyte Meiosis (MOM) UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France; (L.K.); (S.A.T.)
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Katja Wassmann
- Mammalian Oocyte Meiosis (MOM) UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France; (L.K.); (S.A.T.)
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
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Barbosa J, Martins T, Bange T, Tao L, Conde C, Sunkel C. Polo regulates Spindly to prevent premature stabilization of kinetochore-microtubule attachments. EMBO J 2019; 39:e100789. [PMID: 31849090 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis requires sister kinetochores to bind to microtubules from opposite spindle poles. The stability of kinetochore-microtubule attachments is fine-tuned to prevent or correct erroneous attachments while preserving amphitelic interactions. Polo kinase has been implicated in both stabilizing and destabilizing kinetochore-microtubule attachments. However, the mechanism underlying Polo-destabilizing activity remains elusive. Here, resorting to an RNAi screen in Drosophila for suppressors of a constitutively active Polo mutant, we identified a strong genetic interaction between Polo and the Rod-ZW10-Zwilch (RZZ) complex, whose kinetochore accumulation has been shown to antagonize microtubule stability. We find that Polo phosphorylates Spindly and impairs its ability to bind to Zwilch. This precludes dynein-mediated removal of the RZZ from kinetochores and consequently delays the formation of stable end-on attachments. We propose that high Polo-kinase activity following mitotic entry directs the RZZ complex to minimize premature stabilization of erroneous attachments, whereas a decrease in active Polo in later mitotic stages allows the formation of stable amphitelic spindle attachments. Our findings demonstrate that Polo tightly regulates the RZZ-Spindly-dynein module during mitosis to ensure the fidelity of chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Barbosa
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Torcato Martins
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tanja Bange
- MPI für molekulare Physiologie, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Li Tao
- Department of Biology, University of Hawaii, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - Carlos Conde
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Claudio Sunkel
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS-Instituto de Ciência Biomédica de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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34
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Conti D, Gul P, Islam A, Martín-Durán JM, Pickersgill RW, Draviam VM. Kinetochores attached to microtubule-ends are stabilised by Astrin bound PP1 to ensure proper chromosome segregation. eLife 2019; 8:49325. [PMID: 31808746 PMCID: PMC6930079 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules segregate chromosomes by attaching to macromolecular kinetochores. Only microtubule-end attached kinetochores can be pulled apart; how these end-on attachments are selectively recognised and stabilised is not known. Using the kinetochore and microtubule-associated protein, Astrin, as a molecular probe, we show that end-on attachments are rapidly stabilised by spatially-restricted delivery of PP1 near the C-terminus of Ndc80, a core kinetochore-microtubule linker. PP1 is delivered by the evolutionarily conserved tail of Astrin and this promotes Astrin’s own enrichment creating a highly-responsive positive feedback, independent of biorientation. Abrogating Astrin:PP1-delivery disrupts attachment stability, which is not rescued by inhibiting Aurora-B, an attachment destabiliser, but is reversed by artificially tethering PP1 near the C-terminus of Ndc80. Constitutive Astrin:PP1-delivery disrupts chromosome congression and segregation, revealing a dynamic mechanism for stabilising attachments. Thus, Astrin-PP1 mediates a dynamic ‘lock’ that selectively and rapidly stabilises end-on attachments, independent of biorientation, and ensures proper chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duccio Conti
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Parveen Gul
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Asifa Islam
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - José M Martín-Durán
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard W Pickersgill
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Viji M Draviam
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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35
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Huis In 't Veld PJ, Volkov VA, Stender ID, Musacchio A, Dogterom M. Molecular determinants of the Ska-Ndc80 interaction and their influence on microtubule tracking and force-coupling. eLife 2019; 8:49539. [PMID: 31804178 PMCID: PMC6927755 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Errorless chromosome segregation requires load-bearing attachments of the plus ends of spindle microtubules to chromosome structures named kinetochores. How these end-on kinetochore attachments are established following initial lateral contacts with the microtubule lattice is poorly understood. Two microtubule-binding complexes, the Ndc80 and Ska complexes, are important for efficient end-on coupling and may function as a unit in this process, but precise conditions for their interaction are unknown. Here, we report that the Ska-Ndc80 interaction is phosphorylation-dependent and does not require microtubules, applied force, or several previously identified functional determinants including the Ndc80-loop and the Ndc80-tail. Both the Ndc80-tail, which we reveal to be essential for microtubule end-tracking, and Ndc80-bound Ska stabilize microtubule ends in a stalled conformation. Modulation of force-coupling efficiency demonstrates that the duration of stalled microtubule disassembly predicts whether a microtubule is stabilized and rescued by the kinetochore, likely reflecting a structural transition of the microtubule end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim J Huis In 't Veld
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Vladimir A Volkov
- Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Isabelle D Stender
