1
|
Donati M, Kazakov DV. Beyond typical histology of BAP1-inactivated melanocytoma. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 259:155162. [PMID: 38326181 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BAP1-inactivated melanocytoma (BIM) is a novel subgroup of melanocytic neoplasm listed in the 5th edition of WHO classification of skin tumor. BIM is characterized by two molecular alterations, including a mitogenic driver mutation (usually BRAF gene) and the loss of function of BAP1, a tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 3p21, which encodes for BRCA1-associated protein (BAP1). The latter represents a nuclear-localized deubiquitinase involved in several cellular processes including cell cycle regulation, chromatin remodeling, DNA damage response, differentiation, senescence and cell death. BIMs are histologically characterized by a population of large epithelioid melanocytes with well-demarcated cytoplasmic borders and copious eosinophilic cytoplasm, demonstrating loss of BAP1 nuclear expression by immunohistochemistry. Recently, we have published a series of 50 cases, extending the morphological spectrum of the neoplasm and highlighting some new microscopic features. In the current article, we focus on some new histological features, attempting to explain and link them to certain mechanisms of tumor development, including senescence, endoreplication, endocycling, asymmetric cytokinesis, entosis and others. In light of the morphological and molecular findings observed in BIM, we postulated that this entity unmasks a fine mechanism of tumor in which both clonal/stochastic and hierarchical model can be unified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Donati
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy; Department of Pathology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21 - 00128 Roma, Italy.
| | - Dmitry V Kazakov
- IDP Dermatohistopathologie Institut, Pathologie Institut Enge, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen Y, Li X, Yang M, Liu SB. Research progress on morphology and mechanism of programmed cell death. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:327. [PMID: 38729953 PMCID: PMC11087523 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06712-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a basic process of life that is closely related to the growth, development, aging and disease of organisms and is one of the hotspots of life science research today. PCD is a kind of genetic control, autonomous and orderly important cell death that involves the activation, expression, and regulation of a series of genes. In recent years, with the deepening of research in this field, new mechanisms of multiple PCD pathways have been revealed. This article reviews and summarizes the multiple PCD pathways that have been discovered, analyses and compares the morphological characteristics and biomarkers of different types of PCD, and briefly discusses the role of various types of PCD in the diagnosis and treatment of different diseases, especially malignant tumors.
Collapse
Grants
- Jiangsu higher education institution innovative research team for science and technology (2021), Program of Jiangsu vocational college engineering technology research center (2023), Key technology progrom of Suzhou people’s livelihood technology projects (Grant No. SKY2021029), the Open Project of Jiangsu Biobank of Clinical Resources (TC2021B009), the Project of State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, (No. GZK12023013), Programs of the Suzhou Vocational Health College (SZWZYTD202201), Qing‐Lan Project of Jiangsu Province in China (2021).
- Programs of the Suzhou Vocational Health College (szwzy 202210), Qing‐Lan Project of Jiangsu Province in China (2022).
- the Project of State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, (No. GZK12023013)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Wuzhong People's Hospital of Suzhou City, Suzhou, China
| | - Minfeng Yang
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China.
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Song-Bai Liu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Song B, Yang P, Zhang S. Cell fate regulation governed by p53: Friends or reversible foes in cancer therapy. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2024; 44:297-360. [PMID: 38311377 PMCID: PMC10958678 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Targeted therapies aimed at key oncogenic driver mutations in combination with chemotherapy and radiotherapy as well as immunotherapy have benefited cancer patients considerably. Tumor protein p53 (TP53), a crucial tumor suppressor gene encoding p53, regulates numerous downstream genes and cellular phenotypes in response to various stressors. The affected genes are involved in diverse processes, including cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, cellular senescence, metabolic homeostasis, apoptosis, and autophagy. However, accumulating recent studies have continued to reveal novel and unexpected functions of p53 in governing the fate of tumors, for example, functions in ferroptosis, immunity, the tumor microenvironment and microbiome metabolism. Among the possibilities, the evolutionary plasticity of p53 is the most controversial, partially due to the dizzying array of biological functions that have been attributed to different regulatory mechanisms of p53 signaling. Nearly 40 years after its discovery, this key tumor suppressor remains somewhat enigmatic. The intricate and diverse functions of p53 in regulating cell fate during cancer treatment are only the tip of the iceberg with respect to its equally complicated structural biology, which has been painstakingly revealed. Additionally, TP53 mutation is one of the most significant genetic alterations in cancer, contributing to rapid cancer cell growth and tumor progression. Here, we summarized recent advances that implicate altered p53 in modulating the response to various cancer therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Furthermore, we also discussed potential strategies for targeting p53 as a therapeutic option for cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Song
- Laboratory of Radiation MedicineWest China Second University HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanP. R. China
| | - Ping Yang
- Laboratory of Radiation MedicineWest China Second University HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanP. R. China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Radiation MedicineWest China Second University HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanP. R. China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical CollegeChina National Nuclear Corporation 416 HospitalChengduSichuanP. R. China
- Laboratory of Radiation MedicineNHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical TransformationWest China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic MedicineSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanP. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tyagi IS, Tsui HYC, Chen S, Li X, Mat WK, Khan MA, Choy LB, Chan KYA, Chan TMD, Ng CPS, Ng HK, Poon WS, Xue H. Non-mitotic proliferation of malignant cancer cells revealed through live-cell imaging of primary and cell-line cultures. Cell Div 2024; 19:3. [PMID: 38341593 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-024-00109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anti-mitosis has been a key strategy of anti-cancer therapies, targeting at a fundamental property of cancer cells, their non-controllable proliferation due to overactive mitotic divisions. For improved anti-cancer therapies, it is important to find out whether cancer cells can proliferate independent of mitosis and become resistant to anti-mitotic agents. RESULTS In this study, live-cell imaging was applied to both primary-cultures of tumor cells, and immortalized cancer cell lines, to detect aberrant proliferations. Cells isolated from various malignant tumors, such as Grade-III hemangiopericytoma, atypical meningioma, and metastatic brain tumor exhibit distinct cellular behaviors, including amoeboid sequestration, tailing, tunneling, nucleic DNA leakage, as well as prokaryote-like division such as binary fission and budding-shedding, which are collectively referred to and reported as 'non-mitotic proliferation' in this study. In contrast, benign tumors including Grade-I hemangiopericytoma and meningioma were not obvious in such behaviors. Moreover, when cultured in medium free of any anti-cancer drugs, cells from a recurrent Grade-III hemangiopericytoma that had been subjected to pre-operation adjuvant chemotherapy gradually shifted from non-mitotic proliferation to abnormal mitosis in the form of daughter number variation (DNV) and endomitosis, and eventually regular mitosis. Similarly, when treated with the anti-cancer drugs Epirubicin or Cisplatin, the cancer cell lines HeLa and A549 showed a shift from regular mitosis to abnormal mitosis, and further to non-mitosis as the dominant mode of proliferation with increasing drug concentrations. Upon removal of the drugs, the cells reversed back to regular mitosis with only minor occurrences of abnormal mitosis, accompanied by increased expression of the stem cell markers ALDH1, Sox, Oct4 and Nanog. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed that various types of malignant, but not benign, cancer cells exhibited cellular behaviors indicative of non-mitotic proliferation such as binary fission, which was typical of prokaryotic cell division, suggesting cell level atavism. Moreover, reversible transitions through the three modes of proliferation, i.e., mitosis, abnormal mitosis and non-mitosis, were observed when anticancer drug concentrations were grossly increased inducing non-mitosis or decreased favoring mitosis. Potential clinical significance of non-mitotic proliferation in cancer drug resistance and recurrence, and its relationship with cancer stem cells are worthy of further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iram Shazia Tyagi
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ho Yin Calvin Tsui
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Si Chen
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai-Kin Mat
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Muhammad A Khan
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lucas Brendan Choy
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka-Yin Aden Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tat-Ming Danny Chan
- Division of Neurosurgery & CUHK Otto Wong Brain Tumour Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi-Ping Stephanie Ng
- Division of Neurosurgery & CUHK Otto Wong Brain Tumour Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ho-Keung Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai Sang Poon
- Division of Neurosurgery & CUHK Otto Wong Brain Tumour Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuro-Medical Centre, University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hong Xue
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Center for Cancer Genomics, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
- Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, Science and Technology Building, Nansha Information Technology Park, Nansha, 511458, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Song J, Xu R, Zhang H, Xue X, Ruze R, Chen Y, Yin X, Wang C, Zhao Y. Cell-in-Cell-Mediated Entosis Reveals a Progressive Mechanism in Pancreatic Cancer. Gastroenterology 2023; 165:1505-1521.e20. [PMID: 37657757 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly malignancy with high intratumoral heterogeneity. There is a lack of effective therapeutics for PDAC. Entosis, a form of nonapoptotic regulated cell death mediated by cell-in-cell structures (CICs), has been reported in multiple cancers. However, the role of entosis in PDAC progression remains unclear. METHODS CICs were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. The formation of CICs was induced by suspension culture. Through fluorescence-activated cell sorting and single-cell RNA sequencing, entosis-forming cells were collected and their differential gene expression was analyzed. Cell functional assays and mouse models were used to investigate malignant phenotypes. Clinical correlations between entosis and PDAC were established by retrospective analysis. RESULTS Entosis was associated with an unfavorable prognosis for patients with PDAC and was more prevalent in liver metastases than in primary tumors. The single-cell RNA sequencing results revealed that several oncogenes were up-regulated in entosis-forming cells compared with parental cells. These highly entotic cells demonstrated higher oncogenic characteristics in vitro and in vivo. NET1, neuroepithelial cell transforming gene 1, is an entosis-related gene that plays a pivotal role in PDAC progression and is correlated with poor outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Entosis is correlated with PDAC progression, especially in liver metastasis. NET1 is a newly validated entosis-related gene and a molecular marker of poor outcomes. PDAC cells generate a highly aggressive subpopulation marked by up-regulated NET1 via entosis, which may drive PDAC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianlu Song
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic Tumor, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China; National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiyuan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic Tumor, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China; National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Xue
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rexiati Ruze
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic Tumor, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China; National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic Tumor, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China; National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinpeng Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic Tumor, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China; National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengcheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic Tumor, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China; National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Medical Science Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing People's Republic of China.
