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Chen L, Wu B, Lu L, Wang K, Lu Y, Zhu S, Ma XS. Observation of quantum nonlocality in Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger entanglement on a silicon chip. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:14904-14913. [PMID: 38859154 DOI: 10.1364/oe.515070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Nonlocality is the defining feature of quantum entanglement. Entangled states with multiple particles are of crucial importance in fundamental tests of quantum physics as well as in many quantum information tasks. One of the archetypal multipartite quantum states, Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state, allows one to observe the striking conflict of quantum physics to local realism in the so-called all-versus-nothing way. This is profoundly different from Bell's theorem for two particles, which relies on statistical predictions. Here, we demonstrate an integrated photonic chip capable of generating and manipulating the four-photon GHZ state. We perform a complete characterization of the four-photon GHZ state using quantum state tomography and obtain a state fidelity of 0.729±0.006. We further use the all-versus-nothing test and the Mermin inequalities to witness the quantum nonlocality of GHZ entanglement. Our work paves the way to perform fundamental tests of quantum physics with complex integrated quantum devices.
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2
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Wu D, Wang H, Wang F, Wu G, Zhu X, Cai Y. Breaking the symmetric spiral spectrum distribution of a Laguerre-Gaussian beam propagating in moderate-to-strong isotropic atmospheric turbulence. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:1701-1714. [PMID: 38297716 DOI: 10.1364/oe.508140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the spiral spectrum (also known as orbital angular momentum spectrum) of a Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) beam with topological charge (TC) l is asymmetrically broadened propagating through moderate-to-strong atmospheric turbulence, even the statistics of turbulence is isotropic. This phenomenon is quite different from that predicted in weak turbulence where the spiral spectrum of a disturbed LG beam is symmetric with respect to its TC number l. An explicit analytical expression of the spiral spectrum of the LG beam with l = 1 is derived based on the extend Huygens-Fresnel integral and quadratic approximation, which is used to illustrate the transition scenarios of the spiral spectrum from symmetry to asymmetry in weak-to-strong turbulence. The physical mechanism for the asymmetric spiral spectrum in moderate-to-strong turbulence is thoroughly discussed. Our results are confirmed by the multi-phase screen numerical simulations and are consistent with the experimental results reported in Phys. Rev. A105, 053513 (2022)10.1103/PhysRevA.105.053513 and Opt. Lett.38, 4062 (2013)10.1364/OL.38.004062.
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3
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Sephton B, Vallés A, Nape I, Cox MA, Steinlechner F, Konrad T, Torres JP, Roux FS, Forbes A. Quantum transport of high-dimensional spatial information with a nonlinear detector. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8243. [PMID: 38092724 PMCID: PMC10719278 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43949-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Information exchange between two distant parties, where information is shared without physically transporting it, is a crucial resource in future quantum networks. Doing so with high-dimensional states offers the promise of higher information capacity and improved resilience to noise, but progress to date has been limited. Here we demonstrate how a nonlinear parametric process allows for arbitrary high-dimensional state projections in the spatial degree of freedom, where a strong coherent field enhances the probability of the process. This allows us to experimentally realise quantum transport of high-dimensional spatial information facilitated by a quantum channel with a single entangled pair and a nonlinear spatial mode detector. Using sum frequency generation we upconvert one of the photons from an entangled pair resulting in high-dimensional spatial information transported to the other. We realise a d = 15 quantum channel for arbitrary photonic spatial modes which we demonstrate by faithfully transferring information encoded into orbital angular momentum, Hermite-Gaussian and arbitrary spatial mode superpositions, without requiring knowledge of the state to be sent. Our demonstration merges the nascent fields of nonlinear control of structured light with quantum processes, offering a new approach to harnessing high-dimensional quantum states, and may be extended to other degrees of freedom too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bereneice Sephton
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, South Africa
| | - Adam Vallés
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, South Africa.
- Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Isaac Nape
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, South Africa
| | - Mitchell A Cox
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fabian Steinlechner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Abbe Center of Photonics, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Konrad
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- National Institute of Theoretical and Computational Sciences (NITheCS), KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Juan P Torres
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Filippus S Roux
- National Metrology Institute of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andrew Forbes
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, South Africa.
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4
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Hu Q, Wang X, Zhang R, Ren Y, Liu S, Jing J. Enhancing and flattening multiplexed quantum entanglement by utilizing perfect vortex modes. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:1782-1785. [PMID: 37221765 DOI: 10.1364/ol.482249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate a method for enhancing and flattening multiplexed entanglement in the four-wave mixing (FWM) process, which is implemented by replacing Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes with perfect vortex (PV) modes. For the topological charge l ranging from -5 to 5, the entanglement degrees of orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexed entanglement with PV modes are all larger than those of OAM multiplexed entanglement with LG modes. More importantly, for OAM multiplexed entanglement with PV modes, the degree of entanglement almost does not change with the topology value. In other words, we experimentally flatten the OAM multiplexed entanglement, which cannot be achieved in OAM multiplexed entanglement with LG modes based on the FWM process. In addition, we experimentally measure the entanglement with coherent superposition OAM modes. Our scheme provides a new, to the best of our knowledge, platform to construct an OAM multiplexed system and may find potential applications in realizing the parallel quantum information protocols.
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Zhu D, Li C, Sun X, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Gao H. The Effect of Air Turbulence on Vortex Beams in Nonlinear Propagation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1772. [PMID: 36850370 PMCID: PMC9964510 DOI: 10.3390/s23041772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Vortex beams with orthogonality can be widely used in atmospheric applications. We numerically analyzed the statistical regularities of vortex beams propagating through a lens or an axicon with different series of turbulent air phase screens. The simulative results revealed that the distortion of the transverse intensity was sensitive to the location and the structure constant of the turbulence screen. In addition, the axicon can be regarded as a very useful optical device, since it can not only suppress the turbulence but also maintain a stable beam pattern. We further confirmed that a vortex beam with a large topological charge can suppress the influence of air turbulence. Our outcomes are valuable for many applications in the atmospheric air, especially for optical communication and remote sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhu
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and Systems, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Chunhua Li
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and Systems, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and Systems, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yali Liu
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and Systems, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and Systems, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Hui Gao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
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6
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Liu ZF, Chen C, Xu JM, Cheng ZM, Ren ZC, Dong BW, Lou YC, Yang YX, Xue ST, Liu ZH, Zhu WZ, Wang XL, Wang HT. Hong-Ou-Mandel Interference between Two Hyperentangled Photons Enables Observation of Symmetric and Antisymmetric Particle Exchange Phases. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:263602. [PMID: 36608177 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.263602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference is a fundamental quantum effect with no classical counterpart. The existing research on two-photon interference was mainly limited in one degree of freedom (DOF); hence, it is still a challenge to realize quantum interference in multiple DOFs. Here, we demonstrate HOM interference between two hyperentangled photons in two DOFs of polarization and orbital angular momentum (OAM) for all 16 hyperentangled Bell states. We observe hyperentangled two-photon interference with a bunching effect for ten symmetric states (nine boson-boson states and one fermion-fermion state) and an antibunching effect for six antisymmetric states (three boson-fermion states and three fermion-boson states). More interestingly, expanding the Hilbert space by introducing an extra DOF for two photons enables one to transfer the unmeasurable external phase in the initial DOF to a measurable internal phase in the expanded two DOFs. We directly measured the symmetric exchange phases being 0.012±0.002, 0.025±0.002, and 0.027±0.002 in radian for the three boson states in OAM and the antisymmetric exchange phase being 0.991π±0.002 in radian for the other fermion state, as theoretical predictions. Our Letter may not only pave the way for more wide applications of quantum interference, but also develop new technologies by expanding Hilbert space in more DOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chao Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jia-Min Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zi-Mo Cheng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Ren
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Bo-Wen Dong
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yan-Chao Lou
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Yang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shu-Tian Xue
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wen-Zheng Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xi-Lin Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hui-Tian Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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7
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Zeng Z. General scheme for complete high-dimensional Bell state measurement. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5817-5820. [PMID: 37219111 DOI: 10.1364/ol.476425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically propose a simple and efficient scheme for the complete analysis of high-dimensional Bell states in N dimensions. The mutually orthogonal high-dimensional entangled states can be unambiguously distinguished by obtaining the parity and relative phase information of entanglement independently. Based on this approach, we present the physical realization of photonic four-dimensional Bell state measurement with the current technology. The proposed scheme will be useful for quantum information processing tasks that utilize high-dimensional entanglement.