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.,Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
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36
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Mankovska O, Gerashchenko G, Rozenberg E, Stakhovsky E, Kononenko O, Bondarenko Y, Kashuba V. Analysis of Aurora kinases genes expression points on their distinct roles in prostate cancer development. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj91.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Smith RJ, Cordeiro MH, Davey NE, Vallardi G, Ciliberto A, Gross F, Saurin AT. PP1 and PP2A Use Opposite Phospho-dependencies to Control Distinct Processes at the Kinetochore. Cell Rep 2019; 28:2206-2219.e8. [PMID: 31433993 PMCID: PMC6715587 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PP1 and PP2A-B56 are major serine/threonine phosphatase families that achieve specificity by colocalizing with substrates. At the kinetochore, however, both phosphatases localize to an almost identical molecular space and yet they still manage to regulate unique pathways and processes. By switching or modulating the positions of PP1/PP2A-B56 at kinetochores, we show that their unique downstream effects are not due to either the identity of the phosphatase or its precise location. Instead, these phosphatases signal differently because their kinetochore recruitment can be either inhibited (PP1) or enhanced (PP2A) by phosphorylation inputs. Mathematical modeling explains how these inverse phospho-dependencies elicit unique forms of cross-regulation and feedback, which allows otherwise indistinguishable phosphatases to produce distinct network behaviors and control different mitotic processes. Furthermore, our genome-wide analysis suggests that these major phosphatase families may have evolved to respond to phosphorylation inputs in opposite ways because many other PP1 and PP2A-B56-binding motifs are also phospho-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Smith
- Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Marilia H Cordeiro
- Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Norman E Davey
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Giulia Vallardi
- Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | | | - Fridolin Gross
- Istituto Firc di Oncologia Molecolare, IFOM, Milano, Italy
| | - Adrian T Saurin
- Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
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38
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Hart M, Zulkipli I, Shrestha RL, Dang D, Conti D, Gul P, Kujawiak I, Draviam VM. MARK2/Par1b kinase present at centrosomes and retraction fibres corrects spindle off-centring induced by actin disassembly. Open Biol 2019; 9:180263. [PMID: 31238822 PMCID: PMC6597755 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue maintenance and development requires a directed plane of cell division. While it is clear that the division plane can be determined by retraction fibres that guide spindle movements, the precise molecular components of retraction fibres that control spindle movements remain unclear. We report MARK2/Par1b kinase as a novel component of actin-rich retraction fibres. A kinase-dead mutant of MARK2 reveals MARK2's ability to monitor subcellular actin status during interphase. During mitosis, MARK2's localization at actin-rich retraction fibres, but not the rest of the cortical membrane or centrosome, is dependent on its activity, highlighting a specialized spatial regulation of MARK2. By subtly perturbing the actin cytoskeleton, we reveal MARK2's role in correcting mitotic spindle off-centring induced by actin disassembly. We propose that MARK2 provides a molecular framework to integrate cortical signals and cytoskeletal changes in mitosis and interphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Hart
- 1 School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Ihsan Zulkipli
- 2 Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | | | - David Dang
- 1 School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK.,3 Department of Informatics, King's College, London , London , UK
| | - Duccio Conti
- 1 School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Parveen Gul
- 1 School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Izabela Kujawiak
- 2 Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Viji M Draviam
- 1 School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
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39
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The binding of Borealin to microtubules underlies a tension independent kinetochore-microtubule error correction pathway. Nat Commun 2019; 10:682. [PMID: 30737408 PMCID: PMC6368601 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper chromosome segregation depends upon kinetochore phosphorylation by the Chromosome Passenger Complex (CPC). Current models suggest the activity of the CPC decreases in response to the inter-kinetochore stretch that accompanies the formation of bi-oriented microtubule attachments, however little is known about tension-independent CPC phosphoregulation. Microtubule bundles initially lie in close proximity to inner centromeres and become depleted by metaphase. Here we find these microtubules control kinetochore phosphorylation by the CPC in a tension independent manner via a microtubule-binding site on the Borealin subunit. Disruption of Borealin-microtubule interactions generates reduced phosphorylation of prometaphase kinetochores, improper kinetochore-microtubule attachments and weakened spindle checkpoint signals. Experimental and modeling evidence suggests that kinetochore phosphorylation is greatly stimulated when the CPC binds microtubules that lie near the inner centromere, even if kinetochores have high inter-kinetochore stretch. We propose the CPC senses its local environment through microtubule structures to control phosphorylation of kinetochores. How the chromosome passenger complex (CPC) phosphorylates the kinetochores that can be a micron away to control mitotic events is unknown. Here the authors find that the CPC directly binds microtubules near inner centromeres, which controls its ability to phosphorylate kinetochores independently of tension generated by kinetochore microtubule attachments.
