1
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Banhart F. The Formation and Transformation of Low-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials by Electron Irradiation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2310462. [PMID: 38700071 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Low-dimensional materials based on graphene or graphite show a large variety of phenomena when they are subjected to irradiation with energetic electrons. Since the 1990s, electron microscopy studies, where a certain irradiation dose is unavoidable, have witnessed unexpected structural transformations of graphitic nanoparticles. It is recognized that electron irradiation is not only detrimental but also bears considerable potential in the formation of new graphitic structures. With the availability of aberration-corrected electron microscopes and the discovery of techniques to produce monolayers of graphene, detailed insight into the atomic processes occurring during electron irradiation became possible. Threshold energies for atom displacements are determined and models of different types of lattice vacancies are confirmed experimentally. However, experimental evidence for the configuration of interstitial atoms in graphite or adatoms on graphene remained indirect, and the understanding of defect dynamics still depends on theoretical concepts. This article reviews irradiation phenomena in graphene- or graphite-based nanomaterials from the scale of single atoms to tens of nanometers. Observations from the 1990s can now be explained on the basis of new results. The evolution of the understanding during three decades of research is presented, and the remaining problems are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, 67034, France
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2
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Roy A, Casella AM, Senor DJ, Jiang W, Devanathan R. Molecular dynamics simulations of displacement cascades in LiAlO 2 and LiAl 5O 8 ceramics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1897. [PMID: 38253632 PMCID: PMC10803309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics was employed to investigate the radiation damage due to collision cascades in LiAlO2 and LiAl5O8, the latter being a secondary phase formed in the former during irradiation. Atomic displacement cascades were simulated by initiating primary knock-on atoms (PKA) with energy values = 5, 10 and 15 keV and the damage was quantified by the number of Frenkel pairs formed for each species: Li, Al and O. The primary challenges of modeling an ionic system with and without a core-shell model for oxygen atoms were addressed and new findings on the radiation resistance of these ceramics are presented. The working of a variable timestep function and the kinetics in the background of the simulations have been elaborated to highlight the novelty of the simulation approach. More importantly, the key results indicated that LiAlO2 experiences much more radiation damage than LiAl5O8, where the number of Li Frenkel pairs in LiAlO2 was 3-5 times higher than in LiAl5O8 while the number of Frenkel pairs for Al and O in LiAlO2 are ~ 2 times higher than in LiAl5O8. The primary reason is high displacement threshold energies (Ed) in LiAl5O8 for Li cations. The greater Ed for Li imparts higher resistance to damage during the collision cascade and thus inhibits amorphization in LiAl5O8. The presented results suggest that LiAl5O8 is likely to maintain structural integrity better than LiAlO2 in the irradiation conditions studied in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Roy
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
| | | | - David J Senor
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Weilin Jiang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Ram Devanathan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
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3
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Jaberi A, Brodusch N, Song J, Gauvin R. Prediction of primary knock-on damage during electron microscopy characterization of lithium-containing materials. Ultramicroscopy 2023; 256:113884. [PMID: 37976971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
To fulfill power and energy demands, lithium-ion battery (LIB) is being considered as a promising energy storage device. For the development of LIBs, high-resolution electron microscopy characterization of battery materials is crucial. During this characterization, the interaction of beam-electrons with Li-containing materials causes damage through several processes, especially knock-on damage. In this study, we investigated this damage by determining the probability of knock-on damage and performing Monte Carlo simulation. For this objective, the threshold displacement energies (TDEs) were computed using sudden approximation technique for three sets of materials, including pure elements, LiX (X = F, Cl, Br), and Li2MSiO4 (M = Fe, Co, Mn). By including the Climbing-Image Nudge Elastic Band (CI-NEB) method into the sudden approximation approach, it was found that the accuracy of the predicted TDEs could be improved. Results also indicated that at moderate electron energies, the knock-on damage for Li in both its elemental and compound forms maximized. In addition, it was shown that the TDE should be the principal parameter for assessing the Li sensitivity to knock-on damage across similar structures. Nonetheless, other parameters, including cross-section, density, weight fraction, atomic weight, and atomic number, were found to impact the knock-on damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jaberi
- Department of Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Nicolas Brodusch
- Department of Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jun Song
- Department of Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Raynald Gauvin
- Department of Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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4
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Guo L, Peng S, Liu Y, Tian S, Zhou W, Wang H, Xue J. Accurate Measurement of Defect Generation Rates in Silicon Carbide Irradiated with Energetic Ions. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:41977-41982. [PMID: 37970004 PMCID: PMC10633851 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we obtained the Si vacancy generation rates η in SiC nanowire samples irradiated with 1, 3 MeV protons, and 2.8 MeV helium ions using the electrical resistivity measurement, which further indicated an intuitive linear function correlation between η and the nuclear stopping power of the incident ions at a low dpa level with a coefficient of 2.15 × 10-3 eV-1. Prediction through this correlation is consistent with previous work. Besides, the measured value is about 1/2 of the simulation results with the popular SRIM code. Overall, our work provides a feasible way to get the generation rate of a certain irradiation-induced defect by electric measurements, and the correlation obtained is practically useful in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxin Guo