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8
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He C, Shen Y, Forbes A. Towards higher-dimensional structured light. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:205. [PMID: 35790711 PMCID: PMC9256673 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00897-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Structured light refers to the arbitrarily tailoring of optical fields in all their degrees of freedom (DoFs), from spatial to temporal. Although orbital angular momentum (OAM) is perhaps the most topical example, and celebrating 30 years since its connection to the spatial structure of light, control over other DoFs is slowly gaining traction, promising access to higher-dimensional forms of structured light. Nevertheless, harnessing these new DoFs in quantum and classical states remains challenging, with the toolkit still in its infancy. In this perspective, we discuss methods, challenges, and opportunities for the creation, detection, and control of multiple DoFs for higher-dimensional structured light. We present a roadmap for future development trends, from fundamental research to applications, concentrating on the potential for larger-capacity, higher-security information processing and communication, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.
| | - Yijie Shen
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Andrew Forbes
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.
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9
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Yuan J, Wang X, Wang L, Xiao L, Jia S. Tunable high-order Bessel-like beam generation based on cross-phase modulation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:15978-15985. [PMID: 36221451 DOI: 10.1364/oe.457232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear atomic media are promising substitutes for spatial light modulators (SLMs) owing to the high tunability and fast response. We demonstrate the generation of high-order Bessel-like beam based on cross-phase modulation in 85Rb atoms. The atomic medium, whose refractive index is spatially modulated by the focused Gaussian pump beam, acts as a nonlinear focusing lens for the Laguerre-Gaussian probe beam. As a result, the probe beam carries the nonlinear phase shift and is converted into a Bessel-like mode in far-field diffraction. The superior self-healing ability of the generated high-order Bessel-like beam is verified by inserting an obstruction in the beam path, and its high tunability is investigated in terms of the pump beam power and vapor temperature. Furthermore, this novel beam is used in an obstruction-immune rotation sensor to measure the angular velocity. Nonlinear atomic medium as a novel SLM promises considerable application prospects in modulating the light field structure.
