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Kumar R, Srivastav SK, Roy U, Park J, Spånslätt C, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Gefen Y, Mirlin AD, Das A. Electrical noise spectroscopy of magnons in a quantum Hall ferromagnet. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4998. [PMID: 38866830 PMCID: PMC11169481 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Collective spin-wave excitations, magnons, are promising quasi-particles for next-generation spintronics devices, including platforms for information transfer. In a quantum Hall ferromagnets, detection of these charge-neutral excitations relies on the conversion of magnons into electrical signals in the form of excess electrons and holes, but if the excess electron and holes are equal, detecting an electrical signal is challenging. In this work, we overcome this shortcoming by measuring the electrical noise generated by magnons. We use the symmetry-broken quantum Hall ferromagnet of the zeroth Landau level in graphene to launch magnons. Absorption of these magnons creates excess noise above the Zeeman energy and remains finite even when the average electrical signal is zero. Moreover, we formulate a theoretical model in which the noise is produced by equilibration between edge channels and propagating magnons. Our model also allows us to pinpoint the regime of ballistic magnon transport in our device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | | - Ujjal Roy
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Jinhong Park
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Theorie der Kondensierten Materie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christian Spånslätt
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - K Watanabe
- National Institute of Material Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - T Taniguchi
- National Institute of Material Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yuval Gefen
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Alexander D Mirlin
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Theorie der Kondensierten Materie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anindya Das
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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2
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Li K, Wang L, Wang Y, Guo Y, Lv S, He Y, Lin W, Min T, Hu S, Yang S, Xue D, Zheng A, Yang S, Ding X. Electric Field Switching of Magnon Spin Current in a Compensated Ferrimagnet. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312137. [PMID: 38350009 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Manipulation of directional magnon propagation, known as magnon spin current, is essential for developing magnonic devices featuring nonvolatile functionalities and ultralow power consumption. Magnon spin current can usually be modulated by magnetic field or current-induced spin torques. However, these approaches may lead to energy dissipation due to Joule heating. Electric-field switching of magnon spin current without charge current is highly preferred but challenging to realize. By integrating magnonic and piezoelectric materials, the manipulation of the magnon spin current generated by the spin Seebeck effect in the ferrimagnetic insulator Gd3Fe5O12 (GdIG) film on a piezoelectric substrate is demonstrated. Reversible electric-field switching of magnon polarization without applied charge current is observed. Through strain-mediated magnetoelectric coupling, the electric field induces the magnetic compensation transition between two magnetic states of the GdIG, resulting in its magnetization reversal and the simultaneous switching of magnon spin current. This work establishes a prototype material platform that paves the way for developing magnon logic devices characterized by all electric field reading and writing and reveals the underlying physics principles of their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yuanjun Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shuping Lv
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yuewei He
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Weiwei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Tai Min
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shaojie Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Sen Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Dezhen Xue
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Aqun Zheng
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shuming Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xiangdong Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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3
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Li Y, Zhang Z, Liu C, Zheng D, Fang B, Zhang C, Chen A, Ma Y, Wang C, Liu H, Shen K, Manchon A, Xiao JQ, Qiu Z, Hu CM, Zhang X. Reconfigurable spin current transmission and magnon-magnon coupling in hybrid ferrimagnetic insulators. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2234. [PMID: 38472180 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46330-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Coherent spin waves possess immense potential in wave-based information computation, storage, and transmission with high fidelity and ultra-low energy consumption. However, despite their seminal importance for magnonic devices, there is a paucity of both structural prototypes and theoretical frameworks that regulate the spin current transmission and magnon hybridization mediated by coherent spin waves. Here, we demonstrate reconfigurable coherent spin current transmission, as well as magnon-magnon coupling, in a hybrid ferrimagnetic heterostructure comprising epitaxial Gd3Fe5O12 and Y3Fe5O12 insulators. By adjusting the compensated moment in Gd3Fe5O12, magnon-magnon coupling was achieved and engineered with pronounced anticrossings between two Kittel modes, accompanied by divergent dissipative coupling approaching the magnetic compensation temperature of Gd3Fe5O12 (TM,GdIG), which were modeled by coherent spin pumping. Remarkably, we further identified, both experimentally and theoretically, a drastic variation in the coherent spin wave-mediated spin current across TM,GdIG, which manifested as a strong dependence on the relative alignment of magnetic moments. Our findings provide significant fundamental insight into the reconfiguration of coherent spin waves and offer a new route towards constructing artificial magnonic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhitao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor, Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dongxing Zheng
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bin Fang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chenhui Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aitian Chen
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yinchang Ma
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor, Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haoliang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor, Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ka Shen
- The Center for Advanced Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China.