- State
Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Shengyuan Peng
- State
Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Shang Tian
- State
Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Institute
of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute
of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, P. R. China
| | - Jianming Xue
- State
Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- CAPT,
HEDPS, and IFSA, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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5
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Yuan X, Huang H, Zhong Y, Cai B, Liu Z, Peng Q. The Primary Irradiation Damage of Hydrogen-Accumulated Nickel: An Atomistic Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4296. [PMID: 37374478 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Nickel-based alloys have demonstrated significant promise as structural materials for Gen-IV nuclear reactors. However, the understanding of the interaction mechanism between the defects resulting from displacement cascades and solute hydrogen during irradiation remains limited. This study aims to investigate the interaction between irradiation-induced point defects and solute hydrogen on nickel under diverse conditions using molecular dynamics simulations. In particular, the effects of solute hydrogen concentrations, cascade energies, and temperatures are explored. The results show a pronounced correlation between these defects and hydrogen atoms, which form clusters with varying hydrogen concentrations. With increasing the energy of a primary knock-on atom (PKA), the number of surviving self-interstitial atoms (SIAs) also increases. Notably, at low PKA energies, solute hydrogen atoms impede the clustering and formation of SIAs, while at high energies, they promote such clustering. The impact of low simulation temperatures on defects and hydrogen clustering is relatively minor. High temperature has a more obvious effect on the formation of clusters. This atomistic investigation offers valuable insights into the interaction between hydrogen and defects in irradiated environments, thereby informing material design considerations for next-generation nuclear reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yinghui Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Bin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Zhongxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Qing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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6
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Sun Y, Diao S, Liu P, Zhan Q, Wan F. Anomalies in the calculation of dpa by using damage energy method based on full-cascades option of SRIM. ANN NUCL ENERGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2022.109667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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7
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Chen S, Bernard D, Buiron L. Resonance self-shielded multigroup atomic displacement cross section for assessing neutron irradiation damage. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2023.112154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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8
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Xu BC, Li XC, Wang J, Zhao X, Li YW, Pan XD, Zhou HS, Luo GN. Atomic study of the trapped and migration patterns of point defects around screw dislocation in tungsten. NUCLEAR MATERIALS AND ENERGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2023.101400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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9
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Microstructure of a heavily irradiated metal exposed to a spectrum of atomic recoils. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1684. [PMID: 36717656 PMCID: PMC9886950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27087-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
At temperatures below the onset of vacancy migration, metals exposed to energetic ions develop dynamically fluctuating steady-state microstructures. Statistical properties of these microstructures in the asymptotic high exposure limit are not universal and vary depending on the energy and mass of the incident ions. We develop a model for the microstructure of an ion-irradiated metal under athermal conditions, where internal stress fluctuations dominate the kinetics of structural evolution. The balance between defect production and recombination depends sensitively not only on the total exposure to irradiation, defined by the fluence, but also on the energy of the incident particles. The model predicts the defect content in the high dose limit as an integral of the spectrum of primary knock-on atom energies, with the finding that low energy ions produce a significantly higher amount of damage than high energy ions at comparable levels of exposure to radiation.
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10
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Aspects of Applied Chemistry Related to Future Goals of Safety and Efficiency in Materials Development for Nuclear Energy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020874. [PMID: 36677931 PMCID: PMC9866518 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The present paper is a narrative review focused on a few important aspects and moments of trends surrounding materials and methods in sustainable nuclear energy, as an expression of applied chemistry support for more efficiency and safety. In such context, the paper is focused firstly on increasing alloy performance by modifying compositions, and elaborating and testing novel coatings on Zr alloys and stainless steel. For future generation reactor systems, the paper proposes high entropy alloys presenting their composition selection and irradiation damage. Nowadays, when great uncertainties and complex social, environmental, and political factors influence energy type selection, any challenge in this field is based on the concept of increased security and materials performance leading to more investigations into applied science.