| | - Yupei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic Tumor, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China; National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tuna M, Mills GB, Amos CI. Common and distinct patterns of acquired uniparental disomy and homozygous deletions between lung squamous cell carcinomas and lung adenocarcinoma. Neoplasia 2023; 45:100932. [PMID: 37801862 PMCID: PMC10562662 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2023.100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Acquired uniparental disomy (aUPD) is a chromosomal alteration that can lead to homozygosity of existing aberrations. We used data from The Cancer Genome Atlas SNP-based arrays to identify distinct and common aUPD profiles in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). Moreover, we tested relevance of aUPD for homozygous deletion (HMD), overall survival (OS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Overall, we found significantly higher aUPD (q = 5.34E-09) in LUSC than in LUAD. A significant portion of HMD was associated with aUPD in LUSC (24.9%) and LUAD (19.7%). We identified segmental, whole-chromosome arm and whole-chromosome aUPD, in which whole 7p arm aUPD was restricted to LUSC, while whole-chromosome 3 aUPD was observed only in LUAD, and whole-chromosome 21 aUPD was common to both LUSC and LUAD. The most frequent aUPD and HMD were observed at CDKN2A/B region in both LUAD and LUSC. In LUAD, aUPD and HMD at CDKN2A/B region were associated with shorter OS (q < 0.021 and q < 0.005), and RFS (q < 0.005 and q < 0.005), while heterozygous deletion was not associated with OS and RFS. In contrast, no association was found between aUPD at CDKN2A/B region and survival in LUSC. In LUAD, CTLA expression was significantly lower in samples with aUPD at CDKN2A/B regions than in samples without copy number and allele-based changes. Immune infiltration correlated with aUPD or HMD at CDKN2A/B, gain at HLA class I region, and aUPD at whole-chromosome q-arm or whole chromosome in LUAD, but not in LUSC. Both LUSC and LUAD have common and distinct patterns of aUPD regions with differing frequencies of occurrence and associations with outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Musaffe Tuna
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Division of Oncological Sciences, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Okuyama K, Fukushima H, Naruse T, Yanamoto S. Cell-in-cell structure in cancer: evading strategies from anti-cancer therapies. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1248097. [PMID: 37790755 PMCID: PMC10544585 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1248097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the regulated forms of cell death is the cell-in-cell (CIC) structure, in which a surviving cell is engulfed by another cell, a mechanism that causes the death of the engulfed cell by an adjacent cell. Several investigators have previously shown that the presence of CICs is an independent risk factor significantly associated with decreased survival in patients with various types of cancer. In this review, we summarize the role of CIC in the tumor microenvironment (TME), including changes and crosstalk of molecules and proteins in the surrounding CIC, and the role of these factors in contributing to therapeutic resistance acquisition. Moreover, CIC structure formation is influenced by the modulation of TME, which may lead to changes in cellular properties. Future use of CIC as a clinical diagnostic tool will require a better understanding of the effects of chemotherapy on CIC, biomarkers for each CIC formation process, and the development of automated CIC detection methods in tissue sections of tumor specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Okuyama
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Fukushima
- Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Naruse
- Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Souichi Yanamoto
- Department of Oral Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu X, Yang J. Cell-in-cell: a potential biomarker of prognosis and a novel mechanism of drug resistance in cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1242725. [PMID: 37637068 PMCID: PMC10449025 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1242725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell-in-cell (CIC) phenomenon has received increasing attention over recent years because of its wide existence in multiple cancer tissues. The mechanism of CIC formation is considerably complex as it involves interactions between two cells. Although the molecular mechanisms of CIC formation have been extensively investigated, the process of CIC formation remains ambiguous. Currently, CIC is classified into four subtypes based on different cell types and inducing factors, and the underlying mechanisms for each subtype are distinct. Here, we investigated the subtypes of CIC and their major mechanisms involved in cancer development. To determine the clinical significance of CIC, we reviewed several clinical studies on CIC and found that CIC could serve as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. The implications of CIC on the clinical management of cancers also remain largely unknown. To clarify this aspect, in the present review, we highlight the findings of recent investigations on the causal link between CIC and cancer treatment. We also indicate the existing issues that need to be resolved urgently to provide a potential direction for future research on CIC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li S, Chen Y, Guo Y, Xu J, Wang X, Ning W, Ma L, Qu Y, Zhang M, Zhang H. Mutation-derived, genomic instability-associated lncRNAs are prognostic markers in gliomas. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15810. [PMID: 37547724 PMCID: PMC10404032 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gliomas are the most commonly-detected malignant tumors of the brain. They contain abundant long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are valuable cancer biomarkers. LncRNAs may be involved in genomic instability; however, their specific role and mechanism in gliomas remains unclear. LncRNAs that are related to genomic instability have not been reported in gliomas. Methods The transcriptome data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were analyzed. The co-expression network of genomic instability-related lncRNAs and mRNA was established, and the model of genomic instability-related lncRNA was identified by univariate Cox regression and LASSO analyses. Based on the median risk score obtained in the training set, we divided the samples into high-risk and low-risk groups and proved the survival prediction ability of genomic instability-related lncRNA signatures. The results were verified in the external data set. Finally, a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay was performed to validate the signature. Results The signatures of 17 lncRNAs (LINC01579, AL022344.1, AC025171.5, LINC01116, MIR155HG, AC131097.3, LINC00906, CYTOR, AC015540.1, SLC25A21.AS1, H19, AL133415.1, SNHG18, FOXD3.AS1, LINC02593, AL354919.2 and CRNDE) related to genomic instability were identified. In the internal data set and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) external data set, the low-risk group showed better survival than the high-risk group (P < 0.001). In addition, this feature was identified as an independent risk factor, showing its independent prognostic value with different clinical stratifications. The majority of patients in the low-risk group had isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations. The expression levels of these lncRNAs were significantly higher in glioblastoma cell lines than in normal cells. Conclusions Our study shows that the signature of 17 lncRNAs related to genomic instability has prognostic value for gliomas and could provide a potential therapeutic method for glioblastoma.
Collapse
|
10
|
Dziuba I, Gawel AM, Tyrna P, Rybczynska J, Bialy LP, Mlynarczuk-Bialy I. Fate of Entosis: From the Beginning to the End in Untreated Advanced Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12142. [PMID: 37569518 PMCID: PMC10418304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Homotypic entosis is a phenomenon in which one cancer cell invades a neighboring cancer cell and is closed entirely within its entotic vacuole. The fate of entosis can lead to inner cell death or survival. Recent evidence draws attention to entosis as a novel prognostic marker in breast cancer. Nevertheless, little is known about the quantity and quality of the process of entosis in human cancer specimens. Here, for the first time, we analyze the frequency of entotic figures in a case of NOS (Non-Other Specified) breast cancer with regard to location: the primary tumor, regional lymph node, and distant metastasis. For the identification of entotic figures, cells were stained using hematoxylin/eosin and assessed using criteria proposed by Mackay. The majority of entotic figures (65%) were found in the lymph node, 27% were found in the primary tumor, and 8% were found in the far metastasis. In the far metastases, entotic figures demonstrated an altered, atypic morphology. Interestingly, in all locations, entosis did not show any signs of cell death. Moreover, the slides were stained for E-cadherin or Ki67, and we identified proliferating (Ki67-positive) inner and outer entotic cells. Therefore, we propose additional criteria for the identification of pro-survival entotic structures in diagnostic histopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz Dziuba
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Academy of Silesia, 40-555 Katowice, Poland
| | - Agata M. Gawel
- Histology and Embryology Students’ Science Association, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.G.); (P.T.)
| | - Paweł Tyrna
- Histology and Embryology Students’ Science Association, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.G.); (P.T.)