| | | | - John Q Xiao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Ziqiang Qiu
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Can-Ming Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Xixiang Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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4
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Wang YZ, Zhang TY, Dong J, Chen P, Yu GQ, Wan CH, Han XF. Voltage-Controlled Magnon Transistor via Tuning Interfacial Exchange Coupling. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:076701. [PMID: 38427900 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.076701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Magnon transistors that can effectively regulate magnon transport by an electric field are desired for magnonics, which aims to provide a Joule-heating free alternative to the conventional electronics owing to the electric neutrality of magnons (the key carriers of spin-angular momenta in the magnonics). However, also due to their electric neutrality, magnons have no access to directly interact with an electric field and it is thus difficult to manipulate magnon transport by voltages straightforwardly. Here, we demonstrated a gate voltage (V_{g}) applied on a nonmagnetic metal and magnetic insulator (MI) interface that bent the energy band of the MI and then modulated the probability for conduction electrons in the nonmagnetic metal to tunnel into the MI, which can consequently enhance or weaken the spin-magnon conversion efficiency at the interface. A voltage-controlled magnon transistor based on the magnon-mediated electric current drag (MECD) effect in a Pt-Y_{3}Fe_{5}O_{12}-Pt sandwich was then experimentally realized with V_{g} modulating the magnitude of the MECD signal. The obtained efficiency (the change ratio between the MECD voltage at ±V_{g}) reached 10%/(MV/cm) at 300 K. This prototype of magnon transistor offers an effective scheme to control magnon transport by a gate voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Z Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - T Y Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - J Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - P Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - G Q Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - C H Wan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - X F Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
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5
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Han J, Cheng R, Liu L, Ohno H, Fukami S. Coherent antiferromagnetic spintronics. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:684-695. [PMID: 36941390 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01492-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Antiferromagnets have attracted extensive interest as a material platform in spintronics. So far, antiferromagnet-enabled spin-orbitronics, spin-transfer electronics and spin caloritronics have formed the bases of antiferromagnetic spintronics. Spin transport and manipulation based on coherent antiferromagnetic dynamics have recently emerged, pushing the developing field of antiferromagnetic spintronics towards a new stage distinguished by the features of spin coherence. In this Review, we categorize and analyse the critical effects that harness the coherence of antiferromagnets for spintronic applications, including spin pumping from monochromatic antiferromagnetic magnons, spin transmission via phase-correlated antiferromagnetic magnons, electrically induced spin rotation and ultrafast spin-orbit effects in antiferromagnets. We also discuss future opportunities in research and applications stimulated by the principles, materials and phenomena of coherent antiferromagnetic spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Han
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Ran Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Luqiao Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hideo Ohno
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Center for Science and Innovation in Spintronics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Center for Innovative Integrated Electronic Systems, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Fukami
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
- Center for Science and Innovation in Spintronics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
- Center for Innovative Integrated Electronic Systems, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
- Inamori Research Institute of Science, Kyoto, Japan.