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11
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Li J, Zhang C, Martin-Bragado I, Yang Y, Wang T. Insights from an OKMC simulation of dose rate effects on the irradiated microstructure of RPV model alloys. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2022.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Chen S. New evaluation of neutron-induced displacement damage cross section for EUROFER97. NUCLEAR MATERIALS AND ENERGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2022.101284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Aftab Z, Sulania I, Kandasami A, Nair L. Swift Heavy Ion-Induced Reactivity and Surface Modifications in Indium Thin Films. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31869-31876. [PMID: 36120065 PMCID: PMC9476502 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As an energetic ion traverses a target material, it loses its energy through the processes of electronic energy loss (S e) and nuclear energy loss (S n). Controlled swift heavy ion (SHI) irradiation on solid targets produces its effects through both of these mechanisms, as a consequence of which modifications occur in the structure, surface morphology, and magnetic and optical properties, apart from ion implantation and ion-induced reactivity. A systematic investigation of these effects can be useful in developing standard protocols for creating desired effects in materials using specific ion beams. In this study, indium films of thickness 25 nm were deposited on silicon substrates and were subjected to 100 MeV O7+ and 100 MeV Si7+ ion irradiation, with the fluences varying from 1 × 1011 to 1 × 1013 ions/cm2. The pristine and SHI-irradiated films were then characterized using glancing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The motive was to identify the effects of irradiation with different ion species having large variations in electronic and nuclear energy losses. While the RBS results suggest that sputtering is extremely low and that there are no major changes in the film composition due to ion beam-induced mixing, the GIXRD analysis indicates that increasing the ion fluence reduces the crystallinity of the film for both the ions. Ion beam irradiation with O7+ ions, however, results in beam-induced reactivity, as the GIXRD scan shows characteristic peaks from indium oxide (In2O3), which become the predominant peaks at the highest fluence used here. Si7+ ion irradiation results in a narrowing of the particle size distribution on the surface, with no evidence of reactivity. SEM results indicate fusion and fragmentation of grains with the increase in the ion fluences, and AFM images reveal an increase in the surface roughness of a few percent when irradiated with both 100 MeV O7+ and 100 MeV Si7+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Aftab
- Department
of Physics, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Indra Sulania
- Inter
University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Asokan Kandasami
- Department
of Physics & Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
- Inter
University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Lekha Nair
- Department
of Physics, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
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14
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Barr CM, Chen EY, Nathaniel JE, Lu P, Adams DP, Dingreville R, Boyce BL, Hattar K, Medlin DL. Irradiation-induced grain boundary facet motion: In situ observations and atomic-scale mechanisms. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn0900. [PMID: 35687676 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn0900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metals subjected to irradiation environments undergo microstructural evolution and concomitant degradation, yet the nanoscale mechanisms for such evolution remain elusive. Here, we combine in situ heavy ion irradiation, atomic resolution microscopy, and atomistic simulation to elucidate how radiation damage and interfacial defects interplay to control grain boundary (GB) motion. While classical notions of boundary evolution under irradiation rest on simple ideas of curvature-driven motion, the reality is far more complex. Focusing on an ion-irradiated Pt Σ3 GB, we show how this boundary evolves by the motion of 120° facet junctions separating nanoscale {112} facets. Our analysis considers the short- and mid-range ion interactions, which roughen the facets and induce local motion, and longer-range interactions associated with interfacial disconnections, which accommodate the intergranular misorientation. We suggest how climb of these disconnections could drive coordinated facet junction motion. These findings emphasize that both local and longer-range, collective interactions are important to understanding irradiation-induced interfacial evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elton Y Chen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | | | - Ping Lu
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - David P Adams
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | | | - Brad L Boyce
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Khalid Hattar
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
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15
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Ruan YC, Xie YM, Chen XL, Dong L, Zhang FF, Yang TT, Luo XF, Cheng MY, Yin PF, Dong CK, Lin K, Li DJ, Liu H, Du XW. Exposing Cu(100) Surface via Ion-Implantation-Induced Oxidization and Etching for Promoting Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:2993-2999. [PMID: 35212548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metallic materials with unique surface structure have attracted much attention due to their unique physical and chemical properties. However, it is hard to prepare bulk metallic materials with special crystal faces, especially at the nanoscale. Herein, we report an efficient method to adjust the surface structure of a Cu plate which combines ion implantation technology with the oxidation-etching process. The large number of vacancies generated by ion implantation induced the electrochemical oxidation of several atomic layers in depth; after chemical etching, the Cu(100) planes were exposed on the surface of the Cu plate. As a catalyst for acid hydrogen evolution reaction, the Cu plate with (100) planes merely needs 273 mV to deliver a current density of 10 mA/cm2 because the high-energy (100) surface has moderate hydrogen adsorption and desorption capability. This work provides an appealing strategy to engineer the surface structure of bulk metallic materials and improve their catalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Ruan
- Institute of New-Energy Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Institution, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ya-Meng Xie
- Institute of New-Energy Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Institution, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xin-Lin Chen
- Institute of New-Energy Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Institution, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lei Dong
- College of Physics and Materials Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Fei-Fei Zhang
- Institute of New-Energy Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Institution, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tian-Tian Yang
- Institute of New-Energy Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Institution, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xi-Feng Luo
- Institute of New-Energy Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Institution, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mei-Yue Cheng
- Institute of New-Energy Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Institution, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Peng-Fei Yin
- Institute of New-Energy Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Institution, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Cun-Ku Dong
- Institute of New-Energy Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Institution, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kui Lin
- Institute of New-Energy Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Institution, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - De-Jun Li
- College of Physics and Materials Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Institute of New-Energy Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Institution, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xi-Wen Du
- Institute of New-Energy Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Institution, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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16
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Materials for Sustainable Nuclear Energy: A European Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda for All Reactor Generations. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15051845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear energy is presently the single major low-carbon electricity source in Europe and is overall expected to maintain (perhaps eventually even increase) its current installed power from now to 2045. Long-term operation (LTO) is a reality in essentially all nuclear European countries, even when planning to phase out. New builds are planned. Moreover, several European countries, including non-nuclear or phasing out ones, have interests in next generation nuclear systems. In this framework, materials and material science play a crucial role towards safer, more efficient, more economical and overall more sustainable nuclear energy. This paper proposes a research agenda that combines modern digital technologies with materials science practices to pursue a change of paradigm that promotes innovation, equally serving the different nuclear energy interests and positions throughout Europe. This paper chooses to overview structural and fuel materials used in current generation reactors, as well as their wider spectrum for next generation reactors, summarising the relevant issues. Next, it describes the materials science approaches that are common to any nuclear materials (including classes that are not addressed here, such as concrete, polymers and functional materials), identifying for each of them a research agenda goal. It is concluded that among these goals are the development of structured materials qualification test-beds and materials acceleration platforms (MAPs) for materials that operate under harsh conditions. Another goal is the development of multi-parameter-based approaches for materials health monitoring based on different non-destructive examination and testing (NDE&T) techniques. Hybrid models that suitably combine physics-based and data-driven approaches for materials behaviour prediction can valuably support these developments, together with the creation and population of a centralised, “smart” database for nuclear materials.