| | - Jolanta Rybczynska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Lukasz P. Bialy
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Izabela Mlynarczuk-Bialy
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Druzhkova I, Ignatova N, Shirmanova M. Cell-in-Cell Structures in Gastrointestinal Tumors: Biological Relevance and Clinical Applications. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1149. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.3390/jpm13071149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes information about cell-in-cell (CIC) structures with a focus on gastrointestinal tumors. The phenomenon when one cell lives in another one has attracted an attention of researchers over the past decades. We briefly discuss types of CIC structures and mechanisms of its formation, as well as the biological basis and consequences of the cell-engulfing process. Numerous clinico-histopathological studies demonstrate the significance of these structures as prognostic factors, mainly correlated with negative prognosis. The presence of CIC structures has been identified in all gastrointestinal tumors. However, the majority of studies concern pancreatic cancer. In this field, in addition to the assessment of the prognostic markers, the attempts to manipulate the ability of cells to form CISs have been done in order to stimulate the death of the inner cell. Number of CIC structures also correlates with genetic features for some gastrointestinal tu-mors. The role of CIC structures in the responses of tumors to therapies, both chemotherapy and immunotherapy, seems to be the most poorly studied. However, there is some evidence of involvement of CIC structures in treatment failure. Here, we summarized the current literature on CIC structures in cancer with a focus on gastrointestinal tumors and specified future perspectives for investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Druzhkova
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Ignatova
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Marina Shirmanova
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Druzhkova I, Ignatova N, Shirmanova M. Cell-in-Cell Structures in Gastrointestinal Tumors: Biological Relevance and Clinical Applications. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1149. [PMID: 37511762 PMCID: PMC10381133 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13071149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes information about cell-in-cell (CIC) structures with a focus on gastrointestinal tumors. The phenomenon when one cell lives in another one has attracted an attention of researchers over the past decades. We briefly discuss types of CIC structures and mechanisms of its formation, as well as the biological basis and consequences of the cell-engulfing process. Numerous clinico-histopathological studies demonstrate the significance of these structures as prognostic factors, mainly correlated with negative prognosis. The presence of CIC structures has been identified in all gastrointestinal tumors. However, the majority of studies concern pancreatic cancer. In this field, in addition to the assessment of the prognostic markers, the attempts to manipulate the ability of cells to form CISs have been done in order to stimulate the death of the inner cell. Number of CIC structures also correlates with genetic features for some gastrointestinal tu-mors. The role of CIC structures in the responses of tumors to therapies, both chemotherapy and immunotherapy, seems to be the most poorly studied. However, there is some evidence of involvement of CIC structures in treatment failure. Here, we summarized the current literature on CIC structures in cancer with a focus on gastrointestinal tumors and specified future perspectives for investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Druzhkova
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Ignatova
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Marina Shirmanova
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang S, Liu B, Huang J, He H, Li L, Tao A. Cell-in-cell promotes lung cancer malignancy by enhancing glucose metabolism through mitochondria transfer. Exp Cell Res 2023:113665. [PMID: 37236579 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Heterotypic cell-in-cell structure (CICs) is the definition of the entry of one type of living cells into another type of cell. CICs between immune cells and tumor cells have been found to correlate with malignancy in many cancers. Since tumor immune microenvironment promotes non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression and drug resistance, we wondered the potential significance of heterotypic CICs in NSCLC. Heterotypic CICs was analyzed by histochemistry in an expanded spectrum of clinical lung cancer tissue specimens. In vitro study was performed using the mouse lung cancer cell line LLC and splenocytes. Our results revealed that CICs formed by lung cancer cells and infiltrated lymphocytes were correlated with malignancy of NSCLC. In addition, we found CICs mediated the transfer of lymphocyte mitochondria to tumor cells, and promoted cancer cell proliferation and anti-cytotoxicity by activating MAPK pathway and up-regulating PD-L1 expression. Furthermore, CICs induces glucose metabolism reprogramming of lung cancer cells by upregulating glucose intake and glycolytic enzyme. Our findings suggest that CICs formed by lung cancer cell and lymphocyte contribute to NSCLC progression and reprogramming of glucose metabolism, and might represent a previously undescribed pathway for drug resistance of NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Center for Inflammation, Immunology & Immune-mediated Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Center for Inflammation, Immunology & Immune-mediated Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Jiahao Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Center for Inflammation, Immunology & Immune-mediated Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Huiru He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Center for Inflammation, Immunology & Immune-mediated Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Linmei Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Center for Inflammation, Immunology & Immune-mediated Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Ailin Tao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Center for Inflammation, Immunology & Immune-mediated Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee AR, Park CY. Orai1 is an Entotic Ca 2+ Channel for Non-Apoptotic Cell Death, Entosis in Cancer Development. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205913. [PMID: 36960682 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Entosis is a non-apoptotic cell death process that forms characteristic cell-in-cell structures in cancers, killing invading cells. Intracellular Ca2+ dynamics are essential for cellular processes, including actomyosin contractility, migration, and autophagy. However, the significance of Ca2+ and Ca2+ channels participating in entosis is unclear. Here, it is shown that intracellular Ca2+ signaling regulates entosis via SEPTIN-Orai1-Ca2+ /CaM-MLCK-actomyosin axis. Intracellular Ca2+ oscillations in entotic cells show spatiotemporal variations during engulfment, mediated by Orai1 Ca2+ channels in plasma membranes. SEPTIN controlled polarized distribution of Orai1 for local MLCK activation, resulting in MLC phosphorylation and actomyosin contraction, leads to internalization of invasive cells. Ca2+ chelators and SEPTIN, Orai1, and MLCK inhibitors suppress entosis. This study identifies potential targets for treating entosis-associated tumors, showing that Orai1 is an entotic Ca2+ channel that provides essential Ca2+ signaling and sheds light on the molecular mechanism underlying entosis that involves SEPTIN filaments, Orai1, and MLCK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ah Reum Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dziuba I, Gawel AM, Tyrna P, Machtyl J, Olszanecka M, Pawlik A, Wójcik C, Bialy LP, Mlynarczuk-Bialy I. Homotypic Entosis as a Potential Novel Diagnostic Marker in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076819. [PMID: 37047791 PMCID: PMC10095369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Homotypic entotic figures, which are a form of "cell-in-cell" structures, are considered a potential novel independent prognostic marker in various cancers. Nevertheless, the knowledge concerning the biological role of this phenomenon is still unclear. Since breast cancer cells are remarkably entosis-competent, we aimed to investigate and compare the frequency of entoses in a primary breast tumor and in its lymph node metastasis. Moreover, as there are limited data on defined molecular markers of entosis, we investigated entosis in correlation with classical breast cancer biomarkers used in routine pathomorphological diagnostics (HER2, ER, PR, and Ki67). In the study, a cohort of entosis-positive breast cancer samples paired into primary lesions and lymph node metastases was used. The inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of NOS cancer, lymph node metastases, the presence of entotic figures in the primary lesion, and/or lymph node metastases. In a selected, double-negative, HER2-positive NOS breast cancer case, entoses were characterized by a correlation between an epithelial-mesenchymal transition and proliferation markers. We observed that in the investigated cohort entotic figures were positively correlated with Ki67 and HER2, but not with ER or PR markers. Moreover, for the first time, we identified Ki67-positive mitotic inner entotic cells in clinical carcinoma samples. Our study performed on primary and secondary breast cancer specimens indicated that entotic figures, when examined by routine HE histological staining, present potential diagnostic value, since they correlate with two classical prognostic factors of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz Dziuba
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Academy of Silesia, 40-555 Katowice, Poland
| | - Agata M Gawel
- Histology and Embryology Students' Science Association, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Tyrna
- Histology and Embryology Students' Science Association, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jędrzej Machtyl
- Histology and Embryology Students' Science Association, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Olszanecka
- Histology and Embryology Students' Science Association, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Lukasz P Bialy
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Mlynarczuk-Bialy
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lee ND, Kaveh K, Bozic I. Clonal interactions in cancer: integrating quantitative models with experimental and clinical data. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 92:61-73. [PMID: 37023969 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumors consist of different genotypically distinct subpopulations-or subclones-of cells. These subclones can influence neighboring clones in a process called "clonal interaction." Conventionally, research on driver mutations in cancer has focused on their cell-autonomous effects that lead to an increase in fitness of the cells containing the driver. Recently, with the advent of improved experimental and computational technologies for investigating tumor heterogeneity and clonal dynamics, new studies have shown the importance of clonal interactions in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. In this review we provide an overview of clonal interactions in cancer, discussing key discoveries from a diverse range of approaches to cancer biology research. We discuss common types of clonal interactions, such as cooperation and competition, its mechanisms, and the overall effect on tumorigenesis, with important implications for tumor heterogeneity, resistance to treatment, and tumor suppression. Quantitative models-in coordination with cell culture and animal model experiments-have played a vital role in investigating the nature of clonal interactions and the complex clonal dynamics they generate. We present mathematical and computational models that can be used to represent clonal interactions and provide examples of the roles they have played in identifying and quantifying the strength of clonal interactions in experimental systems. Clonal interactions have proved difficult to observe in clinical data; however, several very recent quantitative approaches enable their detection. We conclude by discussing ways in which researchers can further integrate quantitative methods with experimental and clinical data to elucidate the critical-and often surprising-roles of clonal interactions in human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Lee
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Kamran Kaveh
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Ivana Bozic
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Herbold Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yusupova M, Fuchs Y. To not love thy neighbor: mechanisms of cell competition in stem cells and beyond. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:979-991. [PMID: 36813919 PMCID: PMC10070350 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell competition describes the process in which cells of greater fitness are capable of sensing and instructing elimination of lesser fit mutant cells. Since its discovery in Drosophila, cell competition has been established as a critical regulator of organismal development, homeostasis, and disease progression. It is therefore unsurprising that stem cells (SCs), which are central to these processes, harness cell competition to remove aberrant cells and preserve tissue integrity. Here, we describe pioneering studies of cell competition across a variety of cellular contexts and organisms, with the ultimate goal of better understanding competition in mammalian SCs. Furthermore, we explore the modes through which SC competition takes place and how this facilitates normal cellular function or contributes to pathological states. Finally, we discuss how understanding of this critical phenomenon will enable targeting of SC-driven processes, including regeneration and tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Yusupova