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40
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Moura M, Conde C. Phosphatases in Mitosis: Roles and Regulation. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E55. [PMID: 30736436 PMCID: PMC6406801 DOI: 10.3390/biom9020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitosis requires extensive rearrangement of cellular architecture and of subcellular structures so that replicated chromosomes can bind correctly to spindle microtubules and segregate towards opposite poles. This process originates two new daughter nuclei with equal genetic content and relies on highly-dynamic and tightly regulated phosphorylation of numerous cell cycle proteins. A burst in protein phosphorylation orchestrated by several conserved kinases occurs as cells go into and progress through mitosis. The opposing dephosphorylation events are catalyzed by a small set of protein phosphatases, whose importance for the accuracy of mitosis is becoming increasingly appreciated. This review will focus on the established and emerging roles of mitotic phosphatases, describe their structural and biochemical properties, and discuss recent advances in understanding the regulation of phosphatase activity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Moura
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
- Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Conde
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
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41
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Zarich N, Anta B, Fernández-Medarde A, Ballester A, de Lucas MP, Cámara AB, Anta B, Oliva JL, Rojas-Cabañeros JM, Santos E. The CSN3 subunit of the COP9 signalosome interacts with the HD region of Sos1 regulating stability of this GEF protein. Oncogenesis 2019; 8:2. [PMID: 30631038 PMCID: PMC6328564 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sos1 is an universal, widely expressed Ras guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (RasGEF) in eukaryotic cells. Its N-terminal HD motif is known to be involved in allosteric regulation of Sos1 GEF activity through intramolecular interaction with the neighboring PH domain. Here, we searched for other cellular proteins also able to interact productively with the Sos1 HD domain. Using a yeast two-hybrid system, we identified the interaction between the Sos1 HD region and CSN3, the third component of the COP9 signalosome, a conserved, multi-subunit protein complex that functions in the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway to control degradation of many cellular proteins. The interaction of CSN3 with the HD of Sos1 was confirmed in vitro by GST pull-down assays using truncated mutants and reproduced in vivo by co-immunoprecipitation with the endogenous, full-length cellular Sos1 protein. In vitro kinase assays showed that PKD, a COP9 signalosome-associated-kinase, is able to phosphorylate Sos1. The intracellular levels of Sos1 protein were clearly diminished following CSN3 or PKD knockdown. A sizable fraction of the endogenous Sos1 protein was found ubiquitinated in different mammalian cell types. A significant reduction of RasGTP formation upon growth factor stimulation was also observed in CSN3-silenced as compared with control cells. Our data suggest that the interaction of Sos1 with the COP9 signalosome and PKD plays a significant role in maintenance of cellular Sos1 protein stability and homeostasis under physiological conditions and raises the possibility of considering the CSN/PKD complex as a potential target for design of novel therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Zarich
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Anta
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, IBMCC (CSIC-USAL) and CIBERONC, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Medarde
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, IBMCC (CSIC-USAL) and CIBERONC, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alicia Ballester
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pilar de Lucas
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Cámara
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Anta
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luís Oliva
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José M Rojas-Cabañeros
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eugenio Santos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, IBMCC (CSIC-USAL) and CIBERONC, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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Willems E, Dedobbeleer M, Digregorio M, Lombard A, Lumapat PN, Rogister B. The functional diversity of Aurora kinases: a comprehensive review. Cell Div 2018; 13:7. [PMID: 30250494 PMCID: PMC6146527 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-018-0040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aurora kinases are serine/threonine kinases essential for the onset and progression of mitosis. Aurora members share a similar protein structure and kinase activity, but exhibit distinct cellular and subcellular localization. AurA favors the G2/M transition by promoting centrosome maturation and mitotic spindle assembly. AurB and AurC are chromosome-passenger complex proteins, crucial for chromosome binding to kinetochores and segregation of chromosomes. Cellular distribution of AurB is ubiquitous, while AurC expression is mainly restricted to meiotically-active germ cells. In human tumors, all Aurora kinase members play oncogenic roles related to their mitotic activity and promote cancer cell survival and proliferation. Furthermore, AurA plays tumor-promoting roles unrelated to mitosis, including tumor stemness, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and invasion. In this review, we aim to understand the functional interplay of Aurora kinases in various types of human cells, including tumor cells. The understanding of the functional diversity of Aurora kinases could help to evaluate their relevance as potential therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Willems