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6
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Zheng N, Liu H, Zeng YJ. Dynamical Behavior of Pure Spin Current in Organic Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207506. [PMID: 36995070 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Growing concentration on the novel information processing technology and low-cost, flexible materials make the spintronics and organic materials appealing for the future interdisciplinary investigations. Organic spintronics, in this context, has arisen and witnessed great advances during the past two decades owing to the continuous innovative exploitation of the charge-contained spin polarized current. Albeit with such inspiring facts, charge-absent spin angular momentum flow, namely pure spin currents (PSCs) are less probed in organic functional solids. In this review, the past exploring journey of PSC phenomenon in organic materials are retrospected, including non-magnetic semiconductors and molecular magnets. Starting with the basic concepts and the generation mechanism for PSC, the representative experimental observations of PSC in the organic-based networks are subsequently demonstrated and summarized, by accompanying explicit discussion over the propagating mechanism of net spin itself in the organic media. Finally, future perspectives on PSC in organic materials are illustrated mainly from the material point of view, including single molecule magnets, complexes for the organic ligands framework as well as the lanthanide metal complexes, organic radicals, and the emerging 2D organic magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naihang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor, Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology in Shenzhen, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Haoliang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor, Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology in Shenzhen, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Jia Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
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7
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Feng Y, Ding H, Wu B. Large magnetoresistance and temperature-driven spin filter effect in spin valve based on half Heusler alloy. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:114706. [PMID: 36948816 DOI: 10.1063/5.0124717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
High spin-injection-efficiency (SIE) and thermal spin-filter-effect (SFE) from a magnetic material to a barrier material are crucial to the high performance of a spintronic device and a spin caloritronic device, respectively. By performing a nonequilibrium Green's function combined with first-principles calculations, we study the voltage-driven and temperature-driven spin transport properties of a half Heusler alloy RuCrAs based spin valve with different atom-terminated interfaces. The spin valve with a CrAs-top (or Ru-top) interface structure has an ultrahigh equilibrium magnetoresistance (MR) ratio of ∼1.56 × 109% (or ∼5.14 × 108%), ∼100% SIE, a large MR ratio, and high spin current intensity under bias voltage, suggesting that it has a great potential application in spintronic devices. The spin valve with the CrAs-top (or CrAs-bri) interface structure has a perfect SFE due to its very high spin polarization of temperature-driven currents, and it is useful in spin caloritronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Feng
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Haonan Ding
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Bo Wu
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi 563002, China
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8
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Arekapudi SSPK, Bülz D, Ganss F, Samad F, Luo C, Zahn DRT, Lenz K, Salvan G, Albrecht M, Hellwig O. Highly Tunable Magnetic and Magnetotransport Properties of Exchange Coupled Ferromagnet/Antiferromagnet-Based Heterostructures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:59497-59510. [PMID: 34870974 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antiferromagnets (AFMs) with zero net magnetization are proposed as active elements in future spintronic devices. Depending on the critical film thickness and measurement temperature, bimetallic Mn-based alloys and transition-metal oxide-based AFMs can host various coexisting ordered, disordered, and frustrated AFM phases. Such coexisting phases in the exchange coupled ferromagnetic (FM)/AFM-based heterostructures can result in unusual magnetic and magnetotransport phenomena. Here, we integrate chemically disordered AFM γ-IrMn3 thin films with coexisting AFM phases into complex exchange coupled MgO(001)/γ-Ni3Fe/γ-IrMn3/γ-Ni3Fe/CoO heterostructures and study the structural, magnetic, and magnetotransport properties in various magnetic field cooling states. In particular, we unveil the impact of rotating the relative orientation of the thermally disordered and reversible AFM moments with respect to the irreversible AFM moments on the magnetic and magnetotransport properties of the exchange coupled heterostructures. We further reveal that the persistence of thermally disordered and reversible AFM moments is crucial for achieving highly tunable magnetic properties and multilevel magnetoresistance states. We anticipate that the presented approach and the heterostructure architecture can be utilized in future spintronic devices to manipulate the thermally disordered and reversible AFM moments at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Bülz
- Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Fabian Ganss
- Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Fabian Samad
- Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Chen Luo
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Physics of Functional Spin Systems, Technical University Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Dietrich R T Zahn
- Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Kilian Lenz
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Georgeta Salvan
- Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Manfred Albrecht
- Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstraße 1, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Olav Hellwig
- Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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9
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Fan Y, Finley J, Han J, Holtz ME, Quarterman P, Zhang P, Safi TS, Hou JT, Grutter AJ, Liu L. Resonant Spin Transmission Mediated by Magnons in a Magnetic Insulator Multilayer Structure. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008555. [PMID: 33899284 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While being electrically insulating, magnetic insulators can behave as good spin conductors by carrying spin current with excited spin waves. So far, magnetic insulators are utilized in multilayer heterostructures for optimizing spin transport or to form magnon spin valves for reaching controls over the spin flow. In these studies, it remains an intensively visited topic as to what the corresponding roles of coherent and incoherent magnons are in the spin transmission. Meanwhile, understanding the underlying mechanism associated with spin transmission in insulators can help to identify new mechanisms that can further improve the spin transport efficiency. Here, by studying spin transport in a magnetic-metal/magnetic-insulator/platinum multilayer, it is demonstrated that coherent magnons can transfer spins efficiently above the magnon bandgap of magnetic insulators. Particularly the standing spin-wave mode can greatly enhance the spin flow by inducing a resonant magnon transmission. Furthermore, within the magnon bandgap, a shutdown of spin transmission due to the blocking of coherent magnons is observed. The demonstrated magnon transmission enhancement and filtering effect provides an efficient method for modulating spin current in magnonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Fan
- Microsystems Technology Laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Joseph Finley
- Microsystems Technology Laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jiahao Han
- Microsystems Technology Laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Megan E Holtz
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Patrick Quarterman
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Pengxiang Zhang
- Microsystems Technology Laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Taqiyyah S Safi
- Microsystems Technology Laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Justin T Hou
- Microsystems Technology Laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Alexander J Grutter
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Luqiao Liu
- Microsystems Technology Laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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10
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Stenning KD, Gartside JC, Dion T, Vanstone A, Arroo DM, Branford WR. Magnonic Bending, Phase Shifting and Interferometry in a 2D Reconfigurable Nanodisk Crystal. ACS NANO 2021; 15:674-685. [PMID: 33320533 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Strongly interacting nanomagnetic systems are pivotal across next-generation technologies including reconfigurable magnonics and neuromorphic computation. Controlling magnetization states and local coupling between neighboring nanoelements allows vast reconfigurability and a host of associated functionalities. However, existing designs typically suffer from an inability to tailor interelement coupling post-fabrication and nanoelements restricted to a pair of Ising-like magnetization states. Here, we propose a class of reconfigurable magnonic crystals incorporating nanodisks as the functional element. Ferromagnetic nanodisks are crucially bistable in macrospin and vortex states, allowing interelement coupling to be selectively activated (macrospin) or deactivated (vortex). Through microstate engineering, we leverage the distinct coupling behaviors and magnonic band structures of bistable nanodisks to achieve reprogrammable magnonic waveguiding, bending, gating, and phase-shifting across a 2D network. The potential of nanodisk-based magnonics for wave-based computation is demonstrated via an all-magnon interferometer exhibiting XNOR logic functionality. Local microstate control is achieved here via topological magnetic writing using a magnetic force microscope tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian D Stenning
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jack C Gartside
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Troy Dion
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Vanstone
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Daan M Arroo
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Will R Branford
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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11
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Wolski SP, Lachance-Quirion D, Tabuchi Y, Kono S, Noguchi A, Usami K, Nakamura Y. Dissipation-Based Quantum Sensing of Magnons with a Superconducting Qubit. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:117701. [PMID: 32975985 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.117701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid quantum devices expand the tools and techniques available for quantum sensing in various fields. Here, we experimentally demonstrate quantum sensing of a steady-state magnon population in a magnetostatic mode of a ferrimagnetic crystal. Dispersively coupling the magnetostatic mode to a superconducting qubit allows for the detection of magnons using Ramsey interferometry with a sensitivity on the order of 10^{-3} magnons/sqrt[Hz]. The protocol is based on dissipation as dephasing via fluctuations in the magnetostatic mode reduces the qubit coherence proportionally to the number of magnons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Wolski
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - D Lachance-Quirion
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Y Tabuchi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - S Kono
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - A Noguchi
- Komaba Institute for Science (KIS), The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - K Usami
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Y Nakamura