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences & Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yaron Fuchs
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
- Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences & Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
- Augmanity, Rehovot, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang YS, Young MJ, Liu CY, Chen YC, Hung JJ. Tp53 haploinsufficiency is involved in hotspot mutations and cytoskeletal remodeling in gefitinib-induced drug-resistant EGFR L858R-lung cancer mice. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:96. [PMID: 36918558 PMCID: PMC10015023 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01393-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity is the major factor for inducing drug resistance. p53 is the major defender to maintain genomic stability, which is a high proportion mutated in most of the cancer types. In this study, we established in vivo animal models of gefitinib-induced drug-resistant lung cancer containing EGFRL858R and EGFRL858R*Tp53+/- mice to explore the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance by studying the genomic integrity and global gene expression. The cellular morphology of the lung tumors between gefitinib-induced drug-resistant mice and drug-sensitive mice were very different. In addition, in drug-resistant mice, the expression of many cytoskeleton-related genes were changed, accompanied by decreased amounts of actin filaments and increased amounts of microtubule, indicating that significant cytoskeletal remodeling is induced in gefitinib-induced drug-resistant EGFRL858R and EGFRL858R*Tp53+/- lung cancer mice. The gene expression profiles and involved pathways were different in gefitinib-sensitive, gefitinib-resistant and Tp53+/--mice. Increases in drug resistance and nuclear size (N/C ratio) were found in EGFRL858R*Tp53+/- drug-resistant mice. Mutational hotspot regions for drug resistance via Tp53+/+- and Tp53+/--mediated pathways are located on chromosome 1 and chromosome 11, respectively, and are related to prognosis of lung cancer cohorts. This study not only builds up a gefitinib-induced drug-resistant EGFRL858R lung cancer animal model, but also provides a novel mutation profile in a Tp53+/+- or Tp53+/--mediated manner and induced cytoskeleton remodeling during drug resistance, which could contribute to the prevention of drug resistance during cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shiang Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jer Young
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Liu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ching Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Jong Hung
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang R, Zhong H, Wang C, Huang X, Huang A, Du N, Wang D, Sun Q, He M. Tumor malignancy by genetic transfer between cells forming cell-in-cell structures. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:195. [PMID: 36914619 PMCID: PMC10011543 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05707-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell-in-cell structures (CICs) refer to a type of unique structure with one or more cells within another one, whose biological outcomes are poorly understood. The present study aims to investigate the effects of CICs formation on tumor progression. Using genetically marked hepatocellular cancer cell lines, we explored the possibility that tumor cells might acquire genetic information and malignant phenotypes from parental cells undergoing CICs formation. The present study showed that the derivatives, isolated from CICs formed between two subpopulations by flow cytometry sorting, were found to inherit aggressive features from the parental cells, manifested with increased abilities in both proliferation and invasiveness. Consistently, the CICs clones expressed a lower level of E-cadherin and a higher level of Vimentin, ZEB-1, Fibronectin, MMP9, MMP2 and Snail as compared with the parental cells, indicating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Remarkably, the new derivatives exhibited significantly enhanced tumorigenicity in the xenograft mouse models. Moreover, whole exome sequencing analysis identified a group of potential genes which were involved in CIC-mediated genetic transfer. These results are consistent with a role of genetic transfer by CICs formation in genomic instability and malignancy of tumor cells, which suggest that the formation of CICs may promote genetic transfer and gain of malignancy during tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Wang
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hao Zhong
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.,Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 2021RU008, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Huang
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Anpei Huang
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Nannan Du
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.,Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 2021RU008, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China. .,Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 2021RU008, Beijing, China.
| | - Meifang He
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
An entosis-like process induces mitotic disruption in Pals1 microcephaly pathogenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:82. [PMID: 36604424 PMCID: PMC9816111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Entosis is cell cannibalism utilized by tumor cells to engulf live neighboring cells for pro- or anti-tumorigenic purposes. It is unknown whether this extraordinary cellular event can be pathogenic in other diseases such as microcephaly, a condition characterized by a smaller than normal brain at birth. We find that mice mutant for the human microcephaly-causing gene Pals1, which exhibit diminished cortices due to massive cell death, also exhibit nuclei enveloped by plasma membranes inside of dividing cells. These cell-in-cell (CIC) structures represent a dynamic process accompanied by lengthened mitosis and cytokinesis abnormalities. As shown in tumor cells, ROCK inhibition completely abrogates CIC structures and restores the normal length of mitosis. Moreover, genetic elimination of Trp53 produces a remarkable rescue of cortical size along with substantial reductions of CIC structures and cell death. These results provide a novel pathogenic mechanism by which microcephaly is produced through entotic cell cannibalism.
Collapse
|
21
|
Cell-In-Cell Structures in Early Breast Cancer Are Prognostically Valuable. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010081. [PMID: 36611874 PMCID: PMC9818278 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-in-cell (CIC) structures in breast cancer have so far been studied in a small inhomogeneous patient population, suggesting the prognostic importance of CIC. In the present study, we focused on CIC in early hormone-sensitive breast cancer. With in vitro co-culture experiments, we compared the homotypic phagocytic capacity of two breast cancer cell lines to that of primary human fibroblasts. Afterward, we studied 601 tissue specimens from 147 patients participating in an institutional accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) phase II trial. Both breast cancer cell lines performed non-professional phagocytosis at a higher rate than primary human fibroblasts. In this study cohort, 93.2% of the patients had T1 tumours, and 6.8% had T2 tumours. CIC was found in 61.2% of the patients, with a CIC rate ranging from <1/mm2 to 556.5/mm2 with a mean of 30.9/mm2 ± 68.4/mm2. CIC structures were prognostically favourable for local recurrence-free survival and disease-free survival. Regarding metastasis-free survival, CIC-positive patients had an unfavourable prognosis. Subgroup analysis indicated a correlation between a high proliferation index and high CIC rates. CIC had the highest prognostic value in young breast cancer patients (p = 0.004). With this study, we provide further evidence of CIC as a prognostic marker in breast cancer.
Collapse
|
22
|
Bozkurt E, Düssmann H, Prehn JHM. Fluorescence Time-lapse Imaging of Entosis Using Tetramethylrhodamine Methyl Ester Staining. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:4564. [PMID: 36620081 PMCID: PMC9794836 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Entosis is a process where a living cell launches an invasion into another living cell's cytoplasm. These inner cells can survive inside outer cells for a long period of time, can undergo cell division, or can be released. However, the fate of most inner cells is lysosomal degradation by entotic cell death. Entosis can be detected by imaging a combination of membrane, cytoplasmic, nuclear, and lysosomal staining in the cells. Here, we provide a protocol for detecting entosis events and measuring the kinetics of entotic cell death by time-lapse imaging using tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM) staining. This protocol was validated in: J Cell Biol (2021), DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202010030.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emir Bozkurt
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Heiko Düssmann
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jochen H. M. Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
,
*For correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
GOF Mutant p53 in Cancers: A Therapeutic Challenge. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205091. [PMID: 36291874 PMCID: PMC9600758 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In normal cells, p53 is a protein which regulates the cell cycle progression to ensure normal cell division, growth, and development. However, in cancer, changes in the p53 DNA sequence, called genetic mutation, results in the protein either losing its normal function or exhibiting advanced pro-tumorigenic functions that lead to cancer. Importantly, cancers with mutations in the p53 protein often represent ones which are more aggressive and more resistant to chemotherapy. As a result, many studies have and continue to investigate multiple ways to target mutant p53-bearing cancer using targeted therapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, and combination therapies. Knowledge of these strategies is important in improving the overall therapeutic response of cancers with mutant p53. This review highlights new strategies and discusses the progression of such therapies. Abstract TP53 is mutated in the majority of human cancers. Mutations can lead to loss of p53 expression or expression of mutant versions of the p53 protein. These mutant p53 proteins have oncogenic potential. They can inhibit any remaining WTp53 in a dominant negative manner, or they can acquire new functions that promote tumour growth, invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance. In this review we explore some of the mechanisms that make mutant p53 cells resistant to chemotherapy. As mutant p53 tumours are resistant to many traditional chemotherapies, many have sought to explore new ways of targeting mutant p53 tumours and reinstate chemosensitivity. These approaches include targeting of mutant p53 stability, mutant p53 binding partners and downstream pathways, p53 vaccines, restoration of WTp53 function, and WTp53 gene delivery. The current advances and challenges of these strategies are discussed.
Collapse
|
24
|
Loss of contact inhibition of locomotion in the absence of JAM-A promotes entotic cell engulfment. iScience 2022; 25:105144. [PMID: 36185363 PMCID: PMC9519618 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Entosis is a cell competition process during which tumor cells engulf other tumor cells. It is initiated by metabolic stress or by loss of matrix adhesion, and it provides the winning cell with resources derived from the internalized cell. Using micropatterns as substrates for single cell migration, we find that the depletion of the cell adhesion receptor JAM-A strongly increases the rate of entosis in matrix-adherent cells. The activity of JAM-A in suppressing entosis depends on phosphorylation at Tyr280, which is a binding site for C-terminal Src kinase, and which we have previously found to regulate tumor cell motility and contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL). Loss of JAM-A triggers entosis in matrix-adherent cells but not matrix-deprived cells. Our findings strongly suggest that the increased motility and the perturbed CIL response after the depletion of JAM-A promote entotic cell engulfment, and they link a dysregulation of CIL to entosis in breast cancer cells. Cell adhesion receptor JAM-A acts as a suppressor of entosis in tumor cells JAM-A suppresses entosis by recruiting Csk, thus limiting Src activity Limiting Src activity is required to regulate contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) JAM-A links the regulation of CIL to entosis
Collapse
|
25
|
Cell-in-Cell: From Cell Biology to Translational Medicine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7608521. [PMID: 36158876 PMCID: PMC9492417 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7608521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell-in-cell structures (CICs) refer to cytoplasmic internalization of a cell by another cell, which are found throughout various biological systems and have been a part of scientific dogma for a long time. However, neither the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon nor their possible roles in disease development have resulted in major breakthroughs until recent years. In view of the ubiquity of CICs in inflammatory tissue and tumors, it is tempting to think that these specific structures could be associated with clinical diagnosis and treatment and thus would become a new hotspot for translational medicine. Translational medicine is a new concept in the field of international biomedical research that appeared in the last 20 years, which transforms basic research into clinical application. With the growing interest in this field, this review addresses recent research on CICs and their potential clinical implications in cytomorphological diagnosis and the pathology of human diseases, while discussing as yet unanswered questions. We also put forward future directions to reduce the gap in our knowledge caused by our currently limited understanding of CICs.