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10
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Merkouche S, Thiel V, Davis AOC, Smith BJ. Heralding Multiple Photonic Pulsed Bell Pairs via Frequency-Resolved Entanglement Swapping. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:063602. [PMID: 35213188 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.063602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Entanglement is a unique property of quantum systems and an essential resource for many quantum technologies. The ability to transfer or swap entanglement between systems is an important protocol in quantum information science. Entanglement swapping between photons forms the basis of distributed quantum networks. Here an experiment demonstrating entanglement swapping from two independent multimode time-frequency entangled sources is presented, resulting in multiple heralded frequency-mode Bell states. Entanglement in the heralded states is verified by measuring conditional anticorrelated joint spectra and quantum beating in two-photon interference. Our experiment heralds up to five orthogonal Bell pairs within the same setup, and this number is ultimately limited only by the entanglement of the initial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiane Merkouche
- Department of Physics and Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Valérian Thiel
- Department of Physics and Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Alex O C Davis
- Centre for Photonics and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J Smith
- Department of Physics and Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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11
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Liu S, Lou Y, Chen Y, Jing J. All-Optical Entanglement Swapping. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:060503. [PMID: 35213170 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.060503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Entanglement swapping, which is a core component of quantum network and an important platform for testing the foundation of quantum mechanics, can enable the entangling of two independent particles without direct interaction both in discrete variable and continuous variable systems. Conventionally, the realization of entanglement swapping relies on the Bell-state measurement. In particular, for entanglement swapping in continuous variable regime, such Bell-state measurement involves the optic-electro and electro-optic conversion, which limits the applications of the entanglement swapping for constructing broadband quantum network. In this Letter, we propose and demonstrate a measurement-free all-optical entanglement swapping. In our scheme, a high-gain parametric amplifier based on the four-wave mixing process is exploited to realize the function of Bell-state measurement without detection, which avoids the introduction of the optic-electro and electro-optic conversion. Our results provide an all-optical paradigm for implementing entanglement swapping and pave the way to construct a measurement-free all-optical broadband quantum network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengshuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yanbo Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yingxuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jietai Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai 201800, China
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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12
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Stepanov IV, Fatkhiev DM, Lyubopytov VS, Kutluyarov RV, Grakhova EP, Neumann N, Khonina SN, Sultanov AK. Wavelength-Tunable Vortex Beam Emitter Based on Silicon Micro-Ring with PN Depletion Diode. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22030929. [PMID: 35161673 PMCID: PMC8839632 DOI: 10.3390/s22030929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein we propose a design of a wavelength-tunable integrated vortex beam emitter based on the silicon-on-insulator platform. The emitter is implemented using a PN-depletion diode inside a microring resonator with the emitting hole grating that was used to produce a vortex beam. The resonance wavelengths can be shifted due to the refractive index change associated with the free plasma dispersion effect. Obtained numerical modeling results confirm the efficiency of the proposed approach, providing a resonance wavelength shift while maintaining the required topological charge of the emitted vortex beam. It is known that optical vortices got a lot of attention due to extensive telecommunication and biochemical applications, but also, they have revealed some beneficial use cases in sensors. Flexibility in spectral tuning demonstrated by the proposed device can significantly improve the accuracy of sensors based on fiber Bragg gratings. Moreover, we demonstrate that the proposed device can provide a displacement of the resonance by the value of the free spectral range of the ring resonator, which means the possibility to implement an ultra-fast orbital angular momentum (de)multiplexing or modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V. Stepanov
- School of Photonics Engineering and Research Advances (SPhERA), Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia; (I.V.S.); (R.V.K.); (E.P.G.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Denis M. Fatkhiev
- School of Photonics Engineering and Research Advances (SPhERA), Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia; (I.V.S.); (R.V.K.); (E.P.G.); (A.K.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Vladimir S. Lyubopytov
- School of Photonics Engineering and Research Advances (SPhERA), Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia; (I.V.S.); (R.V.K.); (E.P.G.); (A.K.S.)
- Center for Photonic Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ruslan V. Kutluyarov
- School of Photonics Engineering and Research Advances (SPhERA), Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia; (I.V.S.); (R.V.K.); (E.P.G.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Elizaveta P. Grakhova
- School of Photonics Engineering and Research Advances (SPhERA), Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia; (I.V.S.); (R.V.K.); (E.P.G.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Niels Neumann
- Chair of Radio Frequency and Photonics Engineering, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Svetlana N. Khonina
- Department of Technical Cybernetics, Samara National Research University, 443086 Samara, Russia;
- Image Processing Systems Institute Branch of the Federal Scientific Research Center “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences, 443001 Samara, Russia
| | - Albert K. Sultanov
- School of Photonics Engineering and Research Advances (SPhERA), Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia; (I.V.S.); (R.V.K.); (E.P.G.); (A.K.S.)