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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12
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Ross A, Lebrun R, Gomonay O, Grave DA, Kay A, Baldrati L, Becker S, Qaiumzadeh A, Ulloa C, Jakob G, Kronast F, Sinova J, Duine R, Brataas A, Rothschild A, Kläui M. Propagation Length of Antiferromagnetic Magnons Governed by Domain Configurations. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:306-313. [PMID: 31809058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The compensated magnetic order and characteristic terahertz frequencies of antiferromagnetic materials make them promising candidates to develop a new class of robust, ultrafast spintronic devices. The manipulation of antiferromagnetic spin-waves in thin films is anticipated to lead to new exotic phenomena such as spin-superfluidity, requiring an efficient propagation of spin-waves in thin films. However, the reported decay length in thin films has so far been limited to a few nanometers. In this work, we achieve efficient spin-wave propagation over micrometer distances in thin films of the insulating antiferromagnet hematite with large magnetic domains while evidencing much shorter attenuation lengths in multidomain thin films. Through transport and magnetic imaging, we determine the role of the magnetic domain structure and spin-wave scattering at domain walls to govern the transport. We manipulate the spin transport by tailoring the domain configuration through field cycle training. For the appropriate crystalline orientation, zero-field spin transport is achieved across micrometers, as required for device integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ross
- Institut für Physik , Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz , 55099 , Mainz , Germany
- Graduate School of Excellence Materials Science in Mainz (MAINZ) , Staudinger Weg 9 , 55128 , Mainz , Germany
| | - Romain Lebrun
- Institut für Physik , Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz , 55099 , Mainz , Germany
| | - Olena Gomonay
- Institut für Physik , Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz , 55099 , Mainz , Germany
| | - Daniel A Grave
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 32000 , Israel
| | - Asaf Kay
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 32000 , Israel
| | - Lorenzo Baldrati
- Institut für Physik , Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz , 55099 , Mainz , Germany
| | - Sven Becker
- Institut für Physik , Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz , 55099 , Mainz , Germany
| | - Alireza Qaiumzadeh
- Center for Quantum Spintronics, Department of Physics , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , NO-7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Camilo Ulloa
- Institute for Theoretical Physics , Utrecht University , Princetonplein 5 , 3584 CC Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard Jakob
- Institut für Physik , Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz , 55099 , Mainz , Germany
- Graduate School of Excellence Materials Science in Mainz (MAINZ) , Staudinger Weg 9 , 55128 , Mainz , Germany
| | - Florian Kronast
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 , D-12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jairo Sinova
- Institut für Physik , Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz , 55099 , Mainz , Germany
- Institute of Physics ASCR , Cukrovarnicka 10 , 162 53 Praha 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Rembert Duine
- Center for Quantum Spintronics, Department of Physics , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , NO-7491 Trondheim , Norway
- Institute for Theoretical Physics , Utrecht University , Princetonplein 5 , 3584 CC Utrecht , The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Arne Brataas
- Center for Quantum Spintronics, Department of Physics , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , NO-7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Avner Rothschild
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 32000 , Israel
| | - Mathias Kläui
- Institut für Physik , Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz , 55099 , Mainz , Germany
- Graduate School of Excellence Materials Science in Mainz (MAINZ) , Staudinger Weg 9 , 55128 , Mainz , Germany
- Center for Quantum Spintronics, Department of Physics , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , NO-7491 Trondheim , Norway
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13
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Purnama I, Moon JH, You CY. Eigen damping constant of spin waves in ferromagnetic nanostructure. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13226. [PMID: 31519957 PMCID: PMC6744508 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49872-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Though varying in nature, all waves share traits in a way that they all follow the superposition principle while also experiencing attenuation as they propagate in space. And thus it is more than common that a comprehensive investigation of one type of wave leads to a discovery that can be extended to all kinds of waves in other fields of research. In the field of magnetism, the wave of interest corresponds to the spin wave (SW). Specifically, there has been a push to use SWs as the next information carriers similar to how electromagnetic waves are used in photonics. At present, the biggest impediment in making SW-based device to be widely adapted is the fact that the SW experiences large attenuation due to the large damping constant. Here, we developed a method to find the SW eigenmodes and show that their respective eigen damping constants can be 40% smaller than the typical material damping constant. From a bigger perspective, this finding means that the attenuation of SW and also other types of waves in general is no more constrained by the material parameters, and it can be controlled by the shape of the waves instead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Purnama
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Moon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
- Advanced Technology Development Team, Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi-Do, 445-701, Korea
| | - Chun-Yeol You
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea.