- 1Laboratory of Nervous System Diseases and Therapy, GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate, 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Matthias Dedobbeleer
- 1Laboratory of Nervous System Diseases and Therapy, GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate, 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Marina Digregorio
- 1Laboratory of Nervous System Diseases and Therapy, GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate, 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Lombard
- 1Laboratory of Nervous System Diseases and Therapy, GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate, 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium.,2Department of Neurosurgery, CHU of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Paul Noel Lumapat
- 1Laboratory of Nervous System Diseases and Therapy, GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate, 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium.,3Department of Neurology, CHU of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Rogister
- 1Laboratory of Nervous System Diseases and Therapy, GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate, 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium.,3Department of Neurology, CHU of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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43
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Liu H, Hu J, Wei R, Zhou L, Pan H, Zhu H, Huang M, Luo J, Xu W. SPAG5 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by downregulating SCARA5 through modifying β-catenin degradation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:229. [PMID: 30249289 PMCID: PMC6154423 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0891-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sperm-associated antigen 5 (SPAG5) plays a key role in controlling various cellular phenomena, including cell cycle progression and proliferation. However, the role of SPAG5 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown. METHODS This study investigated the function and clinical significance of SPAG5 protein expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. We analyzed SPAG5 expression in surgical specimens from 136 HCC patients. The correlation between the clinical characteristics and prognosis was also determined. Furthermore, the SPAG5 was overexpressed in HCC cell and silenced with shRNA in HCC cells. Moreover, cell proliferation and apoptosis were measured using Edu assay and flow cytometry and a molecular mechanism of SPAG5 promotes HCC progression was explored. RESULTS Herein, our study showed that upregulation of SPAG5 was detected frequently in primary HCC tissues, and was associated with significantly worse survival among the HCC patients. Multivariate analyses revealed that high SPAG5 expression was an independent predictive marker for the poor prognosis of HCC. SPAG5 silence effectively abolished the proliferation abilities of SPAG5 in vivo and in vitro, while induced apoptosis in HCC cells. Furthermore, our results indicate that SPAG5 promoted cell progression by decreasing SCARA5 expression, which has been reported to control the progression of HCC, and our data demonstrated that SCARA5 is crucial for SPAG5-mediated HCC cell progression in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we found that the expression of SPAG5 and SCARA5 are inversely correlated in HCC tissues. In addition, we demonstrated that SPAG5 promoted progression in HCC via downregulating SCARA5 depended on the β-catenin/TCF4 signaling pathway. Interestingly, the underlying mechanism is which SPAG5 regulates SCARA5 expression by modulating β-catenin degradation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data provide a novel evidence for the biological and clinical significance of SPAG5 as a potential biomarker, and we demonstrate that SPAG5-β-catenin-SCARA5 might be a novel pathway involved in HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Min De Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Junwen Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Guanxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of General Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ran Wei
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Longfei Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Min De Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hua Pan
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Min De Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hongchao Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Min De Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Mingwen Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Min De Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Min De Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Min De Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China.