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13
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Nape I, Rodríguez-Fajardo V, Zhu F, Huang HC, Leach J, Forbes A. Measuring dimensionality and purity of high-dimensional entangled states. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5159. [PMID: 34453058 PMCID: PMC8397747 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High-dimensional entangled states are promising candidates for increasing the security and encoding capacity of quantum systems. While it is possible to witness and set bounds for the entanglement, precisely quantifying the dimensionality and purity in a fast and accurate manner remains an open challenge. Here, we report an approach that simultaneously returns the dimensionality and purity of high-dimensional entangled states by simple projective measurements. We show that the outcome of a conditional measurement returns a visibility that scales monotonically with state dimensionality and purity, allowing for quantitative measurements for general photonic quantum systems. We illustrate our method using two separate bases, the orbital angular momentum and pixels bases, and quantify the state dimensionality by a variety of definitions over a wide range of noise levels, highlighting its usefulness in practical situations. Importantly, the number of measurements needed in our approach scale linearly with dimensions, reducing data acquisition time significantly. Our technique provides a simple, fast and direct measurement approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Nape
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, South Africa.
| | | | - Feng Zhu
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hsiao-Chih Huang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jonathan Leach
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew Forbes
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, South Africa
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14
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Wang W, Zhang K, Jing J. Large-Scale Quantum Network over 66 Orbital Angular Momentum Optical Modes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:140501. [PMID: 33064552 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.140501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multipartite entanglement (ME) is the fundamental ingredient for building quantum networks. The scale of ME determines its quantum information carrying and processing capability. Most of the current efforts for boosting the scale of ME focus on increasing the number of entangled nodes. However, the number of channels for broadcasting ME is also an important index for characterizing its scale. In this Letter, we experimentally exploit orbital angular momentum multiplexing and the spatial pump shaping technique to simultaneously and deterministically generate 11 channels of individually accessible and mutually orthogonal continuous variable (CV) spatially separated hexapartite entangled states over 66 optical modes in a single quantum system. These results suggest that our method can greatly expand the scale of ME and provide a new perspective and platform to construct a CV quantum network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jietai Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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15
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Gao X, Erhard M, Zeilinger A, Krenn M. Computer-Inspired Concept for High-Dimensional Multipartite Quantum Gates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:050501. [PMID: 32794870 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.050501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An open question in quantum optics is how to manipulate and control complex quantum states in an experimentally feasible way. Here we present concepts for transformations of high-dimensional multiphotonic quantum systems. The proposals rely on two new ideas: (i) a novel high-dimensional quantum nondemolition measurement, (ii) the encoding and decoding of the entire quantum transformation in an ancillary state for sharing the necessary quantum information between the involved parties. Many solutions can readily be performed in laboratories around the world and thereby we identify important pathways for experimental research in the near future. The concepts have been found using the computer algorithm melvin for designing computer-inspired quantum experiments. As opposed to the field of machine learning, here the human learns new scientific concepts by interpreting and analyzing the results presented by the machine. This demonstrates that computer algorithms can inspire new ideas in science, which has a widely unexplored potential that goes far beyond experimental quantum information science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Gao
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1190, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
- National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory and Quantum Information Research Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Manuel Erhard
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1190, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Anton Zeilinger
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1190, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Mario Krenn
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1190, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
- Department of Chemistry and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
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16
