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Kim S, Lee D, Kim SE, Overholtzer M. Entosis: the core mechanism and crosstalk with other cell death programs. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:870-876. [PMID: 38565900 PMCID: PMC11059358 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01227-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell death pathways play critical roles in organism development and homeostasis as well as in the pathogenesis of various diseases. While studies over the last decade have elucidated numerous different forms of cell death that can eliminate cells in various contexts, how certain mechanisms impact physiology is still not well understood. Moreover, recent studies have shown that multiple forms cell death can occur in a cell population, with different forms of death eliminating individual cells. Here, we aim to describe the known molecular mechanisms of entosis, a non-apoptotic cell engulfment process, and discuss signaling mechanisms that control its induction as well as its possible crosstalk with other cell death mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghoon Kim
- Department of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- L-HOPE Program for Community-Based Total Learning Health Systems, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyuk Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Eun Kim
- Department of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- L-HOPE Program for Community-Based Total Learning Health Systems, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA.
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Dziuba I, Gawel AM, Tyrna P, Rybczynska J, Bialy LP, Mlynarczuk-Bialy I. Fate of Entosis: From the Beginning to the End in Untreated Advanced Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12142. [PMID: 37569518 PMCID: PMC10418304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Homotypic entosis is a phenomenon in which one cancer cell invades a neighboring cancer cell and is closed entirely within its entotic vacuole. The fate of entosis can lead to inner cell death or survival. Recent evidence draws attention to entosis as a novel prognostic marker in breast cancer. Nevertheless, little is known about the quantity and quality of the process of entosis in human cancer specimens. Here, for the first time, we analyze the frequency of entotic figures in a case of NOS (Non-Other Specified) breast cancer with regard to location: the primary tumor, regional lymph node, and distant metastasis. For the identification of entotic figures, cells were stained using hematoxylin/eosin and assessed using criteria proposed by Mackay. The majority of entotic figures (65%) were found in the lymph node, 27% were found in the primary tumor, and 8% were found in the far metastasis. In the far metastases, entotic figures demonstrated an altered, atypic morphology. Interestingly, in all locations, entosis did not show any signs of cell death. Moreover, the slides were stained for E-cadherin or Ki67, and we identified proliferating (Ki67-positive) inner and outer entotic cells. Therefore, we propose additional criteria for the identification of pro-survival entotic structures in diagnostic histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz Dziuba
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Academy of Silesia, 40-555 Katowice, Poland
| | - Agata M. Gawel
- Histology and Embryology Students’ Science Association, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.G.); (P.T.)
| | - Paweł Tyrna
- Histology and Embryology Students’ Science Association, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.G.); (P.T.)
| | - Jolanta Rybczynska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Lukasz P. Bialy
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Izabela Mlynarczuk-Bialy
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland;
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3
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Kianfar M, Balcerak A, Chmielarczyk M, Tarnowski L, Grzybowska EA. Cell Death by Entosis: Triggers, Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Significance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094985. [PMID: 35563375 PMCID: PMC9102690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Entosis—a homotypic insertion of one cell into another, resulting in a death of the invading cell—has been described in many reports, but crucial aspects of its molecular mechanisms and clinical significance still remain controversial. While actomyosin contractility of the invading cell is very well established as a driving force in the initial phase, and autophagy induced in the outer cell is determined as the main mechanism of degradation of the inner cell, many details remain unresolved. The multitude of triggering factors and crisscrossing molecular pathways described in entosis regulation make interpretations difficult. The question of the physiological role of entosis also remains unanswered. In this review, we summarize the knowledge of molecular mechanisms and clinical data concerning entosis accumulated so far, highlighting both coherent explanations and controversies.
