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Ziatdinov MA, Liu Y, Morozovska AN, Eliseev EA, Zhang X, Takeuchi I, Kalinin SV. Hypothesis Learning in Automated Experiment: Application to Combinatorial Materials Libraries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201345. [PMID: 35279893 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning is rapidly becoming an integral part of experimental physical discovery via automated and high-throughput synthesis, and active experiments in scattering and electron/probe microscopy. This, in turn, necessitates the development of active learning methods capable of exploring relevant parameter spaces with the smallest number of steps. Here, an active learning approach based on conavigation of the hypothesis and experimental spaces is introduced. This is realized by combining the structured Gaussian processes containing probabilistic models of the possible system's behaviors (hypotheses) with reinforcement learning policy refinement (discovery). This approach closely resembles classical human-driven physical discovery, when several alternative hypotheses realized via models with adjustable parameters are tested during an experiment. This approach is demonstrated for exploring concentration-induced phase transitions in combinatorial libraries of Sm-doped BiFeO3 using piezoresponse force microscopy, but it is straightforward to extend it to higher-dimensional parameter spaces and more complex physical problems once the experimental workflow and hypothesis generation are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim A Ziatdinov
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Yongtao Liu
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Anna N Morozovska
- Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 46, pr. Nauky, Kyiv, 03028, Ukraine
| | - Eugene A Eliseev
- Institute for Problems of Materials Science, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Krjijanovskogo 3, Kyiv, 03142, Ukraine
| | - Xiaohang Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Ichiro Takeuchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Sergei V Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
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Suwardi A, Wang F, Xue K, Han MY, Teo P, Wang P, Wang S, Liu Y, Ye E, Li Z, Loh XJ. Machine Learning-Driven Biomaterials Evolution. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2102703. [PMID: 34617632 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials is an exciting and dynamic field, which uses a collection of diverse materials to achieve desired biological responses. While there is constant evolution and innovation in materials with time, biomaterials research has been hampered by the relatively long development period required. In recent years, driven by the need to accelerate materials development, the applications of machine learning in materials science has progressed in leaps and bounds. The combination of machine learning with high-throughput theoretical predictions and high-throughput experiments (HTE) has shifted the traditional Edisonian (trial and error) paradigm to a data-driven paradigm. In this review, each type of biomaterial and their key properties and use cases are systematically discussed, followed by how machine learning can be applied in the development and design process. The discussions are classified according to various types of materials used including polymers, metals, ceramics, and nanomaterials, and implants using additive manufacturing. Last, the current gaps and potential of machine learning to further aid biomaterials discovery and application are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ady Suwardi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - FuKe Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Kun Xue
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ming-Yong Han
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Peili Teo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Pei Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Shijie Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ye Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Enyi Ye
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
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Xue K, Wang F, Suwardi A, Han MY, Teo P, Wang P, Wang S, Ye E, Li Z, Loh XJ. Biomaterials by design: Harnessing data for future development. Mater Today Bio 2021; 12:100165. [PMID: 34877520 PMCID: PMC8628044 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials is an interdisciplinary field of research to achieve desired biological responses from new materials, regardless of material type. There have been many exciting innovations in this discipline, but commercialization suffers from a lengthy discovery to product pipeline, with many failures along the way. Success can be greatly accelerated by harnessing machine learning techniques to comb through large amounts of data. There are many potential benefits of moving from an unstructured empirical approach to a development strategy that is entrenched in data. Here, we discuss the recent work on the use of machine learning in the discovery and design of biomaterials, including new polymeric, metallic, ceramics, and nanomaterials, and how machine learning can interface with emerging use cases of 3D printing. We discuss the steps for closer integration of machine learning to make this exciting possibility a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Enyi Ye
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A∗STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A∗STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A∗STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