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17
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Molecular dynamics simulation of defect production in Fe due to irradiation. NUCLEAR MATERIALS AND ENERGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2022.101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Rajput M, Swami H, Kumar R, Bano A, Vala S, Abhangi M, Prasad U, Kumar R, Srinivasan R. Deuterium ion irradiation impact on the current-carrying capacity of DI-BSCCO superconducting tape. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Kretschmer S, Ghaderzadeh S, Facsko S, Krasheninnikov AV. Threshold Ion Energies for Creating Defects in 2D Materials from First-Principles Calculations: Chemical Interactions Are Important. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:514-519. [PMID: 35005978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of two-dimensional (2D) materials can be tuned by low-energy ion irradiation provided that the ion energy is correctly chosen. The optimum ion energy is related to Ethion, the minimum kinetic energy the ion should have to displace an atom from the material. Ethion can be assessed using the binary collision approximation (BCA) when the displacement threshold of the atom is known. However, for some ions the experimental data contradict the BCA results. Using density functional theory molecular dynamics (DFT-MD), we study the collisions of low-energy ions with graphene and hexagonal boron nitride and demonstrate that the BCA can strongly overestimate Ethion because energy transfer takes a finite time, and therefore, chemical interactions of the ion with the target are important. Finally, for all projectiles from H up to Ar, we calculate the values of Ethion required to displace an atom from graphene and h-BN, the archetypal 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvan Kretschmer
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sadegh Ghaderzadeh
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Facsko
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Arkady V Krasheninnikov
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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20
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Ponciroli R, Shriwise P, Mei ZG, Stauff N, Petersen A, Romano P. Simulation-based methodology to assess the lattice defects creation as energy storing process. ANN NUCL ENERGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2021.108691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Wei L, Zhang C, Zheng Q, Zeng Z, Li Y. Individual cascade annealing in BCC tungsten: effects of size and spatial distributions of defects. RSC Adv 2022; 12:23176-23182. [PMID: 36090425 PMCID: PMC9380701 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04138c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate effects of size and spatial distributions of defects from primary damage to annealing of an individual cascade, molecular dynamics (MD) and object kinetic Monte Carlo (OKMC) are applied for simulating cascade generation and annealing. MD cascade simulations of tungsten are carried out with two typical embedded atom method potentials for cascade energies in the range from 0.1 to 100 keV at 300 K. The simulation results show that even though the number of survival defects varies slightly, these two potentials produce very different interstitial cluster (IC) size distribution and defect spatial distribution with cascade energies larger than 30 keV. Furthermore, OKMC is used to model individual cascade annealing. It demonstrates that larger-sized ICs and closely distributed SIAs in the cascade region will induce a much higher recombination fraction for individual cascade annealing. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the size and spatial distributions of defects for primary damage in the multi-scale simulation framework. Closely distributed SIAs in the cascade region will induce a much higher recombination fraction for individual cascade annealing.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuming Wei
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chuanguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qirong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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22
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Remarks and improvements on neutron KERMA factors and radiation damage cross sections calculated by NECP-Atlas and NJOY21 using different evaluated nuclear data libraries. ANN NUCL ENERGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2021.108624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Malerba L, Anento N, Balbuena J, Becquart C, Castin N, Caturla M, Domain C, Guerrero C, Ortiz C, Pannier B, Serra A. Physical mechanisms and parameters for models of microstructure evolution under irradiation in Fe alloys – Part I: Pure Fe. NUCLEAR MATERIALS AND ENERGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2021.101069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Vuiart R, Brovchenko M, Taforeau J, Jaiswal V, Dumonteil E. A Versatile Methodology for Reactor Pressure Vessel Aging Assessments. NUCL SCI ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00295639.2021.1991761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Vuiart
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses 92260, France
| | - Mariya Brovchenko
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses 92260, France
| | - Julien Taforeau
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses 92260, France
| | - Vaibhav Jaiswal
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses 92260, France
| | - Eric Dumonteil
- Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Recherche sur les lois Fondamentales de l’Univers (IRFU), Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
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25