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Monda JK, Cheeseman IM. The kinetochore-microtubule interface at a glance. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/16/jcs214577. [PMID: 30115751 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.214577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation critically depends on the formation of attachments between microtubule polymers and each sister chromatid. The kinetochore is the macromolecular complex that assembles at the centromere of each chromosome during mitosis and serves as the link between the DNA and the microtubules. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we discuss the activities and molecular players that are involved in generating kinetochore-microtubule attachments, including the initial stages of lateral kinetochore-microtubule interactions and maturation to stabilized end-on attachments. We additionally explore the features that contribute to the ability of the kinetochore to track with dynamic microtubules. Finally, we examine the contributions of microtubule-associated proteins to the organization and stabilization of the mitotic spindle and the control of microtubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Monda
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Iain M Cheeseman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA .,Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Saurin AT. Kinase and Phosphatase Cross-Talk at the Kinetochore. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:62. [PMID: 29971233 PMCID: PMC6018199 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple kinases and phosphatases act on the kinetochore to control chromosome segregation: Aurora B, Mps1, Bub1, Plk1, Cdk1, PP1, and PP2A-B56, have all been shown to regulate both kinetochore-microtubule attachments and the spindle assembly checkpoint. Given that so many kinases and phosphatases converge onto two key mitotic processes, it is perhaps not surprising to learn that they are, quite literally, entangled in cross-talk. Inhibition of any one of these enzymes produces secondary effects on all the others, which results in a complicated picture that is very difficult to interpret. This review aims to clarify this picture by first collating the direct effects of each enzyme into one overarching schematic of regulation at the Knl1/Mis12/Ndc80 (KMN) network (a major signaling hub at the outer kinetochore). This schematic will then be used to discuss the implications of the cross-talk that connects these enzymes; both in terms of why it may be needed to produce the right type of kinetochore signals and why it nevertheless complicates our interpretations about which enzymes control what processes. Finally, some general experimental approaches will be discussed that could help to characterize kinetochore signaling by dissociating the direct from indirect effect of kinase or phosphatase inhibition in vivo. Together, this review should provide a framework to help understand how a network of kinases and phosphatases cooperate to regulate two key mitotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian T. Saurin
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Yu J, Zhou J, Xu F, Bai W, Zhang W. High expression of Aurora-B is correlated with poor prognosis and drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 33:215-221. [PMID: 29707994 DOI: 10.1177/1724600817753098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Aurora kinase B (Aurora-B) is a crucial regulator of accurate mitosis. Abnormal Aurora-B expression is associated with aneuploidy and has been implicated in the pathogenesis and drug resistance in a variety of human cancers. However, little evidence is available regarding the role of Aurora-B in regulating drug response in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is the most common type of lung cancer, and is characterized with poor prognosis and high mortality. Method: In the current study, we investigated the association of Aurora-B with the prognosis of NSCLC patients, and we also used the latest CRISPR/Cas9 system to explore the regulatory role of Aurora-B in NSCLC cells developing resistance to cisplatin (CDDP) and paclitaxel. Results: We found that Aurora-B was correlated with significantly reduced overall survival and disease-free survival in NSCLC patients. Aurora-B overexpression was also observed in NSCLC cells developing impaired response to both CDDP and paclitaxel. Moreover, we found, for the first time, that Aurora-B may impair NSCLC drug response by disturbing cell proliferation and inhibiting p53-related DNA damage response and apoptotic pathway, while the knockout of Aurora-B resensitized NSCLC cells to chemo drugs by ensuring correct chromosome segregation and restoring p53 expression. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated the association of Aurora-B with chemoresistance in NSCLC, which may finally contribute to the poor prognosis of NSCLC patients. We also suggested Aurora-B as a promising therapeutic target in NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- JingJing Yu
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi - P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi - P.R. China
| | - Fei Xu
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi - P.R. China
| | - Wei Bai
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi - P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi - P.R. China