- Global Center for Bio-Convergence Spin System, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Korea.
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14
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He XM, Zhang CW, Guo FF, Yan SM, Li YT, Liu LQ, Zhang HG, Du YW, Zhong W. Exchange-biased hybrid γ-Fe 2O 3/NiO core-shell nanostructures: three-step synthesis, microstructure, and magnetic properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:11967-11976. [PMID: 31134262 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01265f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A two-step solvothermal method combining a calcination process was conducted to synthesize γ-Fe2O3/NiO core-shell nanostructures with controlled microstructure. The formation mechanism of this binary system has been discussed, and the influence of microstructures on magnetic properties has been analyzed in detail. Microstructural characterizations reveal that the NiO shells consisted of many irregular nanosheets with disordered orientations and monocrystalline structures, packed on the surface of the γ-Fe2O3 microspheres. Both the grain size and NiO content of nanostructures increase with the increasing calcination temperature from 300 °C to 400 °C, accompanied by an enhancement of the compactness of NiO shells. Magnetic studies indicate that their magnetic properties are determined by four factors: the size effect, NiO phase content, interface microstructure, i.e. contact mode, area, roughness and compactness, and FM-AFM (where FM and AFM denote the ferromagnetic γ-Fe2O3 and the antiferromagnetic NiO components, respectively) coupling effect. At 5 K, the γ-Fe2O3/NiO core-shell nanostructures display certain exchange bias (HE = 60 Oe) and enhanced coercivity (HC = 213 Oe).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Min He
- New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Research Center of Information Physics and School of Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
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15
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Das KS, Liu J, van Wees BJ, Vera-Marun IJ. Efficient Injection and Detection of Out-of-Plane Spins via the Anomalous Spin Hall Effect in Permalloy Nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:5633-5639. [PMID: 30130408 PMCID: PMC6139575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel mechanism for the electrical injection and detection of out-of-plane spin accumulation via the anomalous spin Hall effect (ASHE), where the direction of the spin accumulation can be controlled by manipulating the magnetization of the ferromagnet. This mechanism is distinct from the spin Hall effect (SHE), where the spin accumulation is created along a fixed direction parallel to an interface. We demonstrate this unique property of the ASHE in nanowires made of permalloy (Py) to inject and detect out-of-plane spin accumulation in a magnetic insulator, yttrium iron garnet (YIG). We show that the efficiency for the injection/detection of out-of-plane spins can be up to 50% of that of in-plane spins. We further report the possibility to detect spin currents parallel to the Py/YIG interface for spins fully oriented in the out-of-plane direction, resulting in a sign reversal of the nonlocal magnon spin signal. The new mechanisms that we have demonstrated are highly relevant for spin torque devices and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Sourav Das
- Physics
of Nanodevices, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jing Liu
- Physics
of Nanodevices, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J. van Wees
- Physics
of Nanodevices, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivan J. Vera-Marun
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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16
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Sheng P, Sakuraba Y, Lau YC, Takahashi S, Mitani S, Hayashi M. The spin Nernst effect in tungsten. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701503. [PMID: 29119140 PMCID: PMC5669613 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The spin Hall effect allows the generation of spin current when charge current is passed along materials with large spin-orbit coupling. It has been recently predicted that heat current in a nonmagnetic metal can be converted into spin current via a process referred to as the spin Nernst effect. We report the observation of the spin Nernst effect in W. In W/CoFeB/MgO heterostructures, we find changes in the longitudinal and transverse voltages with magnetic field when temperature gradient is applied across the film. The field dependence of the voltage resembles that of the spin Hall magnetoresistance. A comparison of the temperature gradient-induced voltage and the spin Hall magnetoresistance allows direct estimation of the spin Nernst angle. We find the spin Nernst angle of W to be similar in magnitude but opposite in sign to its spin Hall angle. Under an open-circuit condition, this sign difference results in the spin current generation larger than otherwise. These results highlight the distinct characteristics of the spin Nernst and spin Hall effects, providing pathways to explore materials with unique band structures that may generate large spin current with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sheng
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Yuya Sakuraba
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Yong-Chang Lau
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Saburo Takahashi
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Seiji Mitani
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Hayashi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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