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Zhang Z, Aspinall MD. Comparison of Neutron Detection Performance of Four Thin-Film Semiconductor Neutron Detectors Based on Geant4. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:7930. [PMID: 34883934 PMCID: PMC8659905 DOI: 10.3390/s21237930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Third-generation semiconductor materials have a wide band gap, high thermal conductivity, high chemical stability and strong radiation resistance. These materials have broad application prospects in optoelectronics, high-temperature and high-power equipment and radiation detectors. In this work, thin-film solid state neutron detectors made of four third-generation semiconductor materials are studied. Geant4 10.7 was used to analyze and optimize detectors. The optimal thicknesses required to achieve the highest detection efficiency for the four materials are studied. The optimized materials include diamond, silicon carbide (SiC), gallium oxide (Ga2O3) and gallium nitride (GaN), and the converter layer materials are boron carbide (B4C) and lithium fluoride (LiF) with a natural enrichment of boron and lithium. With optimal thickness, the primary knock-on atom (PKA) energy spectrum and displacements per atom (DPA) are studied to provide an indication of the radiation hardness of the four materials. The gamma rejection capabilities and electron collection efficiency (ECE) of these materials have also been studied. This work will contribute to manufacturing radiation-resistant, high-temperature-resistant and fast response neutron detectors. It will facilitate reactor monitoring, high-energy physics experiments and nuclear fusion research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Zhang
- Engineering Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK;
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26
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Comparison of evaluated nuclear data for neutron irradiation damage calculation in fusion spectra. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Chen S, Bernard D, Tamagno L, Litaize O, Blaise P. Uncertainty assessment for the displacement damage of a pressurized water reactor vessel. NUCLEAR MATERIALS AND ENERGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2021.101017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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28
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Tan S, Zhang W, Yang L, Zhou Y, Jiao F, Shi W, Wang Z. Threshold displacement energy of lattice atoms in yttrium ion garnet, an ab initio molecular dynamics study. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Yang ZH. Speed-dependent adaptive partitioning in QM/MM MD simulations of displacement damage in solid-state systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3417-3428. [PMID: 33506833 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05149g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solids undergo displacement damage (DD) when interacting with energetic particles, which may happen during the fabrication of semiconductor devices, in harsh environments and in certain analysis techniques. Simulations of DD generation are usually carried out using classical molecular dynamics (MD), but classical MD does not account for all the effects in DD, as demonstrated by ab initio calculations of model systems in the literature. A complete ab initio simulation of DD generation is impractical due to the large number of atoms involved. In my previous paper [Yang, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2020, 22, 19307], I developed an adaptive-center (AC) method for the adaptive-partitioning (AP) of quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations, allowing the active region centers and the QM/MM partition to be determined on-the-fly for energy-conserving AP-QM/MM methods. I demonstrated that the AC-AP-QM/MM is applicable to the simulation of DD generation, so that the active regions can be treated using an ab initio method. The AC method could not be used to identify the fast-moving recoil ions in DD generation as active region centers, however, and the accuracy is negatively affected by the rapid change in the QM/MM partition of the system. In this paper, I extend the AC method and develop a speed-dependent adaptive-center (SDAC) method for accurate AP-QM/MM simulations of DD. The SDAC method is applicable to general problems with speed-dependent active regions, and is compatible with all existing energy-conserving partitioning-by-distance AP-QM/MM methods. The artifact due to the speed-dependent potential energy surface can be made small by choosing suitable criteria. I demonstrate the SDAC method by simulations of DD generation in bulk silicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Hui Yang
- Microsystem and Terahertz Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu, 610200, China.
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30
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Yin W, Zu T, Cao L. APPLICATION OF ATHERMAL RECOMBINATION CORRECTED DPA MODEL IN NUCLEAR DATA PROCESSING CODE NECP-ATLAS. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202124709021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Displacement per Atom (DPA) is an important factor used to quantify the irradiation damage of materials. The radiation damage energy production cross section obtained by nuclear data processing code is an essential nuclear data used to calculate the DPA of materials. Nuclear data processing code, such as NJOY, adopts NRT-DPA model to calculate the radiation damage energy production cross section. However, the NRT-DPA model has several well-known limitation. Especially, the number of radiation defects produced in energetic cascades in metals is only ~1/3 the NRT-DPA model prediction. To improve the precision accuracy of DPA calculation, the state-of-the-art Athermal Recombination Corrected DPA (ARC-DPA) model is adopted in heat production and radiation damage energy production cross section module of nuclear data processing code NECP-Atlas. ARC-DPA model can be obtained by simply multiplying with the new efficiency function. The parameters in the new efficiency function are material constants that can be determined for a given material from Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations or experiments. The material constants of some materials are obtained by MD simulations firstly in this paper. Numerical results show that the radiation damage cross section produced by nuclear data processing code NECP-Atlas adopting NRT-DPA model can agree well with the NJOY code. What’s more, the results from NECP-Atlas adopting ARC-DPA model can provide more physically realistic descriptions of primary defect and agree well with the results from MD simulation numerically.