Collapse
|
26
|
Song J, Ruze R, Chen Y, Xu R, Yin X, Wang C, Xu Q, Zhao Y. Construction of a novel model based on cell-in-cell-related genes and validation of KRT7 as a biomarker for predicting survival and immune microenvironment in pancreatic cancer. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:894. [PMID: 35974300 PMCID: PMC9380297 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09983-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly malignant tumor featured with high intra-tumoral heterogeneity and poor prognosis. Cell-in-cell (CIC) structures have been reported in multiple cancers, and their presence is associated with disease progression. Nonetheless, the prognostic values and biological functions of CIC-related genes in PC remain poorly understood. Methods The sequencing data, as well as corresponding clinicopathological information of PC were collected from public databases. Random forest screening, least absolute shrinkage, and selection operator (LASSO) regression and multivariate Cox regression analysis were performed to construct a prognostic model. The effectiveness and robustness of the model were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, survival analysis and establishing the nomogram model. Functional enrichment analyses were conducted to annotate the biological functions. The immune infiltration levels were evaluated by ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithms. The expression of KRT7 (Keratin 7) was validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. The CIC formation, cell clusters, cell proliferation, migration and invasion assays were applied to investigate the effects of silencing the expression of KRT7. Results A prognostic model based on four CIC-related genes was constructed to stratify the patients into the low- and high-risk subgroups. The high-risk group had a poorer prognosis, higher tumor mutation burden and lower immune cell infiltration than the low-risk group. Functional enrichment analyses showed that numerous terms and pathways associated with invasion and metastasis were enriched in the high-risk group. KRT7, as the most paramount risk gene in the prognostic model, was significantly associated with a worse prognosis of PC in TCGA dataset and our own cohort. High expression of KRT7 might be responsible for the immunosuppression in the PC microenvironment. KRT7 knockdown was significantly suppressed the abilities of CIC formation, cell cluster, cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in PC cell lines. Conclusions Our prognostic model based on four CIC-related genes has a significant potential in predicting the prognosis and immune microenvironment of PC, which indicates that targeting CIC processes could be a therapeutic option with great interests. Further studies are needed to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms and biological implications of CIC phenomenon and related genes in PC progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09983-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianlu Song
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Rexiati Ruze
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ruiyuan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xinpeng Yin
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Chengcheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Yupei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang X, Ye L, Li B. Development of a Genomic Instability-Derived lncRNAs-Based Risk Signature as a Predictor of Prognosis for Endometrial Cancer. J Cancer 2022; 13:2213-2225. [PMID: 35517417 PMCID: PMC9066205 DOI: 10.7150/jca.65581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) ranks fourth in the incidence rate among the most frequent gynaecological malignancies reported in the developed countries. Approximately 280,000 endometrial cancer cases are reported worldwide every year. Genomic instability and mutation are some of the favourable characteristics of human malignancies such as endometrial cancer. Studies have established that the majority of genomic mutations in human malignancies are found in the chromosomal regions that do not code for proteins. In addition, the majority of transcriptional products of these mutations are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). In this study, 78 lncRNA genes were found on the basis of their mutation counts. Then, these lncRNAs were investigated to determine their relationship with genomic instability through hierarchical cluster analysis, mutation analysis, and differential analysis of driving genes responsible for genomic instability. The prognostic value of these lncRNAs was also assessed in patients with EC, and a risk factor score formula composed of 15 lncRNAs was constructed. We then identified this formula as genome instability-derived lncRNA-based gene signature (GILncSig), which stratified patients into high- and low-risk groups with significantly different outcome. And GILncSig was further validated in multiple independent patient cohorts as a prognostic factor of other clinicopathological features, such as stage, grade, overall survival rate. We observed that a high-risk score is often associated with an unfavourable prognosis in patients with EC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wang
- Department of Gynaecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Gynaecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Bilan Li
- Department of Gynaecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kianfar M, Balcerak A, Chmielarczyk M, Tarnowski L, Grzybowska EA. Cell Death by Entosis: Triggers, Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Significance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094985. [PMID: 35563375 PMCID: PMC9102690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Entosis—a homotypic insertion of one cell into another, resulting in a death of the invading cell—has been described in many reports, but crucial aspects of its molecular mechanisms and clinical significance still remain controversial. While actomyosin contractility of the invading cell is very well established as a driving force in the initial phase, and autophagy induced in the outer cell is determined as the main mechanism of degradation of the inner cell, many details remain unresolved. The multitude of triggering factors and crisscrossing molecular pathways described in entosis regulation make interpretations difficult. The question of the physiological role of entosis also remains unanswered. In this review, we summarize the knowledge of molecular mechanisms and clinical data concerning entosis accumulated so far, highlighting both coherent explanations and controversies.
Collapse
|
29
|
Su Y, Huang H, Luo T, Zheng Y, Fan J, Ren H, Tang M, Niu Z, Wang C, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Liang J, Ruan B, Gao L, Chen Z, Melino G, Wang X, Sun Q. Cell-in-cell structure mediates in-cell killing suppressed by CD44. Cell Discov 2022; 8:35. [PMID: 35436988 PMCID: PMC9016064 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00387-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Penetration of immune cells into tumor cells was believed to be immune-suppressive via cell-in-cell (CIC) mediated death of the internalized immune cells. We unexpectedly found that CIC formation largely led to the death of the host tumor cells, but not the internalized immune cells, manifesting typical features of death executed by NK cells; we named this “in-cell killing” which displays the efficacy superior to the canonical way of “kiss-killing” from outside. By profiling isogenic cells, CD44 on tumor cells was identified as a negative regulator of “in-cell killing” via inhibiting CIC formation. CD44 functions to antagonize NK cell internalization by reducing N-cadherin-mediated intercellular adhesion and by enhancing Rho GTPase-regulated cellular stiffness as well. Remarkably, antibody-mediated blockade of CD44 signaling potentiated the suppressive effects of NK cells on tumor growth associated with increased heterotypic CIC formation. Together, we identified CIC-mediated “in-cell killing” as a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Su
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianzhi Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - You Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, China
| | - He Ren
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, China.,Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, China.,Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zubiao Niu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengrong Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqing Liang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, China
| | - Banzhan Ruan
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Gao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaolie Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, China
| | - Gerry Melino
- Departments of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,DZNE German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- National Research Center of Geriatrics Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bozkurt E, Düssmann H, Salvucci M, Cavanagh BL, Van Schaeybroeck S, Longley DB, Martin SJ, Prehn JHM. TRAIL signaling promotes entosis in colorectal cancer. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212649. [PMID: 34546352 PMCID: PMC8563286 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Entosis is a form of nonphagocytic cell-in-cell (CIC) interaction where a living cell enters into another. Tumors show evidence of entosis; however, factors controlling entosis remain to be elucidated. Here, we find that besides inducing apoptosis, TRAIL signaling is a potent activator of entosis in colon cancer cells. Initiation of both apoptosis and entosis requires TRAIL receptors DR4 and DR5; however, induction of apoptosis and entosis diverges at caspase-8 as its structural presence is sufficient for induction of entosis but not apoptosis. Although apoptosis and entosis are morphologically and biochemically distinct, knockout of Bax and Bak, or inhibition of caspases, also inhibits entotic cell death and promotes survival and release of inner cells. Analysis of colorectal cancer tumors reveals a significant association between TRAIL signaling and CIC structures. Finally, the presence of CIC structures in the invasive front regions of colorectal tumors shows a strong correlation with adverse patient prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emir Bozkurt
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir University of Economics, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Heiko Düssmann
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Manuela Salvucci
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brenton L Cavanagh
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sandra Van Schaeybroeck
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Daniel B Longley
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Seamus J Martin
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rizzotto D, Englmaier L, Villunger A. At a Crossroads to Cancer: How p53-Induced Cell Fate Decisions Secure Genome Integrity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910883. [PMID: 34639222 PMCID: PMC8509445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
P53 is known as the most critical tumor suppressor and is often referred to as the guardian of our genome. More than 40 years after its discovery, we are still struggling to understand all molecular details on how this transcription factor prevents oncogenesis or how to leverage current knowledge about its function to improve cancer treatment. Multiple cues, including DNA-damage or mitotic errors, can lead to the stabilization and nuclear translocation of p53, initiating the expression of multiple target genes. These transcriptional programs may be cell-type- and stimulus-specific, as is their outcome that ultimately imposes a barrier to cellular transformation. Cell cycle arrest and cell death are two well-studied consequences of p53 activation, but, while being considered critical, they do not fully explain the consequences of p53 loss-of-function phenotypes in cancer. Here, we discuss how mitotic errors alert the p53 network and give an overview of multiple ways that p53 can trigger cell death. We argue that a comparative analysis of different types of p53 responses, elicited by different triggers in a time-resolved manner in well-defined model systems, is critical to understand the cell-type-specific cell fate induced by p53 upon its activation in order to resolve the remaining mystery of its tumor-suppressive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Rizzotto
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.R.); (L.E.)
| | - Lukas Englmaier
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.R.); (L.E.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.R.); (L.E.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Differential Transcriptional Regulation of Polymorphic p53 Codon 72 in Metabolic Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910793. [PMID: 34639134 PMCID: PMC8509680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is a transcription factor that is activated under DNA damage stress and regulates the expression of proapoptotic genes including the expression of growth arrest genes to subsequently determine the fate of cells. To investigate the functional differences of polymorphic p53 codon 72, we constructed isogenic lines encoding each polymorphic p53 codon 72 based on induced pluripotent stem cells, which can endogenously express each polymorphic p53 protein only, encoding either the arginine 72 (R72) variant or proline 72 (P72) variant, respectively. We found that there was no significant functional difference between P72 and R72 cells in growth arrest or apoptosis as a representative function of p53. In the comprehensive analysis, the expression pattern of the common p53 target genes, including cell cycle arrest or apoptosis, was also increased regardless of the polymorphic p53 codon 72 status, whereas the expression pattern involved in metabolism was decreased and more significant in R72 than in P72 cells. This study noted that polymorphic p53 codon 72 differentially regulated the functional categories of metabolism and not the pathways that determine cell fate, such as growth arrest and apoptosis in cells exposed to genotoxic stress.