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Li S, Pan X, Ren Y, Liu H, Yu S, Jing J. Deterministic Generation of Orbital-Angular-Momentum Multiplexed Tripartite Entanglement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:083605. [PMID: 32167349 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.083605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the experimental generation of orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexed multipartite entanglement with cascaded four-wave mixing processes in a continuous variable (CV) system. In particular, we implement the simultaneous generation of 9 sets of OAM multiplexed tripartite entanglement over 27 Laguerre-Gauss (LG) modes, as well as 20 sets of OAM multiplexed bipartite entanglement over 40 LG modes, which show the rich entanglement structure of the system. In addition, we also generate tripartite entanglement of three types of coherent OAM superposition modes. Such OAM multiplexed multipartite entanglement opens the avenue to construct CV parallel quantum network for realizing parallel quantum information protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiaozhou Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Huanzhang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Sheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jietai Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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17
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Liu J, Nape I, Wang Q, Vallés A, Wang J, Forbes A. Multidimensional entanglement transport through single-mode fiber. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay0837. [PMID: 32042899 PMCID: PMC6981081 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay0837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The global quantum network requires the distribution of entangled states over long distances, with substantial advances already demonstrated using polarization. While Hilbert spaces with higher dimensionality, e.g., spatial modes of light, allow higher information capacity per photon, such spatial mode entanglement transport requires custom multimode fiber and is limited by decoherence-induced mode coupling. Here, we circumvent this by transporting multidimensional entangled states down conventional single-mode fiber (SMF). By entangling the spin-orbit degrees of freedom of a biphoton pair, passing the polarization (spin) photon down the SMF while accessing multiple orbital angular momentum (orbital) subspaces with the other, we realize multidimensional entanglement transport. We show high-fidelity hybrid entanglement preservation down 250 m SMF across multiple 2 × 2 dimensions, confirmed by quantum state tomography, Bell violation measures, and a quantum eraser scheme. This work offers an alternative approach to spatial mode entanglement transport that facilitates deployment in legacy networks across conventional fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Isaac Nape
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa
| | - Qainke Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Adam Vallés
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa
| | - Jian Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Andrew Forbes
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa
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18
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Quantum mechanics with patterns of light: Progress in high dimensional and multidimensional entanglement with structured light. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1116/1.5112027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Zopf M, Keil R, Chen Y, Yang J, Chen D, Ding F, Schmidt OG. Entanglement Swapping with Semiconductor-Generated Photons Violates Bell's Inequality. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:160502. [PMID: 31702338 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.160502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transferring entangled states between photon pairs is essential in quantum communication. Semiconductor quantum dots are the leading candidate for generating polarization-entangled photons deterministically. Here we show for the first time swapping of entangled states between two pairs of photons emitted by a single dot. A joint Bell measurement heralds the successful generation of the Bell state Ψ^{+}, yielding a fidelity of 0.81±0.04 and violating the CHSH and Bell inequalities. Our photon source matches atomic quantum memory frequencies, facilitating implementation of hybrid quantum repeaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zopf
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Keil
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jingzhong Yang
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Disheng Chen
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Fei Ding
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
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20
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Pan X, Yu S, Zhou Y, Zhang K, Zhang K, Lv S, Li S, Wang W, Jing J. Orbital-Angular-Momentum Multiplexed Continuous-Variable Entanglement from Four-Wave Mixing in Hot Atomic Vapor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:070506. [PMID: 31491123 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.070506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiplexing is crucial for the data-carrying capacity of information communication systems. Orbital angular momentum (OAM) with a topological charge ℓ (ℓ integer) provides a degree of freedom to realize multiplexing. In this Letter, we report an experimental implementation of OAM multiplexed continuous variables (CV) entanglement based on a four-wave mixing (FWM) process, in which 13 pairs of entangled Laguerre-Gauss (LG) modes, LG_{ℓ,pr} and LG_{-ℓ,conj}, are simultaneously and deterministically generated, where ℓ (ℓ integer) is the topological charge corresponding to the OAM mode and pr (conj) indicates a probe (conjugate) beam. In the meanwhile, we experimentally show that there is no entanglement between the modes of LG_{ℓ,pr} and LG_{ℓ,conj} (ℓ≠0). These results clearly confirm the conservation of OAM in the FWM process from the viewpoint of a CV system. In addition, we investigate the entanglement properties of three types of coherent superposition of OAM modes. In the end, we also study the effect of the pump beam radius on the number of OAM multiplexing. Such OAM multiplexed CV entanglement provides a new perspective and platform to study CV quantum information protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Sheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yanfen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shuchao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Sijin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jietai Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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21