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31
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Ogorodnikova OV, Majerle M, Čížek J, Simakov S, Gann VV, Hruška P, Kameník J, Pospíšil J, Štefánik M, Vinš M. Positron annihilation spectroscopy study of radiation-induced defects in W and Fe irradiated with neutrons with different spectra. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18898. [PMID: 33144640 PMCID: PMC7609674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper presents new knowledge on primary defect formation in tungsten (W) and iron (Fe) irradiated by fission and high-energy neutrons at near-room temperature. Using a well-established method of positron-annihilation lifetime-spectroscopy (PALS), it was found that irradiation of W in the fission reactor and by high-energy neutrons from the p(35 MeV)-Be generator leads to the formation of small radiation-induced vacancy clusters with comparable mean size. In the case of Fe, smaller mean size of primary radiation-induced vacancy clusters was measured after irradiation with fission neutrons compared to irradiation with high-energy neutrons from the p(35 MeV)-Be generator. It was found that one of the reasons of the formation of the larger size of the defects with lower density in Fe is lower flux in the case of irradiation with high-energy neutrons from the p(35 MeV)-Be source. The second reason is enhanced defect agglomeration and recombination within the energetic displacement cascade at high energy primary knock-on-atoms (PKAs). This is consistent with the concept of the athermal recombination corrected (arc-dpa) model, although the measured dpa cross-section of both fission neutrons and wide-spectrum high-energy neutrons in W is between the conventional Norgett–Robinson–Torrens (NRT-dpa) and arc-dpa predictions. This means that the physics of the primary radiation effects in materials is still not fully known and requires further study through a combination of modeling and experimental efforts. The present data serve as a basis for the development of an improved concept of the displacement process.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Ogorodnikova
- National Research Nuclear University "MEPHI" (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoe sh. 31, Moscow, Russia.
| | - M Majerle
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Řež 130, 250 68, Řež, Czech Republic
| | - J Čížek
- Department of Low-Temperature Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S Simakov
- Institute for Neutron Physics and Reactor Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - V V Gann
- National Science Centre "Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology", Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - P Hruška
- Department of Low-Temperature Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Kameník
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Řež 130, 250 68, Řež, Czech Republic
| | - J Pospíšil
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - M Štefánik
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Řež 130, 250 68, Řež, Czech Republic
| | - M Vinš
- Research Centre Řež, Řež 130, 250 68, Řež, Czech Republic
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32
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Keckler C, Fratoni M, Greenspan E. Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis of Neutron Spectrum and DPA in a B&B Core. NUCL SCI ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00295639.2020.1715688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Keckler
- University of California, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Berkeley, California
| | - Massimiliano Fratoni
- University of California, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Berkeley, California
| | - Ehud Greenspan
- University of California, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Berkeley, California
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33
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Matsuda H, Meigo SI, Iwamoto Y, Yoshida M, Hasegawa S, Maekawa F, Iwamoto H, Nakamoto T, Ishida T, Makimura S. Measurement of displacement cross-sections of copper and iron for proton with kinetic energies in the range 0.4 – 3 GeV. J NUCL SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00223131.2020.1771453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yosuke Iwamoto
- J-PARC Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Naka, Japan
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Naka, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshida
- Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Fujio Maekawa
- J-PARC Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Naka, Japan
| | | | - Tatsushi Nakamoto
- Applied Research Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Taku Ishida
- Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Makimura
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
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34
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Unmanned Aerial System Integrated Sensor for Remote Gamma and Neutron Monitoring. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20195529. [PMID: 32992535 PMCID: PMC7582432 DOI: 10.3390/s20195529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tools for remote radiation sensing are essential for environmental safety and nuclear power applications. The use of unmanned aerial systems (UASs) equipped with sensors allows for substantially reducing the radiation exposure of personnel. An ambient temperature Cs2LiYCl6:Ce3+ (CLYC) elpasolite scintillation sensor for simultaneous gamma and neutron measurements was designed as a user-friendly "plug and fly" module integrated into an octocopter robotic platform. Robot Operating System (ROS) was used to analyze the sensor's data. The measured CLYC's energy resolution was <5% at 662 keV gamma rays; neutron flux was measured using 6Li(n,α)t reaction. Time and GPS data were combined with radiation data in the ROS, supporting real time monitoring and assessment tasks, as well as radiation source search missions. Because UASs can be irradiated, radiation damage of the sensor and robot's electronics was estimated using FLUKA code.