Collapse
|
33
|
Borensztejn K, Tyrna P, Gaweł AM, Dziuba I, Wojcik C, Bialy LP, Mlynarczuk-Bialy I. Classification of Cell-in-Cell Structures: Different Phenomena with Similar Appearance. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102569. [PMID: 34685548 PMCID: PMC8534218 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A phenomenon known for over 100 years named “cell-in-cell” (CIC) is now undergoing its renaissance, mostly due to modern cell visualization techniques. It is no longer an esoteric process studied by a few cell biologists, as there is increasing evidence that CICs may have prognostic and diagnostic value for cancer patients. There are many unresolved questions stemming from the difficulties in studying CICs and the limitations of current molecular techniques. CIC formation involves a dynamic interaction between an outer or engulfing cell and an inner or engulfed cell, which can be of the same (homotypic) or different kind (heterotypic). Either one of those cells appears to be able to initiate this process, which involves signaling through cell–cell adhesion, followed by cytoskeleton activation, leading to the deformation of the cellular membrane and movements of both cells that subsequently result in CICs. This review focuses on the distinction of five known forms of CIC (cell cannibalism, phagoptosis, enclysis, entosis, and emperipolesis), their unique features, characteristics, and underlying molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karol Borensztejn
- Histology and Embryology Students’ Science Association, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (K.B.); (P.T.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Paweł Tyrna
- Histology and Embryology Students’ Science Association, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (K.B.); (P.T.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Agata M. Gaweł
- Histology and Embryology Students’ Science Association, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (K.B.); (P.T.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Ireneusz Dziuba
- Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, Rolna 43, 40-555 Katowice, Poland
| | - Cezary Wojcik
- US Cardiovascular, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799, USA;
| | - Lukasz P. Bialy
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Izabela Mlynarczuk-Bialy
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-6295282
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhang C, Liu J, Xu D, Zhang T, Hu W, Feng Z. Gain-of-function mutant p53 in cancer progression and therapy. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 12:674-687. [PMID: 32722796 PMCID: PMC7749743 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is a key tumor suppressor, and loss of p53 function is frequently a prerequisite for cancer development. The p53 gene is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers; p53 mutations occur in >50% of all human cancers and in almost every type of human cancers. Most of p53 mutations in cancers are missense mutations, which produce the full-length mutant p53 (mutp53) protein with only one amino acid difference from wild-type p53 protein. In addition to loss of the tumor-suppressive function of wild-type p53, many mutp53 proteins acquire new oncogenic activities independently of wild-type p53 to promote cancer progression, termed gain-of-function (GOF). Mutp53 protein often accumulates to very high levels in cancer cells, which is critical for its GOF. Given the high mutation frequency of the p53 gene and the GOF activities of mutp53 in cancer, therapies targeting mutp53 have attracted great interest. Further understanding the mechanisms underlying mutp53 protein accumulation and GOF will help develop effective therapies treating human cancers containing mutp53. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the studies on mutp53 regulation and GOF as well as therapies targeting mutp53 in human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Dandan Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Tianliang Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Zhaohui Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Haas OA. Somatic Sex: On the Origin of Neoplasms With Chromosome Counts in Uneven Ploidy Ranges. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:631946. [PMID: 34422788 PMCID: PMC8373647 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.631946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stable aneuploid genomes with nonrandom numerical changes in uneven ploidy ranges define distinct subsets of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. The idea put forward herein suggests that they emerge from interactions between diploid mitotic and G0/G1 cells, which can in a single step produce all combinations of mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- and pentasomic paternal/maternal homologue configurations that define such genomes. A nanotube-mediated influx of interphase cell cytoplasm into mitotic cells would thus be responsible for the critical nondisjunction and segregation errors by physically impeding the proper formation of the cell division machinery, whereas only a complete cell fusion can simultaneously generate pentasomies, uniparental trisomies as well as biclonal hypo- and hyperdiploid cell populations. The term "somatic sex" was devised to accentuate the similarities between germ cell and somatic cell fusions. A somatic cell fusion, in particular, recapitulates many processes that are also instrumental in the formation of an abnormal zygote that involves a diploid oocyte and a haploid sperm, which then may further develop into a digynic triploid embryo. Despite their somehow deceptive differences and consequences, the resemblance of these two routes may go far beyond of what has hitherto been appreciated. Based on the arguments put forward herein, I propose that embryonic malignancies of mesenchymal origin with these particular types of aneuploidies can thus be viewed as the kind of flawed somatic equivalent of a digynic triploid embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oskar A Haas
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chen R, Ram A, Albeck JG, Overholtzer M. Entosis is induced by ultraviolet radiation. iScience 2021; 24:102902. [PMID: 34401679 PMCID: PMC8353511 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Entosis is a cell death mechanism that is executed through neighbor cell ingestion and killing that occurs in cancer tissues and during development. Here, we identify JNK and p38 stress-activated kinase signaling as an inducer of entosis in cells exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Cells with high levels of stress signaling are ingested and killed by those with low levels, a result of heterogeneity arising within cell populations over time. In stressed cells, entosis occurs as part of mixed-cell death response with parallel induction of apoptosis and necrosis, and we find that inhibition of one form of cell death leads to increased rates of another. Together, these findings identify stress-activated kinase signaling as a new inducer of entosis and demonstrate cross talk between different forms of cell death that can occur in parallel in response to UV radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyao Chen
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Abhineet Ram
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - John G. Albeck
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Niu Z, He M, Sun Q. Molecular mechanisms underlying cell-in-cell formation: core machineries and beyond. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:329-334. [PMID: 33693765 PMCID: PMC8373266 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zubiao Niu
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Meifang He
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
- Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2020RU009, Beijing 100071, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bauer MF, Hader M, Hecht M, Büttner-Herold M, Fietkau R, Distel LVR. Cell-in-cell phenomenon: leukocyte engulfment by non-tumorigenic cells and cancer cell lines. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:39. [PMID: 34332531 PMCID: PMC8325834 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on cell-in-cell (CIC) phenomena, including entosis, emperipolesis and cannibalism, and their biological implications has increased in recent years. Homotypic and heterotypic engulfment of various target cells by numerous types of host cells has been studied in vitro and in tissue sections. This work has identified proteins involved in the mechanism and uncovered evidence for CIC as a potential histopathologic predictive and prognostic marker in cancer. Our experimental study focused on non-professional phagocytosis of leukocytes. RESULTS We studied the engulfment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from healthy donors by counting CIC structures. Two non-tumorigenic cell lines (BEAS-2B, SBLF-9) and two tumour cell lines (BxPC3, ICNI) served as host cells. Immune cells were live-stained and either directly co-incubated or treated with irradiation or with conventional or microwave hyperthermia. Prior to co-incubation, we determined leukocyte viability for each batch via Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining. All host cells engulfed their targets, with uptake rates ranging from 1.0% ± 0.5% in BxPC3 to 8.1% ± 5.0% in BEAS-2B. Engulfment rates of the cancer cell lines BxPC3 and ICNI (1.6% ± 0.2%) were similar to those of the primary fibroblasts SBLF-9 (1.4% ± 0.2%). We found a significant negative correlation between leukocyte viability and cell-in-cell formation rates. The engulfment rate rose when we increased the dose of radiotherapy and prolonged the impact time. Further, microwave hyperthermia induced higher leukocyte uptake than conventional hyperthermia. Using fluorescent immunocytochemistry to descriptively study the proteins involved, we detected ring-like formations of diverse proteins around the leukocytes, consisting, among others, of α-tubulin, integrin, myosin, F-actin, and vinculin. These results suggest the involvement of actomyosin contraction, cell-cell adhesion, and the α-tubulin cytoskeleton in the engulfment process. CONCLUSIONS Both non-tumorigenic and cancer cells can form heterotypic CIC structures by engulfing leukocytes. Decreased viability and changes caused by microwave and X-ray irradiation trigger non-professional phagocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mareike F Bauer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstraße 27, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Hader
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstraße 27, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Hecht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstraße 27, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maike Büttner-Herold
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Krankenhausstraße 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstraße 27, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luitpold V R Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstraße 27, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang M, Niu Z, Qin H, Ruan B, Zheng Y, Ning X, Gu S, Gao L, Chen Z, Wang X, Huang H, Ma L, Sun Q. Mechanical Ring Interfaces between Adherens Junction and Contractile Actomyosin to Coordinate Entotic Cell-in-Cell Formation. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108071. [PMID: 32846129 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Entosis is a cell-in-cell (CIC)-mediated death program. Contractile actomyosin (CA) and the adherens junction (AJ) are two core elements essential for entotic CIC formation, but the molecular structures interfacing them remain poorly understood. Here, we report the characterization of a ring-like structure interfacing between the peripheries of invading and engulfing cells. The ring-like structure is a multi-molecular complex consisting of adhesive and cytoskeletal proteins, in which the mechanical sensor vinculin is highly enriched. The vinculin-enriched structure senses mechanical force imposed on cells, as indicated by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis, and is thus termed the mechanical ring (MR). The MR actively interacts with CA and the AJ to help establish and maintain polarized actomyosin that drives cell internalization. Vinculin depletion leads to compromised MR formation, CA depolarization, and subsequent CIC failure. In summary, we suggest that the vinculin-enriched MR, in addition to CA and AJ, is another core element essential for entosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manna Wang
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, China; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zubiao Niu
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hongquan Qin
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, China; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Banzhan Ruan
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - You Zheng
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiangkai Ning
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Songzhi Gu
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lihua Gao
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhaolie Chen
