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Cheng J, Liu WQ, Zhu X, Zhang Q. Functional Diversity of HemN-like Proteins. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2022; 2:109-119. [PMID: 37101745 PMCID: PMC10114718 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.1c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
HemN is a radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzyme that catalyzes the anaerobic oxidative decarboxylation of coproporphyrinogen III to produce protoporphyrinogen IX, a key intermediate in heme biosynthesis. Proteins homologous to HemN (HemN-like proteins) are widespread in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Although these proteins are in most cases annotated as anaerobic coproporphyrinogen III oxidases (CPOs) in the public database, many of them are actually not CPOs but have diverse functions such as methyltransferases, cyclopropanases, heme chaperones, to name a few. This Perspective discusses the recent advances in the understanding of HemN-like proteins, and particular focus is placed on the diverse chemistries and functions of this growing protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinduo Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wan-Qiu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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2
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Yin Y, Ji X, Zhang Q. The Promiscuous Activity of the Radical
SAM
Enzyme
NosL
toward Two Unnatural Substrates. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yin
- Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xinjian Ji
- Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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3
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Majer HM, Ehrlich RL, Ahmed A, Earl JP, Ehrlich GD, Beld J. Whole genome sequencing of Streptomyces actuosus ISP-5337, Streptomyces sioyaensis B-5408, and Actinospica acidiphila B-2296 reveals secondary metabolomes with antibiotic potential. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 29:e00596. [PMID: 33643857 PMCID: PMC7893419 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing of Actinomycetes reveals metabolic potential. High quality genomes are necessary for mining of biosynthetic gene clusters. Characterization of thiopeptides by high resolution mass spectrometry. Thiopeptides are potent antibacterials against Staphylococcus aureus.
Streptomycetes are bacteria of biotechnological importance since they are avid producers of secondary metabolites, including antibiotics. Progress in genome mining has recently shown that Streptomyces species encode for many biosynthetic gene clusters which are mostly unexplored. Here, we selected three Actinomycetes species for whole genome sequencing that are known to produce potent thiopeptide antibiotics. Streptomyces actuosus biosynthesizes nosiheptide, Streptomyces sioyaensis produces siomycin, and Actinospica acidiphila is a member of the Actinomycete subfamily. Bioinformatic analyses demonstrated diverse secondary metabolomes with multiple antibiotic-encoding gene clusters. Detailed mass spectrometry analysis of metabolite extracts verified the active expression of nosiheptide and siomycin from S. actuosus and S. sioyaensis while fractionation of the bacterial extracts and subsequent challenge against Staphylococcus aureus demonstrated potent antibiotic activity of fractions containing these compounds. Whole genome sequencing of these species facilitates future bioengineering efforts for thiopeptides and characterization of relevant secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley M Majer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15 St, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Rachel L Ehrlich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15 St, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Azad Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15 St, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Joshua P Earl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15 St, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Garth D Ehrlich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15 St, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Joris Beld
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15 St, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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4
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Montalbán-López M, Scott TA, Ramesh S, Rahman IR, van Heel AJ, Viel JH, Bandarian V, Dittmann E, Genilloud O, Goto Y, Grande Burgos MJ, Hill C, Kim S, Koehnke J, Latham JA, Link AJ, Martínez B, Nair SK, Nicolet Y, Rebuffat S, Sahl HG, Sareen D, Schmidt EW, Schmitt L, Severinov K, Süssmuth RD, Truman AW, Wang H, Weng JK, van Wezel GP, Zhang Q, Zhong J, Piel J, Mitchell DA, Kuipers OP, van der Donk WA. New developments in RiPP discovery, enzymology and engineering. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:130-239. [PMID: 32935693 PMCID: PMC7864896 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00027b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to June 2020Ribosomally-synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a large group of natural products. A community-driven review in 2013 described the emerging commonalities in the biosynthesis of RiPPs and the opportunities they offered for bioengineering and genome mining. Since then, the field has seen tremendous advances in understanding of the mechanisms by which nature assembles these compounds, in engineering their biosynthetic machinery for a wide range of applications, and in the discovery of entirely new RiPP families using bioinformatic tools developed specifically for this compound class. The First International Conference on RiPPs was held in 2019, and the meeting participants assembled the current review describing new developments since 2013. The review discusses the new classes of RiPPs that have been discovered, the advances in our understanding of the installation of both primary and secondary post-translational modifications, and the mechanisms by which the enzymes recognize the leader peptides in their substrates. In addition, genome mining tools used for RiPP discovery are discussed as well as various strategies for RiPP engineering. An outlook section presents directions for future research.