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35
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Yin W, Zu T, Cao L, Wu H. Development and verification of heat production and radiation damage energy production cross section module in the nuclear data processing code NECP-Atlas. ANN NUCL ENERGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2020.107544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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He H, He C, Zhang J, Liao W, Zang H, Li Y, Liu W. Primary damage of 10 keV Ga PKA in bulk GaN material under different temperatures. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2019.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Chen EY, Deo C, Dingreville R. Reduced-order atomistic cascade method for simulating radiation damage in metals. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:045402. [PMID: 31590162 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab4b7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atomistic modeling of radiation damage through displacement cascades is deceptively non-trivial. Due to the high energy and stochastic nature of atomic collisions, individual primary knock-on atom (PKA) cascade simulations are computationally expensive and ill-suited for length and dose upscaling. Here, we propose a reduced-order atomistic cascade model capable of predicting and replicating radiation events in metals across a wide range of recoil energies. Our methodology approximates cascade and displacement damage production by modeling the cascade as a core-shell atomic structure composed of two damage production estimators, namely an athermal recombination corrected displacements per atom (arc-dpa) in the shell and a replacements per atom (rpa) representing atomic mixing in the core. These estimators are calibrated from explicit PKA simulations and a standard displacement damage model that incorporates cascade defect production efficiency and mixing effects. We illustrate the predictability and accuracy of our reduced-order atomistic cascade method for the cases of copper and niobium by comparing its results with those from full PKA simulations in terms of defect production as well as the resulting cascade evolution and structure. We provide examples for simulating high energy cascade fragmentation and large dose ion-bombardment to demonstrate its possible applicability. Finally, we discuss the various practical considerations and challenges associated with this methodology especially when simulating subcascade formation and dose effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elton Y Chen
- Nuclear & Radiological Engineering Program, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America. Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Department of Nanostructure Physics, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
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38
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MEIGO SI, MATSUDA H, IWAMOTO Y, YOSHIDA M, HASEGAWA S, MAEKAWA F, IWAMOTO H, NAKAMOTO T, ISHIDA T, MAKIMURA S. Measurement of displacement cross section of structural materials utilized in the proton accelerator facilities with the kinematic energy above 400 MeV. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202023906006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For damage estimation of structural material in the accelerator facility, displacement per atom (DPA) is widely employed as an index of the damage calculated based on the displacement cross section obtained with the calculation model. Although the DPA is employed as the standard, the experimental data of displacement cross section are scarce for a proton in the energy region above 20 MeV. Among the calculation models, the difference exists about 8 times so that experimental data of the displacement cross section is crucial to validate the model. To obtain the displacement cross section, we conducted the experiment in J-PARC. As a preliminary result, the displacement cross section of copper was successfully obtained for 3-GeV proton. The present results showed that the widely utilized the Norgertt-Robinson-Torrens (NRT) model overestimates the cross section as suggested by the previous experiment for protons with lower energy.
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39
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On the classification and quantification of crystal defects after energetic bombardment by machine learned molecular dynamics simulations. NUCLEAR MATERIALS AND ENERGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2019.100724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Korepanova N, Gu L, Zhang L, Dai Y. Evaluation of displacement cross-section for neutron-irradiated 15-15Ti steel and its swelling behavior in CiADS radiation environment. ANN NUCL ENERGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2019.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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41
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Zhang Y, Tunes MA, Crespillo ML, Zhang F, Boldman WL, Rack PD, Jiang L, Xu C, Greaves G, Donnelly SE, Wang L, Weber WJ. Thermal stability and irradiation response of nanocrystalline CoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:294004. [PMID: 30947152 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Grain growth and phase stability of a nanocrystalline face-centered cubic (fcc) Ni0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Cr0.2Cu0.2 high-entropy alloy (HEA), either thermally- or irradiation-induced, are investigated through in situ and post-irradiation transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization. Synchrotron and lab x-ray diffraction measurements are carried out to determine the microstructural evolution and phase stability with improved statistics. Under in situ TEM observation, the fcc structure is stable at 300 °C with a small amount of grain growth from 15.8 to ∼20 nm being observed after 1800 s. At 500 °C, however, some abnormal growth activities are observed after 1400 s, and secondary phases are formed. Under 3 MeV Ni room temperature ion irradiation up to an extreme dose of nearly 600 displacements per atom, the fcc phase is stable and the average grain size increases from 15.6 to 25.2 nm. Grain growth mechanisms driven by grain rotation, grain boundary curvature, and disorder are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Zhang
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States of America. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America
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42
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Crocombette JP, Van Wambeke C. Quick calculation of damage for ion irradiation: implementation in Iradina and comparisons to SRIM. EPJ NUCLEAR SCIENCES & TECHNOLOGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjn/2019003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary collision approximation (BCA) calculation allows for two types of damage calculation: full cascade and quick calculations. Full cascade mode describes fully the cascades while in quick calculations, only the trajectory of the ion is followed and effective formulas give an estimation of the damage resulting from each collision of the ion. We implement quick calculation of damage in the Iradina code both for elemental and multi-component solids. Good agreement is obtained with SRIM. We show that quick calculations are unphysical in multi-component systems. The choice between full cascade and quick calculations is discussed. We advise to favour full cascade over quick calculation because it is more grounded physically and applicable to all materials. Quick calculations remain a good option for pure solids in the case of actual quantitative comparisons with neutron irradiations simulations in which damage levels are estimated with the NRT (Norgett-Robinson and Torrens) formulas.