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Kalinin SV, Ziatdinov M, Hinkle J, Jesse S, Ghosh A, Kelley KP, Lupini AR, Sumpter BG, Vasudevan RK. Automated and Autonomous Experiments in Electron and Scanning Probe Microscopy. ACS NANO 2021; 15:12604-12627. [PMID: 34269558 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning and artificial intelligence (ML/AI) are rapidly becoming an indispensable part of physics research, with domain applications ranging from theory and materials prediction to high-throughput data analysis. In parallel, the recent successes in applying ML/AI methods for autonomous systems from robotics to self-driving cars to organic and inorganic synthesis are generating enthusiasm for the potential of these techniques to enable automated and autonomous experiments (AE) in imaging. Here, we aim to analyze the major pathways toward AE in imaging methods with sequential image formation mechanisms, focusing on scanning probe microscopy (SPM) and (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM). We argue that automated experiments should necessarily be discussed in a broader context of the general domain knowledge that both informs the experiment and is increased as the result of the experiment. As such, this analysis should explore the human and ML/AI roles prior to and during the experiment and consider the latencies, biases, and prior knowledge of the decision-making process. Similarly, such discussion should include the limitations of the existing imaging systems, including intrinsic latencies, non-idealities, and drifts comprising both correctable and stochastic components. We further pose that the role of the AE in microscopy is not the exclusion of human operators (as is the case for autonomous driving), but rather automation of routine operations such as microscope tuning, etc., prior to the experiment, and conversion of low latency decision making processes on the time scale spanning from image acquisition to human-level high-order experiment planning. Overall, we argue that ML/AI can dramatically alter the (S)TEM and SPM fields; however, this process is likely to be highly nontrivial and initiated by combined human-ML workflows and will bring challenges both from the microscope and ML/AI sides. At the same time, these methods will enable opportunities and paradigms for scientific discovery and nanostructure fabrication.
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Kwon O, Seol D, Qiao H, Kim Y. Recent Progress in the Nanoscale Evaluation of Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Properties via Scanning Probe Microscopy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1901391. [PMID: 32995111 PMCID: PMC7507502 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials have garnered significant interest owing to their excellent physical properties and multiple potential applications. Accordingly, the need for evaluating piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties has also increased. The piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties are evaluated macroscopically using laser interferometers and polarization-electric field loop measurements. However, as the research focus is shifted from bulk to nanosized materials, scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques have been suggested as an alternative approach for evaluating piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties. In this Progress Report, the recent progress on the nanoscale evaluation of piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties of diverse materials using SPM-based methods is summarized. Among the SPM techniques, the focus is on recent studies that are related to piezoresponse force microscopy and conductive atomic force microscopy; further, the utilization of these two modes to understand piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties at the nanoscale level is discussed. This work can provide guidelines for evaluating the piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties of materials based on SPM techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owoong Kwon
- School of Advanced Materials and Engineering & Research Center for Advanced Materials TechnologySungkyunkwan University (SKKU)Suwon16419Republic of Korea
| | - Daehee Seol
- School of Advanced Materials and Engineering & Research Center for Advanced Materials TechnologySungkyunkwan University (SKKU)Suwon16419Republic of Korea
| | - Huimin Qiao
- School of Advanced Materials and Engineering & Research Center for Advanced Materials TechnologySungkyunkwan University (SKKU)Suwon16419Republic of Korea
| | - Yunseok Kim
- School of Advanced Materials and Engineering & Research Center for Advanced Materials TechnologySungkyunkwan University (SKKU)Suwon16419Republic of Korea
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Kalinin SV, Dyck O, Balke N, Neumayer S, Tsai WY, Vasudevan R, Lingerfelt D, Ahmadi M, Ziatdinov M, McDowell MT, Strelcov E. Toward Electrochemical Studies on the Nanometer and Atomic Scales: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. ACS NANO 2019; 13:9735-9780. [PMID: 31433942 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical reactions and ionic transport underpin the operation of a broad range of devices and applications, from energy storage and conversion to information technologies, as well as biochemical processes, artificial muscles, and soft actuators. Understanding the mechanisms governing function of these applications requires probing local electrochemical phenomena on the relevant time and length scales. Here, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for extending electrochemical characterization probes to the nanometer and ultimately atomic scales, including challenges in down-scaling classical methods, the emergence of novel probes enabled by nanotechnology and based on emergent physics and chemistry of nanoscale systems, and the integration of local data into macroscopic models. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) methods based on strain detection, potential detection, and hysteretic current measurements are discussed. We further compare SPM to electron beam probes and discuss the applicability of electron beam methods to probe local electrochemical behavior on the mesoscopic and atomic levels. Similar to a SPM tip, the electron beam can be used both for observing behavior and as an active electrode to induce reactions. We briefly discuss new challenges and opportunities for conducting fundamental scientific studies, matter patterning, and atomic manipulation arising in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Ondrej Dyck