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- National Clinic Center of Geriatric, the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Qiang Sun
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
In this review, Pilley et al. examine the impact of different p53 mutations and focus on how heterogeneity of p53 status can affect relationships between cells within a tumor. p53 is an important tumor suppressor, and the complexities of p53 function in regulating cancer cell behaviour are well established. Many cancers lose or express mutant forms of p53, with evidence that the type of alteration affecting p53 may differentially impact cancer development and progression. It is also clear that in addition to cell-autonomous functions, p53 status also affects the way cancer cells interact with each other. In this review, we briefly examine the impact of different p53 mutations and focus on how heterogeneity of p53 status can affect relationships between cells within a tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Pilley
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Tristan A Rodriguez
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Geng W, Lv Z, Fan J, Xu J, Mao K, Yin Z, Qing W, Jin Y. Identification of the Prognostic Significance of Somatic Mutation-Derived LncRNA Signatures of Genomic Instability in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:657667. [PMID: 33855028 PMCID: PMC8039462 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.657667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a highly heterogeneous tumor with substantial somatic mutations and genome instability, which are emerging hallmarks of cancer. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are promising cancer biomarkers that are reportedly involved in genomic instability. However, the identification of genome instability-related lncRNAs (GInLncRNAs) and their clinical significance has not been investigated in LUAD. Methods: We determined GInLncRNAs by combining somatic mutation and transcriptome data of 457 patients with LUAD and probed their potential function using co-expression network and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses. We then filtered GInLncRNAs by Cox regression and LASSO regression to construct a genome instability-related lncRNA signature (GInLncSig). We subsequently evaluated GInLncSig using correlation analyses with mutations, external validation, model comparisons, independent prognostic significance analyses, and clinical stratification analyses. Finally, we established a nomogram for prognosis prediction in patients with LUAD and validated it in the testing set and the entire TCGA dataset. Results: We identified 161 GInLncRNAs, of which seven were screened to develop a prognostic GInLncSig model (LINC01133, LINC01116, LINC01671, FAM83A-AS1, PLAC4, MIR223HG, and AL590226.1). GInLncSig independently predicted the overall survival of patients with LUAD and displayed an improved performance compared to other similar signatures. Furthermore, GInLncSig was related to somatic mutation patterns, suggesting its ability to reflect genome instability in LUAD. Finally, a nomogram comprising the GInLncSig and tumor stage exhibited improved robustness and clinical practicability for predicting patient prognosis. Conclusion: Our study identified a signature for prognostic prediction in LUAD comprising seven lncRNAs associated with genome instability, which may provide a useful indicator for clinical stratification management and treatment decisions for patients with LUAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Geng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhilei Lv
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinshuo Fan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juanjuan Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaimin Mao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengrong Yin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanlu Qing
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Phatak V, von Grabowiecki Y, Janus J, Officer L, Behan C, Aschauer L, Pinon L, Mackay H, Zanivan S, Norman JC, Kelly M, Le Quesne J, Muller PAJ. Mutant p53 promotes RCP-dependent chemoresistance coinciding with increased delivery of P-glycoprotein to the plasma membrane. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:207. [PMID: 33627632 PMCID: PMC7904762 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03497-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in cancers. Mutations lead to loss of p53 expression or expression of a mutant protein. Mutant p53 proteins commonly lose wild-type function, but can also acquire novel functions in promoting metastasis and chemoresistance. Previously, we uncovered a role for Rab-coupling protein (RCP) in mutant p53-dependent invasion. RCP promotes endosomal recycling and signalling of integrins and receptor tyrosine kinases. In a screen to identify novel RCP-interacting proteins, we discovered P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Thus, we hypothesised that mutant p53 could promote chemoresistance through RCP-dependent recycling of P-gp. The interaction between RCP and P-gp was verified endogenously and loss of RCP or mutant p53 rendered cells more sensitive to cisplatin and etoposide. In mutant p53 cells we detected an RCP-dependent delivery of P-gp to the plasma membrane upon drug treatment and decreased retention of P-gp substrates. A co-localisation of P-gp and RCP was seen in mutant p53 cells, but not in p53-null cells upon chemotherapeutic exposure. In conclusion, mutant p53 expression enhanced co-localisation of P-gp and RCP to allow for rapid delivery of P-gp to the plasma membrane and increased resistance to chemotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinaya Phatak
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Avacta Life Sciences, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Justyna Janus
- Centre for Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Leah Officer
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Caron Behan
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lydia Aschauer
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lucia Pinon
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hannah Mackay
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sara Zanivan
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jim C Norman
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael Kelly
- Centre for Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - John Le Quesne
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Patricia A J Muller
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Meierjohann S. Effect of stress-induced polyploidy on melanoma reprogramming and therapy resistance. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 81:232-240. [PMID: 33610722 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melanomas and their precursors, the melanocytes, are frequently exposed to UV due to their anatomic location, leading to DNA damage and reactive oxygen stress related harm. Such damage can result in multinucleation or polyploidy, in particularly in presence of mitotic or cell division failure. As a consequence, the cell encounters either of two fates: mitotic catastrophe, resulting in cell death, or survival and recovery, the latter occurring less frequently. However, when cells manage to recover in an polyploid state, they have often acquired new features, which allow them to tolerate and adapt to oncogene- or therapy induced stress. This review focuses on polyploidy inducers in melanoma and their effects on transcriptional reprogramming and phenotypic adaptation as well as the relevance of polyploid melanoma cells for therapy resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Meierjohann
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Liang J, Niu Z, Zhang B, Yu X, Zheng Y, Wang C, Ren H, Wang M, Ruan B, Qin H, Zhang X, Gu S, Sai X, Tai Y, Gao L, Ma L, Chen Z, Huang H, Wang X, Sun Q. p53-dependent elimination of aneuploid mitotic offspring by entosis. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:799-813. [PMID: 33110215 PMCID: PMC7862607 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Entosis was proposed to promote aneuploidy and genome instability by cell-in-cell mediated engulfment in tumor cells. We reported here, in epithelial cells, that entosis coupled with mitotic arrest functions to counteract genome instability by targeting aneuploid mitotic progenies for engulfment and elimination. We found that the formation of cell-in-cell structures associated with prolonged mitosis, which was sufficient to induce entosis. This process was controlled by the tumor suppressor p53 (wild-type) that upregulates Rnd3 expression in response to DNA damages associated with prolonged metaphase. Rnd3-compartmentalized RhoA activities accumulated during prolonged metaphase to drive cell-in-cell formation. Remarkably, this prolonged mitosis-induced entosis selectively targets non-diploid progenies for internalization, blockade of which increased aneuploidy. Thus, our work uncovered a heretofore unrecognized mechanism of mitotic surveillance for entosis, which eliminates newly born abnormal daughter cells in a p53-dependent way, implicating in the maintenance of genome integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Liang
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, 100071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zubiao Niu
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, 100071, China
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Xiaochen Yu
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - You Zheng
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - He Ren
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, 100071, China
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Manna Wang
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, 100071, China
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Banzhan Ruan
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Hongquan Qin
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, 100071, China
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, 100071, China
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Songzhi Gu
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiaoyong Sai
- National Clinic Center of Geriatric & the State Key Laboratory of Kidney, the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yanhong Tai
- The 307 Hospital, 8 Dongda Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Lihua Gao
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhaolie Chen
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- National Clinic Center of Geriatric & the State Key Laboratory of Kidney, the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Qiang Sun
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing, 100071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Su Y, Ren H, Tang M, Zheng Y, Zhang B, Wang C, Hou X, Niu Z, Wang Z, Gao X, Gao L, Jiang H, Chen Z, Luo T, Sun Q. Role and dynamics of vacuolar pH during cell-in-cell mediated death. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:119. [PMID: 33483474 PMCID: PMC7822940 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nonautonomous cell death by entosis was mediated by the so-called cell-in-cell structures, which were believed to kill the internalized cells by a mechanism dependent on acidified lysosomes. However, the precise values and roles of pH critical for the death of the internalized cells remained undetermined yet. We creatively employed keima, a fluorescent protein that displays different excitation spectra in responding to pH changes, to monitor the pH dynamics of the entotic vacuoles during cell-in-cell mediated death. We found that different cells varied in their basal intracellular pH, and the pH was relatively stable for entotic vacuoles containing live cells, but sharply dropped to a narrow range along with the inner cell death. In contrast, the lipidation of entotic vacuoles by LC3 displayed previously underappreciated complex patterns associated with entotic and apoptotic death, respectively. The pH decline seemed to play distinct roles in the two types of inner cell deaths, where apoptosis is preceded with moderate pH decline while a profound pH decline is likely to be determinate for entotic death. Whereas the cancer cells seemed to be lesser tolerant to acidified environments than noncancerous cells, manipulating vacuolar pH could effectively control inner cell fates and switch the ways whereby inner cell die. Together, this study demonstrated for the first time the pH dynamics of entotic vacuoles that dictate the fates of internalized cells, providing a rationale for tuning cellular pH as a potential way to treat cell-in-cell associated diseases such as cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - He Ren
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - You Zheng
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Hou
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zubiao Niu
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyi Wang
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Gao
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaolie Chen
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianzhi Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Qiang Sun
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.
- Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2020RU009, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gottwald D, Putz F, Hohmann N, Büttner-Herold M, Hecht M, Fietkau R, Distel L. Role of tumor cell senescence in non-professional phagocytosis and cell-in-cell structure formation. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:79. [PMID: 33160318 PMCID: PMC7648987 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-professional phagocytosis is usually triggered by stimuli such as necrotic cell death. In tumor therapy, the tumors often disappear slowly and only long time after the end of therapy. Here, tumor therapy inactivates the cells by inducing senescence. Therefore, study focused whether senescence is a stimulus for non-professional phagocytosis or whether senescent cells themselves phagocytize non-professionally. Results Senescence was induced in cell lines by camptothecin and a phagocytosis assay was performed. In tissue of a cohort of 192 rectal cancer patients senescence and non-professional phagocytosis was studied by anti-histone H3K9me3 and anti-E-cadherin staining. Senescent fibroblasts and pancreas carcinoma cells phagocytize necrotic cells but are not phagocytized. In the tissue of rectal carcinoma, senescent cells can phagocytize and can be phagocytized. A high number of senescent cells and, at the same time, high numbers of non-professional phagocytizing cells in the rectal carcinoma tissue lead to an extremely unfavorable prognosis regarding overall survival. Conclusion Senescent cells can be non-professionally phagocytized and at the same time they can non-professionally phagocytize in vivo. In vitro experiments indicate that it is unlikely that senescence is a strong trigger for non-professional phagocytosis. Combined high rates of non-professional phagocytosis and high rates of senescence are an extremely poor prognostic factor for overall survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Gottwald
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Putz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nora Hohmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maike Büttner-Herold
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hecht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luitpold Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Almangush A, Mäkitie AA, Hagström J, Haglund C, Kowalski LP, Nieminen P, Coletta RD, Salo T, Leivo I. Cell-in-cell phenomenon associates with aggressive characteristics and cancer-related mortality in early oral tongue cancer. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:843. [PMID: 32883229 PMCID: PMC7469910 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell-in-cell structures (caused by cell cannibalistic activity) have been related to prognosis of many cancers. This is the first multi-institutional study to assess the prognostic impact of cell-in-cell structures in a large cohort of early oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas (OTSCC). Methods A total of 308 cases from five Finnish University Hospitals and from the A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil, were included in this study. Cell-in-cell structures were evaluated on surgical postoperative sections that stained with hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results We found that cell-in-cell structures associated with cancer-related mortality in univariable analysis with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.99 (95%CI 1.52–5.88; P = 0.001). This association was confirmed in multivariable analysis (HR 2.22, 95%CI 1.12–4.44; P = 0.024). In addition, statistically significant associations were observed between the cell-in-cell structures and other adverse histopathologic characteristics including deep invasion (P < 0.001), high index of tumor budding (P = 0.007), worst pattern of invasion (P < 0.001), perineural invasion (P = 0.01), and stroma-rich pattern (P = 0.001). Conclusions Our findings demonstrate a significant relationship between cell-in-cell formation and aggressive characteristics of early OTSCC. Cell-in-cell structures have a distinct impact as a novel prognostic indicator in early OTSCC and they can be easily assessed during routine pathology practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alhadi Almangush
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3 (P.O. Box 21), FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland. .,Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Institute of Biomedicine, Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. .,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Misurata, Misurata, Libya.
| | - Antti A Mäkitie
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaana Hagström
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3 (P.O. Box 21), FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oral Pathology and Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Caj Haglund
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luiz Paulo Kowalski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pentti Nieminen
- Medical Informatics and Data Analysis Research Group, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ricardo D Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tuula Salo
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3 (P.O. Box 21), FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ilmo Leivo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mlynarczuk-Bialy I, Dziuba I, Sarnecka A, Platos E, Kowalczyk M, Pels KK, Wilczynski GM, Wojcik C, Bialy LP. Entosis: From Cell Biology to Clinical Cancer Pathology. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092481. [PMID: 32883000 PMCID: PMC7563411 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We review published clinico-histopathological studies establishing entosis an important prognostic and predictor factor in various cancer types. We also propose a new model to study this phenomenon, which involves active entry of one cell into another one. The internalized cell can remain viable and leave the host cell after a long time, potentially leading to cancer recurrence. Entotic figures are cell in cell structures, in which the nucleus of external cell is crescent-shaped, and the inner cell is surrounded by the extensive space entotic vacuole, distinguishing entosis from cell cannibalism. Entosis correlates with cancer worse prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, anal carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, pancreatic ductal carcinoma, and some breast ductal carcinoma. The BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells provide a new, more convenient model for entosis research in comparison to the previously described semidherent MCF7 model. BxPC-3 cells undergo and survive spontaneous entosis in normal adherent culture conditions. Abstract Entosis is a phenomenon, in which one cell enters a second one. New clinico-histopathological studies of entosis prompted us to summarize its significance in cancer. It appears that entosis might be a novel, independent prognostic predictor factor in cancer histopathology. We briefly discuss the biological basis of entosis, followed by a summary of published clinico-histopathological studies on entosis significance in cancer prognosis. The correlation of entosis with cancer prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, anal carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, pancreatic ductal carcinoma and breast ductal carcinoma, is shown. Numerous entotic figures are associated with a more malignant cancer phenotype and poor prognosis in many cancers. We also showed that some anticancer drugs could induce entosis in cell culture, even as an escape mechanism. Thus, entosis is likely beneficial for survival of malignant cells, i.e., an entotic cell can hide from unfavourable factors in another cell and subsequently leave the host cell remaining intact, leading to failure in therapy or cancer recurrence. Finally, we highlight the potential relationship of cell adhesion with entosis in vitro, based on the model of the BxPc3 cells cultured in full adhesive conditions, comparing them to a commonly used MCF7 semiadhesive model of entosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ireneusz Dziuba
- Department of Pathology, West Pomeranian Hospital in Gryfice, 72-300 Gryfice, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Sarnecka
- HESA Association at the Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warszawa, Poland; (A.S.); (E.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Emilia Platos
- HESA Association at the Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warszawa, Poland; (A.S.); (E.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Magdalena Kowalczyk
- HESA Association at the Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warszawa, Poland; (A.S.); (E.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Katarzyna K. Pels
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.P.); (G.M.W.)
| | - Grzegorz M. Wilczynski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.P.); (G.M.W.)
| | - Cezary Wojcik
- US Cardiovascular, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799, USA;
| | - Lukasz P. Bialy
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warszawa, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hayashi A, Yavas A, McIntyre CA, Ho YJ, Erakky A, Wong W, Varghese AM, Melchor JP, Overholtzer M, O'Reilly EM, Klimstra DS, Basturk O, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA. Genetic and clinical correlates of entosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Mod Pathol 2020; 33:1822-1831. [PMID: 32350415 PMCID: PMC7452867 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-0549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Entosis is a type of regulated cell death that promotes cancer cell competition. Though several studies have revealed the molecular mechanisms that govern entosis, the clinical and genetic correlates of entosis in human tumors is less well understood. Here we reviewed entotic cell-in-cell (CIC) patterns in a large single institution sequencing cohort (MSK IMPACT clinical sequencing cohort) of more than 1600 human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) samples to identify the genetic and clinical correlates of this cellular feature. After case selection, 516 conventional PDACs and 21 ASCs entered this study and ~45,000 HPFs (median 80 HPFs per sample) were reviewed; 549 entotic-CICs were detected through our cohort. We observed that entotic-CIC occurred more frequently in liver metastasis compared with primary in PDAC. Moreover, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma or adenosquamous carcinoma had more entotic-CIC than well or moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. With respect to genetic features TP53 mutations, KRAS amplification, and MYC amplification were significantly associated with entosis in PDAC tissues. From a clinical standpoint entotic CICs were independently associated with a poor prognosis by multivariate Cox regression analysis when considering all cases or primary PDACs specifically. These results provide a contextual basis for understanding entosis in PDAC, a highly aggressive cancer for which molecular insights are needed to improve survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akimasa Hayashi
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aslihan Yavas
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caitlin A McIntyre
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Ho
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Erakky
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Winston Wong
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna M Varghese
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jerry P Melchor
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eileen M O'Reilly
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David S Klimstra
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olca Basturk
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Christine A Iacobuzio-Donahue
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Seo J, Park M. Molecular crosstalk between cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2659-2680. [PMID: 31884567 PMCID: PMC7326806 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The progression of cancers and neurodegenerative disorders is largely defined by a set of molecular determinants that are either complementarily deregulated, or share remarkably overlapping functional pathways. A large number of such molecules have been demonstrated to be involved in the progression of both diseases. In this review, we particularly discuss our current knowledge on p53, cyclin D, cyclin E, cyclin F, Pin1 and protein phosphatase 2A, and their implications in the shared or distinct pathways that lead to cancers or neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we focus on the inter-dependent regulation of brain cancers and neurodegeneration, mediated by intercellular communication between tumor and neuronal cells in the brain through the extracellular microenvironment. Finally, we shed light on the therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of both cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Seo
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Mikyoung Park
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea.
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|