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43
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Study on the self-shielding and temperature influences on the neutron irradiation damage calculations in reactors. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Ti and its alloys as examples of cryogenic focused ion beam milling of environmentally-sensitive materials. Nat Commun 2019; 10:942. [PMID: 30808943 PMCID: PMC6391424 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen pick-up leading to hydride formation is often observed in commercially pure Ti (CP-Ti) and Ti-based alloys prepared for microscopic observation by conventional methods, such as electro-polishing and room temperature focused ion beam (FIB) milling. Here, we demonstrate that cryogenic FIB milling can effectively prevent undesired hydrogen pick-up. Specimens of CP-Ti and a Ti dual-phase alloy (Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo, Ti6246, in wt.%) were prepared using a xenon-plasma FIB microscope equipped with a cryogenic stage reaching −135 °C. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction, and scanning TEM indicated no hydride formation in cryo-milled CP-Ti lamellae. Atom probe tomography further demonstrated that cryo-FIB significantly reduces hydrogen levels within the Ti6246 matrix compared with conventional methods. Supported by molecular dynamics simulations, we show that significantly lowering the thermal activation for H diffusion inhibits undesired environmental hydrogen pick-up during preparation and prevents pre-charged hydrogen from diffusing out of the sample, allowing for hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms of Ti-based alloys to be investigated at the nanoscale. Hydrogen contamination in metals during sample preparation for high-resolution microscopy remains a challenge, especially when hydrogen itself is being investigated. Here, the authors show that using cryogenic milling significantly reduces hydrogen pick-up during sample preparation of titanium and titanium alloys.
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Lopez-Cazalilla A, Ilinov A, Nordlund K, Djurabekova F. Modeling of high-fluence irradiation of amorphous Si and crystalline Al by linearly focused Ar ions. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:075302. [PMID: 30523994 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaf59f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Long time ion irradiation of surfaces under tilted incidence causes formation of regular nanostructures known as surface ripples. The nature of mechanisms leading to ripples is still not clear, this is why computational methods can shed the light on such a complex phenomenon and help to understand which surface processes are mainly responsible for it. In this work, we analyse the surface response of two materials, a semiconductor (silicon) and a metal (aluminium) under irradiation with the 250 eV and 1000 eV Ar ions focused at 70° from the normal to the surface. We simulate consecutive ion impacts by the means of molecular dynamics to investigate the effect on ripple formation. We find that the redistribution mechanism seems to be the main creator of ripples in amorphous materials, while the erosion mechanism is the leading origin for the pattern formation in crystalline metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lopez-Cazalilla
- Department of Physics, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, PO Box 43, Helsinki, Finland
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Atomic displacement cross-sections for neutron irradiation of materials from Be to Bi calculated using the arc-dpa model. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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De Backer A, Domain C, Becquart CS, Luneville L, Simeone D, Sand AE, Nordlund K. A model of defect cluster creation in fragmented cascades in metals based on morphological analysis. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:405701. [PMID: 30124201 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aadb4e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of ions and neutrons in metals cause cascades of atomic collisions that expand and shrink, leaving microstructure defect debris, i.e. interstitial or vacancy clusters or loops of different sizes. In De Backer et al (2016 Europhys. Lett. 115 26001), we described a method to detect the first morphological transition, i.e. the cascade fragmentation in subcascades, and a model of primary damage combining the binary collision approximation and molecular dynamics (MD). In this paper including W, Fe, Be, Zr and 20 other metals, we demonstrate that the fragmentation energy increases with the atomic number and decreases with the atomic density following a unique power law. Above the fragmentation energy, the cascade morphology can be characterized by the cross pair correlation functions of the multitype point pattern formed by the subcascades. We derive the numbers of pairs of subcascades and observed that they follow broken power laws. The energy where the power law breaks indicates the second morphological transition when cascades are formed by branches decorated by chaplets of small subcascades. The subcascade interaction is introduced in our model of primary damage by adding pairwise terms. Using statistics obtained on hundreds of MD cascades in Fe, we demonstrate that the interaction of subcascades increases the proportion of large clusters in the damage created by high energy cascades. Finally, we predict the primary damage of 500 keV Fe ion in Fe and obtain cluster size distributions when large statistics of MD cascades are not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Backer
- CCFE-Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
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