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Nina Balke
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Sabine Neumayer
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Wan-Yu Tsai
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Rama Vasudevan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - David Lingerfelt
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Mahshid Ahmadi
- Joint Institute for Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
| | - Maxim Ziatdinov
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Matthew T McDowell
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Evgheni Strelcov
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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Vasudevan RK, Choudhary K, Mehta A, Smith R, Kusne G, Tavazza F, Vlcek L, Ziatdinov M, Kalinin SV, Hattrick-Simpers J. Materials Science in the AI age: high-throughput library generation, machine learning and a pathway from correlations to the underpinning physics. MRS COMMUNICATIONS 2019; 9:10.1557/mrc.2019.95. [PMID: 32166045 PMCID: PMC7067066 DOI: 10.1557/mrc.2019.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of advanced data analytics and applications of statistical and machine learning approaches ('AI') to materials science is experiencing explosive growth recently. In this prospective, we review recent work focusing on generation and application of libraries from both experiment and theoretical tools, across length scales. The available library data both enables classical correlative machine learning, and also opens the pathway for exploration of underlying causative physical behaviors. We highlight the key advances facilitated by this approach, and illustrate how modeling, macroscopic experiments and atomic-scale imaging can be combined to dramatically accelerate understanding and development of new material systems via a statistical physics framework. These developments point towards a data driven future wherein knowledge can be aggregated and used collectively, accelerating the advancement of materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama K. Vasudevan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN 37831, USA
| | - Kamal Choudhary
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Apurva Mehta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Ryan Smith
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Gilad Kusne
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Francesca Tavazza
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Lukas Vlcek
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN 37831, USA
| | - Maxim Ziatdinov
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN 37831, USA
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN 37831, USA
| | - Sergei V. Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN 37831, USA
| | - Jason Hattrick-Simpers
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
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Collins L, Kilpatrick JI, Kalinin SV, Rodriguez BJ. Towards nanoscale electrical measurements in liquid by advanced KPFM techniques: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2018; 81:086101. [PMID: 29990308 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aab560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental mechanisms of energy storage, corrosion, sensing, and multiple biological functionalities are directly coupled to electrical processes and ionic dynamics at solid-liquid interfaces. In many cases, these processes are spatially inhomogeneous taking place at grain boundaries, step edges, point defects, ion channels, etc and possess complex time and voltage dependent dynamics. This necessitates time-resolved and real-space probing of these phenomena. In this review, we discuss the applications of force-sensitive voltage modulated scanning probe microscopy (SPM) for probing electrical phenomena at solid-liquid interfaces. We first describe the working principles behind electrostatic and Kelvin probe force microscopies (EFM & KPFM) at the gas-solid interface, review the state of the art in advanced KPFM methods and developments to (i) overcome limitations of classical KPFM, (ii) expand the information accessible from KPFM, and (iii) extend KPFM operation to liquid environments. We briefly discuss the theoretical framework of electrical double layer (EDL) forces and dynamics, the implications and breakdown of classical EDL models for highly charged interfaces or under high ion concentrations, and describe recent modifications of the classical EDL theory relevant for understanding nanoscale electrical measurements at the solid-liquid interface. We further review the latest achievements in mapping surface charge, dielectric constants, and electrodynamic and electrochemical processes in liquids. Finally, we outline the key challenges and opportunities that exist in the field of nanoscale electrical measurements in liquid as well as providing a roadmap for the future development of liquid KPFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Collins
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States of America. Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States of America
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