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Kong LJ, Liu R, Qi WR, Wang ZX, Huang SY, Wang Q, Tu C, Li Y, Wang HT. Manipulation of eight-dimensional Bell-like states. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaat9206. [PMID: 31214646 PMCID: PMC6570514 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat9206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
High-dimensional Bell-like states are necessary for increasing the channel capacity of the quantum protocol. However, their preparation and measurement are still huge challenges, especially for the latter. Here, we prepare an initial eight-dimensional Bell-like state based on hyperentanglement of spin and orbital angular momentum (OAM) of the first and the third orders. We design simple unitary operations to produce eight Bell-like states, which can be distinguished completely in theory among each other. We propose and illustrate a multiple projective measurement scheme composed of only linear optical elements and experimentally demonstrate that all the eight hyperentangled Bell-like states can be completely distinguished by our scheme. Our idea of manipulating the eight Bell-like states is beneficial to achieve the 3-bit channel capacity of quantum protocol, opening the door for extending applications of OAM states in future quantum information technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Jun Kong
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wen-Rong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhou-Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuang-Yin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chenghou Tu
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yongnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hui-Tian Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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22
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Lazarev G, Chen PJ, Strauss J, Fontaine N, Forbes A. Beyond the display: phase-only liquid crystal on Silicon devices and their applications in photonics [Invited]. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:16206-16249. [PMID: 31163804 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.016206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Existing for almost four decades, liquid crystal on Silicon (LCOS) technology is rapidly growing into photonic applications. We review the basics of the technology, from the wafer to the driving solutions, the progress over the last decade and the future outlook. Furthermore we review the most exciting industrial and scientific applications of the LCOS technology.
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23
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Quantum experiments and graphs II: Quantum interference, computation, and state generation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4147-4155. [PMID: 30770451 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815884116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an approach to describe state-of-the-art photonic quantum experiments using graph theory. There, the quantum states are given by the coherent superpositions of perfect matchings. The crucial observation is that introducing complex weights in graphs naturally leads to quantum interference. This viewpoint immediately leads to many interesting results, some of which we present here. First, we identify an experimental unexplored multiphoton interference phenomenon. Second, we find that computing the results of such experiments is #P-hard, which means it is a classically intractable problem dealing with the computation of a matrix function Permanent and its generalization Hafnian. Third, we explain how a recent no-go result applies generally to linear optical quantum experiments, thus revealing important insights into quantum state generation with current photonic technology. Fourth, we show how to describe quantum protocols such as entanglement swapping in a graphical way. The uncovered bridge between quantum experiments and graph theory offers another perspective on a widely used technology and immediately raises many follow-up questions.
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24
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Wang XL, Luo YH, Huang HL, Chen MC, Su ZE, Liu C, Chen C, Li W, Fang YQ, Jiang X, Zhang J, Li L, Liu NL, Lu CY, Pan JW. 18-Qubit Entanglement with Six Photons' Three Degrees of Freedom. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:260502. [PMID: 30004724 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.260502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Full control of multiple degrees of freedom of multiple particles represents a fundamental ability for quantum information processing. We experimentally demonstrate an 18-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger entanglement by simultaneous exploiting three different degrees of freedom of six photons, including their paths, polarization, and orbital angular momentum. We develop high-stability interferometers for reversible quantum logic operations between the photons' different degrees of freedom with precision and efficiencies close to unity, enabling simultaneous readout of 2^{18}=262 144 outcome combinations of the 18-qubit state. A state fidelity of 0.708±0.016 is measured, confirming the genuine entanglement of all 18 qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Lin Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Yi-Han Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - He-Liang Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Ming-Cheng Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Zu-En Su
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Wei Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Fang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Li Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Nai-Le Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Chao-Yang Lu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
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