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Itoh G, Ikeda M, Iemura K, Amin MA, Kuriyama S, Tanaka M, Mizuno N, Osakada H, Haraguchi T, Tanaka K. Lateral attachment of kinetochores to microtubules is enriched in prometaphase rosette and facilitates chromosome alignment and bi-orientation establishment. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3888. [PMID: 29497093 PMCID: PMC5832872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation is ensured by the establishment of bi-orientation; the attachment of sister kinetochores to the end of microtubules extending from opposite spindle poles. In addition, kinetochores can also attach to lateral surfaces of microtubules; called lateral attachment, which plays a role in chromosome capture and transport. However, molecular basis and biological significance of lateral attachment are not fully understood. We have addressed these questions by focusing on the prometaphase rosette, a typical chromosome configuration in early prometaphase. We found that kinetochores form uniform lateral attachments in the prometaphase rosette. Many transient kinetochore components are maximally enriched, in an Aurora B activity-dependent manner, when the prometaphase rosette is formed. We revealed that rosette formation is driven by rapid poleward motion of dynein, but can occur even in its absence, through slow kinetochore movements caused by microtubule depolymerization that is supposedly dependent on kinetochore tethering at microtubule ends by CENP-E. We also found that chromosome connection to microtubules is extensively lost when lateral attachment is perturbed in cells defective in end-on attachment. Our findings demonstrate that lateral attachment is an important intermediate in bi-orientation establishment and chromosome alignment, playing a crucial role in incorporating chromosomes into the nascent spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Itoh
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Masanori Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kenji Iemura
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mohammed Abdullahel Amin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sei Kuriyama
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Natsuki Mizuno
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroko Osakada
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Kobe, 651-2492, Japan
| | - Tokuko Haraguchi
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Kobe, 651-2492, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kozo Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
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Tension-Induced Error Correction and Not Kinetochore Attachment Status Activates the SAC in an Aurora-B/C-Dependent Manner in Oocytes. Curr Biol 2017; 28:130-139.e3. [PMID: 29276128 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell division with partitioning of the genetic material should take place only when paired chromosomes named bivalents (meiosis I) or sister chromatids (mitosis and meiosis II) are correctly attached to the bipolar spindle in a tension-generating manner. For this to happen, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) checks whether unattached kinetochores are present, in which case anaphase onset is delayed to permit further establishment of attachments. Additionally, microtubules are stabilized when they are attached and under tension. In mitosis, attachments not under tension activate the so-named error correction pathway depending on Aurora B kinase substrate phosphorylation. This leads to microtubule detachments, which in turn activates the SAC [1-3]. Meiotic divisions in mammalian oocytes are highly error prone, with severe consequences for fertility and health of the offspring [4, 5]. Correct attachment of chromosomes in meiosis I leads to the generation of stretched bivalents, but-unlike mitosis-not to tension between sister kinetochores, which co-orient. Here, we set out to address whether reduction of tension applied by the spindle on bioriented bivalents activates error correction and, as a consequence, the SAC. Treatment of oocytes in late prometaphase I with Eg5 kinesin inhibitor affects spindle tension, but not attachments, as we show here using an optimized protocol for confocal imaging. After Eg5 inhibition, bivalents are correctly aligned but less stretched, and as a result, Aurora-B/C-dependent error correction with microtubule detachment takes place. This loss of attachments leads to SAC activation. Crucially, SAC activation itself does not require Aurora B/C kinase activity in oocytes.
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Marston AL, Wassmann K. Multiple Duties for Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Kinases in Meiosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:109. [PMID: 29322045 PMCID: PMC5733479 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division in mitosis and meiosis is governed by evolutionary highly conserved protein kinases and phosphatases, controlling the timely execution of key events such as nuclear envelope breakdown, spindle assembly, chromosome attachment to the spindle and chromosome segregation, and cell cycle exit. In mitosis, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) controls the proper attachment to and alignment of chromosomes on the spindle. The SAC detects errors and induces a cell cycle arrest in metaphase, preventing chromatid separation. Once all chromosomes are properly attached, the SAC-dependent arrest is relieved and chromatids separate evenly into daughter cells. The signaling cascade leading to checkpoint arrest depends on several protein kinases that are conserved from yeast to man. In meiosis, haploid cells containing new genetic combinations are generated from a diploid cell through two specialized cell divisions. Though apparently less robust, SAC control also exists in meiosis. Recently, it has emerged that SAC kinases have additional roles in executing accurate chromosome segregation during the meiotic divisions. Here, we summarize the main differences between mitotic and meiotic cell divisions, and explain why meiotic divisions pose special challenges for correct chromosome segregation. The less-known meiotic roles of the SAC kinases are described, with a focus on two model systems: yeast and mouse oocytes. The meiotic roles of the canonical checkpoint kinases Bub1, Mps1, the pseudokinase BubR1 (Mad3), and Aurora B and C (Ipl1) will be discussed. Insights into the molecular signaling pathways that bring about the special chromosome segregation pattern during meiosis will help us understand why human oocytes are so frequently aneuploid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele L Marston
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Wassmann
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, UMR7622, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Paris, France
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