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Borensztejn K, Tyrna P, Gaweł AM, Dziuba I, Wojcik C, Bialy LP, Mlynarczuk-Bialy I. Classification of Cell-in-Cell Structures: Different Phenomena with Similar Appearance. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102569. [PMID: 34685548 PMCID: PMC8534218 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A phenomenon known for over 100 years named “cell-in-cell” (CIC) is now undergoing its renaissance, mostly due to modern cell visualization techniques. It is no longer an esoteric process studied by a few cell biologists, as there is increasing evidence that CICs may have prognostic and diagnostic value for cancer patients. There are many unresolved questions stemming from the difficulties in studying CICs and the limitations of current molecular techniques. CIC formation involves a dynamic interaction between an outer or engulfing cell and an inner or engulfed cell, which can be of the same (homotypic) or different kind (heterotypic). Either one of those cells appears to be able to initiate this process, which involves signaling through cell–cell adhesion, followed by cytoskeleton activation, leading to the deformation of the cellular membrane and movements of both cells that subsequently result in CICs. This review focuses on the distinction of five known forms of CIC (cell cannibalism, phagoptosis, enclysis, entosis, and emperipolesis), their unique features, characteristics, and underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Borensztejn
- Histology and Embryology Students’ Science Association, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (K.B.); (P.T.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Paweł Tyrna
- Histology and Embryology Students’ Science Association, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (K.B.); (P.T.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Agata M. Gaweł
- Histology and Embryology Students’ Science Association, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (K.B.); (P.T.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Ireneusz Dziuba
- Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, Rolna 43, 40-555 Katowice, Poland
| | - Cezary Wojcik
- US Cardiovascular, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799, USA;
| | - Lukasz P. Bialy
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Izabela Mlynarczuk-Bialy
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-6295282
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5
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Hayashi A, Yavas A, McIntyre CA, Ho YJ, Erakky A, Wong W, Varghese AM, Melchor JP, Overholtzer M, O'Reilly EM, Klimstra DS, Basturk O, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA. Genetic and clinical correlates of entosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Mod Pathol 2020; 33:1822-1831. [PMID: 32350415 PMCID: PMC7452867 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-0549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Entosis is a type of regulated cell death that promotes cancer cell competition. Though several studies have revealed the molecular mechanisms that govern entosis, the clinical and genetic correlates of entosis in human tumors is less well understood. Here we reviewed entotic cell-in-cell (CIC) patterns in a large single institution sequencing cohort (MSK IMPACT clinical sequencing cohort) of more than 1600 human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) samples to identify the genetic and clinical correlates of this cellular feature. After case selection, 516 conventional PDACs and 21 ASCs entered this study and ~45,000 HPFs (median 80 HPFs per sample) were reviewed; 549 entotic-CICs were detected through our cohort. We observed that entotic-CIC occurred more frequently in liver metastasis compared with primary in PDAC. Moreover, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma or adenosquamous carcinoma had more entotic-CIC than well or moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. With respect to genetic features TP53 mutations, KRAS amplification, and MYC amplification were significantly associated with entosis in PDAC tissues. From a clinical standpoint entotic CICs were independently associated with a poor prognosis by multivariate Cox regression analysis when considering all cases or primary PDACs specifically. These results provide a contextual basis for understanding entosis in PDAC, a highly aggressive cancer for which molecular insights are needed to improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akimasa Hayashi
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aslihan Yavas
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caitlin A McIntyre
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Ho
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Erakky
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Winston Wong
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna M Varghese
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jerry P Melchor
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eileen M O'Reilly
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David S Klimstra
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olca Basturk
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Christine A Iacobuzio-Donahue
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Riegman M, Bradbury MS, Overholtzer M. Population Dynamics in Cell Death: Mechanisms of Propagation. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:558-568. [PMID: 31474361 PMCID: PMC7310667 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell death can occur through numerous regulated mechanisms that are categorized by their molecular machineries and differing effects on physiology. Apoptosis and necrosis, for example, have opposite effects on tissue inflammation due to their different modes of execution. Another feature that can distinguish different forms of cell death is that they have distinct intrinsic effects on the cell populations in which they occur. For example, a regulated mechanism of necrosis called ferroptosis has the unusual ability to spread between cells in a wave-like manner, thereby eliminating entire cell populations. Here we discuss the ways in which cell death can propagate between cells in normal physiology and disease, as well as the potential exploitation of cell death propagation for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Riegman
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michelle S Bradbury
- Department of Radiology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA; Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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7