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5
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Vinogradov AA, Suga H. Introduction to Thiopeptides: Biological Activity, Biosynthesis, and Strategies for Functional Reprogramming. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:1032-1051. [PMID: 32698017 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thiopeptides (also known as thiazolyl peptides) are structurally complex natural products with rich biological activities. Known for over 70 years for potent killing of Gram-positive bacteria, thiopeptides are experiencing a resurgence of interest in the last decade, primarily brought about by the genomic revolution of the 21st century. Every area of thiopeptide research-from elucidating their biological function and biosynthesis to expanding their structural diversity through genome mining-has made great strides in recent years. These advances lay the foundation for and inspire novel strategies for thiopeptide engineering. Accordingly, a number of diverse approaches are being actively pursued in the hope of developing the next generation of natural-product-inspired therapeutics. Here, we review the contemporary understanding of thiopeptide biological activities, biosynthetic pathways, and approaches to structural and functional reprogramming, with a special focus on the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Vinogradov
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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6
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Minimal lactazole scaffold for in vitro thiopeptide bioengineering. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2272. [PMID: 32385237 PMCID: PMC7210931 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactazole A is a cryptic thiopeptide from Streptomyces lactacystinaeus, encoded by a compact 9.8 kb biosynthetic gene cluster. Here, we establish a platform for in vitro biosynthesis of lactazole A, referred to as the FIT-Laz system, via a combination of the flexible in vitro translation (FIT) system with recombinantly produced lactazole biosynthetic enzymes. Systematic dissection of lactazole biosynthesis reveals remarkable substrate tolerance of the biosynthetic enzymes and leads to the development of the minimal lactazole scaffold, a construct requiring only 6 post-translational modifications for macrocyclization. Efficient assembly of such minimal thiopeptides with FIT-Laz opens access to diverse lactazole analogs with 10 consecutive mutations, 14- to 62-membered macrocycles, and 18 amino acid-long tail regions, as well as to hybrid thiopeptides containing non-proteinogenic amino acids. This work suggests that the minimal lactazole scaffold is amenable to extensive bioengineering and opens possibilities to explore untapped chemical space of thiopeptides. Lactazole A is a thiopeptide from Streptomyces lactacystinaeus, encoded by a compact 9.8 kb biosynthetic gene cluster. Here, the authors show a platform for in vitro biosynthesis of lactazole A via a combination of a flexible in vitro translation system with recombinantly produced lactazole biosynthetic enzymes.
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7
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Adenosylation reactions catalyzed by the radical S-adenosylmethionine superfamily enzymes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 55:86-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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8
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Abstract
Bacterial natural products display astounding structural diversity, which, in turn, endows them with a remarkable range of biological activities that are of significant value to modern society. Such structural features are generated by biosynthetic enzymes that construct core scaffolds or perform peripheral modifications, and can thus define natural product families, introduce pharmacophores and permit metabolic diversification. Modern genomics approaches have greatly enhanced our ability to access and characterize natural product pathways via sequence-similarity-based bioinformatics discovery strategies. However, many biosynthetic enzymes catalyse exceptional, unprecedented transformations that continue to defy functional prediction and remain hidden from us in bacterial (meta)genomic sequence data. In this Review, we highlight exciting examples of unusual enzymology that have been uncovered recently in the context of natural product biosynthesis. These suggest that much of the natural product diversity, including entire substance classes, awaits discovery. New approaches to lift the veil on the cryptic chemistries of the natural product universe are also discussed.