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Lee Y, Hamann JC, Pellegrino M, Durgan J, Domart MC, Collinson LM, Haynes CM, Florey O, Overholtzer M. Entosis Controls a Developmental Cell Clearance in C. elegans. Cell Rep 2019; 26:3212-3220.e4. [PMID: 30893595 PMCID: PMC6475604 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metazoan cell death mechanisms are diverse and include numerous non-apoptotic programs. One program called entosis involves the invasion of live cells into their neighbors and is known to occur in cancers. Here, we identify a developmental function for entosis: to clear the male-specific linker cell in C. elegans. The linker cell leads migration to shape the gonad and is removed to facilitate fusion of the gonad to the cloaca. We find that the linker cell is cleared in a manner involving cell-cell adhesions and cell-autonomous control of uptake through linker cell actin. Linker cell entosis generates a lobe structure that is deposited at the site of gonad-to-cloaca fusion and is removed during mating. Inhibition of lobe scission inhibits linker cell death, demonstrating that the linker cell invades its host while alive. Our findings demonstrate a developmental function for entosis: to eliminate a migrating cell and facilitate gonad-to-cloaca fusion, which is required for fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchan Lee
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jens C Hamann
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mark Pellegrino
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Arlington, 500 UTA Blvd, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Joanne Durgan
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Marie-Charlotte Domart
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Lucy M Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Cole M Haynes
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Oliver Florey
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Florey O, Kim SE, Overholtzer M. Entosis: Cell-in-Cell Formation that Kills Through Entotic Cell Death. Curr Mol Med 2015; 15:861-6. [PMID: 26511711 DOI: 10.2174/1566524015666151026100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Entosis is a cell-in-cell formation mechanism that targets viable cells for uptake in epithelial cell cultures and human tumors. Entotic cells control their own engulfment, by invading into their hosts in a Rho-GTPase and actomyosin-dependent manner. Although entotic cells are internalized while alive, most eventually undergo a non-apoptotic form of cell death, called entotic cell death, that is executed non-cell-autonomously by autophagy proteins and lysosomes. Here we review the current understanding of entosis and entotic cell death and discuss the potential roles of this process in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M Overholtzer
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Wen S, Shang Z, Zhu S, Chang C, Niu Y. Androgen receptor enhances entosis, a non-apoptotic cell death, through modulation of Rho/ROCK pathway in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2013; 73:1306-15. [PMID: 23775364 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-in-cell phenomenon has been found for more than a century. Entosis, which is a newly found homogeneous cell-in-cell phenomenon and a non-apoptosis cell death progress, has unclear function in prostate cancer progression. Here, we dissected mechanism of AR signaling related to entosis incidence in PCa progression. METHODS Two stable PCa cell lines, named LNCaP-ARsi and C4-2-ARsi were established with stably transfected AR-shRNA to knockdown AR mRNA expression in LNCaP and C4-2 cells, respectively. PC3-AR9 cell line was also established after stably transfecting full-length AR-cDNA into PC3 cells. All these cells were cultured in poly-HEME-coated plates to induce entosis, which is demonstrated via double staining. RESULTS Androgen-DHT could enhance entosis in LNCaP, C4-2 and PC3-AR9 PCa cells in a dose dependent manner. Knock-down of AR in LNCaP and C4-2 significantly suppressed entosis as compared to LNCaP-ARsc and C4-2-ARsc cells at both 1 and 10 nM DHT condition (P < 0.05). And suppression of Rho/ROCK expression resulted in interruption of AR-mediated entosis. Human PCa samples surveys demonstrated that entosis was found only in CRPC but not in BPH and ADPC where AR was less expressed as compared to CRPC. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that AR might play a negative role during PCa progression via influencing entosis by modulating Rho/ROCK pathway. This newly identified AR role of enhancing entosis might help us to better understand the multiple and opposite roles of AR, which could either promote or suppress PCa cell progression via different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Wen
- Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Caruso RA, Fedele F, Finocchiaro G, Arena G, Venuti A. Neutrophil-tumor cell phagocytosis (cannibalism) in human tumors: an update and literature review. Exp Oncol 2012; 34:306-311. [PMID: 23070016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The recognition and removal of apoptotic cells by tissue macrophages and nonprofessional phagocytes, in a process called efferocytosis, is critical for development, tissue homeostasis and resolution of inflammation. Apoptotic bodies arising in tumor tissue are ingested by viable neoplastic cells and by resident macrophages. We described tumor cell phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils in human gastric carcinomas. This phenomenon is analogous to neutrophil efferocytosis performed by macrophages and by nonprofessional phagocytes during inflammatory reaction but is distinct by other types of cell-in-cell phenomena including emperipolesis and entosis both cytologically and biologically. In this review, we discussed them in their ultrastructural morphology, physiological roles, and clinicopathologic implications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Apoptosis: Four Decades Later".
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Caruso
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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12
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Abstract
A canonical regulatory pathway involving the members of the Bcl-2 and caspase families has been established to regulate developmental apoptosis in nematodes and flies. However, mutant mice that have major deficiencies in this apoptosis pathway show only relatively minor developmental defects. Recent revelations indicate that multiple mechanisms are involved in regulating cell death during mammalian development, tissue homeostasis, and pathological cell loss. Here, we critically evaluate the evidence demonstrating the existence of alternative cell death mechanisms, including apoptosis of lower organisms in the absence of canonical apoptosis mediators, autophagic cell death, necroptosis, elimination by shedding, keratinocyte death by cornification, and cell-cell cannibalism by entosis. The physiological relevance of alternative cell death mechanisms as primary and backup mechanisms is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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