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9
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Wang B, LaMattina JW, Marshall SL, Booker SJ. Capturing Intermediates in the Reaction Catalyzed by NosN, a Class C Radical S-Adenosylmethionine Methylase Involved in the Biosynthesis of the Nosiheptide Side-Ring System. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5788-5797. [PMID: 30865439 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nosiheptide is a ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified thiopeptide natural product that possesses antibacterial, anticancer, and immunosuppressive properties. It contains a bicyclic structure composed of a large macrocycle and a unique side-ring system containing a 3,4-dimethylindolic acid bridge connected to the side chains of Glu6 and Cys8 of the core peptide via ester and thioester linkages, respectively. In addition to the structural peptide, encoded by the nosM gene, the biosynthesis of the side-ring structure requires the actions of NosI, -J, -K, -L, and -N. NosN is annotated as a class C radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) methylase, but its true function is to transfer a C1 unit from SAM to C4 of 3-methyl-2-indolic acid (MIA) with concomitant formation of a bond between the carboxylate of Glu6 of the core peptide and the nascent C1 unit. However, exactly when NosN performs its function during the biosynthesis of nosiheptide is unknown. Herein, we report the syntheses and use of three peptide mimics as potential substrates designed to address the timing of NosN's function. Our results show that NosN clearly closes the side ring before NosO forms the pyridine ring and most likely before NosD/E catalyzes formation of the dehydrated amino acids, although the possibility of a more random process (i.e., NosN acting after NosD/E) cannot be ruled out. Using a substrate mimic containing a rigid structure, we also identify and characterize two reaction-based adducts containing SAM fused to C4 of MIA. The two SAM adducts are derived from a consensus radical-containing species proposed to be the key intermediate-or a derivative of the key intermediate-in our proposed catalytic mechanism of NosN.
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10
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Qiu Y, Du Y, Wang S, Zhou S, Guo Y, Liu W. Radical S-Adenosylmethionine Protein NosN Forms the Side Ring System of Nosiheptide by Functionalizing the Polythiazolyl Peptide S-Conjugated Indolic Moiety. Org Lett 2019; 21:1502-1505. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shoufeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shuaixiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yinlong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, 1366 Hongfeng Road, Huzhou 313000, China
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11
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Abstract
Although considerable knowledge of the biosynthetic machinery of thiopeptide antibiotics has been accumulated, the regulation of their production remains unclear. In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Li et al. (2018) have now characterized a key transcription factor and suggest its feedback regulation by biosynthesis intermediates and the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Roessler
- Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Humboldtstr. 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Arndt
- Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Humboldtstr. 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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12
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Wang B, LaMattina JW, Badding ED, Gadsby LK, Grove TL, Booker SJ. Using Peptide Mimics to Study the Biosynthesis of the Side-Ring System of Nosiheptide. Methods Enzymol 2018; 606:241-268. [PMID: 30097095 PMCID: PMC6501191 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Thiopeptide natural products have gained interest recently for their diverse pharmacological properties, including antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and antimalarial activities. Due to their inherent poor solubility and uptake, there is interest in developing new thiopeptides that mimic these unique structures, but which exhibit better pharmacokinetic properties. One strategy is to exploit the biosynthetic pathways using a chemoenzymatic approach to make analogs. However, a complete understanding of thiopeptide biosynthesis is not available, especially for those molecules that contain a large number of modifications to the thiopeptide core. This gap in knowledge and the lack of a facile method for generating a variety of thiopeptide intermediates makes studying particular enzymatic steps difficult. We developed a method to produce thiopeptide mimics based on established synthetic procedures to study the reaction catalyzed by NosN, the class C radical S-adenosylmethionine methylase involved in carbon transfer to C4 of 3-methylindolic acid and completion of the side-ring system in nosiheptide. Herein, we detail strategies for overproducing and isolating NosN, as well as procedures for synthesizing substrate mimics to study the formation of the side-ring system of nosiheptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Joseph W LaMattina
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Edward D Badding
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Lauren K Gadsby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Tyler L Grove
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Squire J Booker
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
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13
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Ji X, Mandalapu D, Cheng J, Ding W, Zhang Q. Expanding the Chemistry of the Class C Radical SAM Methyltransferase NosN by Using an Allyl Analogue of SAM. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Ji
- Department of ChemistryFudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | | | - Jinduo Cheng
- Department of ChemistryFudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Wei Ding
- Department of ChemistryFudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of ChemistryFudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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14
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Ji X, Mandalapu D, Cheng J, Ding W, Zhang Q. Expanding the Chemistry of the Class C Radical SAM Methyltransferase NosN by Using an Allyl Analogue of SAM. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6601-6604. [PMID: 29603551 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) superfamily enzymes cleave SAM reductively to generate a highly reactive 5'-deoxyadenosyl (dAdo) radical, which initiates remarkably diverse reactions. Unlike most radical SAM enzymes, the class C radical SAM methyltransferase NosN binds two SAMs in the active site, using one SAM to produce a dAdo radical and the second as a methyl donor. Here, we report a mechanistic investigation of NosN in which an allyl analogue of SAM (allyl-SAM) was used. We show that NosN cleaves allyl-SAM efficiently and the resulting dAdo radical can be captured by the olefin moieties of allyl-SAM or 5'-allylthioadenosine (ATA), the latter being a derivative of allyl-SAM. Remarkably, we found that NosN produced two distinct sets of products in the presence and absence of the methyl acceptor substrate, thus suggesting substrate-triggered production of ATA from allyl-SAM. We also show that NosN produces S-adenosylhomocysteine from 5'-thioadenosine and homoserine lactone. These results support the idea that 5'-methylthioadenosine is the direct methyl donor in NosN reactions, and demonstrate great potential to modulate radical SAM enzymes for novel catalytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | | | - Jinduo Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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15
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Qiu Y, Du Y, Zhang F, Liao R, Zhou S, Peng C, Guo Y, Liu W. Thiolation Protein-Based Transfer of Indolyl to a Ribosomally Synthesized Polythiazolyl Peptide Intermediate during the Biosynthesis of the Side-Ring System of Nosiheptide. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:18186-18189. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b11367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rijing Liao
- Xuhui
Central Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | | | - Chao Peng
- National
Center for Protein Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai 201210, China
| | | | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, 1366 Hongfeng Road, Huzhou 313000, China
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16
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LaMattina JW, Wang B, Badding ED, Gadsby LK, Grove TL, Booker SJ. NosN, a Radical S-Adenosylmethionine Methylase, Catalyzes Both C1 Transfer and Formation of the Ester Linkage of the Side-Ring System during the Biosynthesis of Nosiheptide. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17438-17445. [PMID: 29039940 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nosiheptide, a member of the e series of macrocyclic thiopeptide natural products, contains a side-ring system composed of a 3,4-dimethylindolic acid (DMIA) moiety connected to Glu6 and Cys8 of the thiopeptide backbone via ester and thioester linkages, respectively. Herein, we show that NosN, a predicted class C radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) methylase, catalyzes both the transfer of a C1 unit from SAM to 3-methylindolic acid linked to Cys8 of a synthetic substrate surrogate as well as the formation of the ester linkage between Glu6 and the nascent C4 methylene moiety of DMIA. In contrast to previous studies that indicated that 5'-methylthioadenosine is the immediate methyl donor in the reaction, in our studies, SAM itself plays this role, giving rise to S-adenosylhomocysteine as a coproduct of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W LaMattina
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the §Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Bo Wang
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the §Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Edward D Badding
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the §Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Lauren K Gadsby
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the §Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tyler L Grove
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the §Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Squire J Booker
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the §Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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