Intermolecular selective carboacylation of alkenes via nickel-catalyzed reductive radical relay

Defluorinative Cyclization of Enamides with Fluoroalkyl Halides Through Two Vicinal C(sp3)─F Bonds Functionalization

Introducing distinctive functional groups to expand the structural diversity and improve the intrinsic properties of parent molecules has been an essential pursuit in organic chemistry. By using perfluoroalkyl halide (PFAH) as a nontraditional, readily available, ideal 1,2-difluoroalkenyl coupling partner, a defluorinative cyclization reaction of enamides for the construction of fluoroalkenyl oxazoles is first developed. The selective and controllable two-fold cleavage of vicinal C(sp3)─F bonds in PFAH not only enables the introduction of a specific 1,2-difluoroalkenyl moiety with ease but also results in the functionalization of two C(sp2)─H bonds of enamides without the need for metal catalyst, photocatalyst, oxidant, or light. The method can be applied to the late-stage modification of complex molecules, synthesis of biological-relevant oxazole analoges, and scale-up synthesis, which all further highlight the real-world utility of this protocol. Mechanistic studies reveal that the reaction possibly proceeds through a radical perfluoroalkylation, consecutive C─F bond heterolytic cleavage, and cyclization process. In addition, the in situ formed perfluoroalkyl radical which may also serve as an essential hydrogen abstractor.

β,β-Difluoro Peroxides as Fluorinated C2-Building Blocks for the Construction of Functionalized Indolizines

An effective method for the construction of functionalized indolizines has been developed in which β,β-difluoro peroxides act as novel C2-building blocks to implement [3+2] annulation with pyridinium ylides under base-mediated conditions. With this protocol, a broad range of multisubstituted indolizines were prepared in moderate to good yields under mild conditions, and many useful functional groups were tolerated.

Cross-Electrophile Coupling: Principles, Methods, and Applications in Synthesis

Cross-electrophile coupling (XEC), defined by us as the cross-coupling of two different σ-electrophiles that is driven by catalyst reduction, has seen rapid progression in recent years. As such, this review aims to summarize the field from its beginnings up until mid-2023 and to provide comprehensive coverage on synthetic methods and current state of mechanistic understanding. Chapters are split by type of bond formed, which include C(sp3)-C(sp3), C(sp2)-C(sp2), C(sp2)-C(sp3), and C(sp2)-C(sp) bond formation. Additional chapters include alkene difunctionalization, alkyne difunctionalization, and formation of carbon-heteroatom bonds. Each chapter is generally organized with an initial summary of mechanisms followed by detailed figures and notes on methodological developments and ending with application notes in synthesis. While XEC is becoming an increasingly utilized approach in synthesis, its early stage of development means that optimal catalysts, ligands, additives, and reductants are still in flux. This review has collected data on these and various other aspects of the reactions to capture the state of the field. Finally, the data collected on the papers in this review is offered as Supporting Information for readers.

Direct alkene functionalization via photocatalytic hydrogen atom transfer from C(sp3)-H compounds: a route to pharmaceutically important molecules

Direct functionalization of alkenes with C(sp3)-H substrates offers unique opportunities for the rapid construction of pharmaceuticals and natural products. Although significant progress has been made over the past decades, the development of green, high step-economy methods to achieve these transformations under mild conditions without the need for pre-functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds remains a substantial challenge. Therefore, the pursuit of such methodologies is highly desirable. Recently, the direct activation of C(sp3)-H bonds via photocatalytic hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), especially from unactivated alkanes, has shown great promise. Given the potential of this approach to generate a wide range of pharmaceutically relevant compounds, this review highlights the recent advancements in the direct functionalization of alkenes through photocatalytic HAT from C(sp3)-H compounds, as well as their applications in the synthesis and diversification of drugs, natural products, and bioactive molecules, aiming to provide medicinal chemists with a practical set of tools.

Enantioselective Synthesis of Benzylic Boronic Esters via Photoredox/Nickel-Catalyzed Multicomponent Cross-Couplings

As a class of versatile building blocks, chiral benzylic boronic esters are important intermediates employed in modern organic chemistry. We describe herein the first stereoconvergent multicomponent cross-coupling reaction of vinyl boronates, alkyltrifluoroborates, and aryl halides through a dual photoredox/nickel catalysis methodology. This synergistic platform permitted the benign construction of various enantioenriched benzylic boronic esters with broad substrate tolerance and moderate to excellent enantioselectivity (up to 98:2 er) from commercially available starting materials. Moreover, experimental and computational studies shed light on the nickel catalytic transformation and the origin of the enantioselectivity.

The Divergent Reactivity of Acid Chlorides Under Transition Metal Catalysis

The power and ability of catalysis to build multiple C-C bonds in a single step has had a transformative impact on organic synthesis. While the reactivity of organohalides with metal catalysts is widely appreciated, the related and more intricate reactivity of acid chlorides is less so, despite their use as common reagents in synthesis. Here, we review the transformations of acid chlorides in combination with unsaturated C-C bonds catalyzed by palladium, rhodium, or iridium and provide an outlook for future research opportunities.

Kinetics and Mechanism of PPh3/Ni-Catalyzed, Zn-Mediated, Aryl Chloride Homocoupling: Antagonistic Effects of ZnCl2/Cl. J Am Chem Soc 2024;146:29913-29927. [PMID: 39420638 PMCID: PMC11528415 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0]

The Ni/PPh3-catalyzed homocoupling of aryl chlorides in DMF using Zn as the stochiometric reducing agent is one of a general class of Ni-catalyzed processes, where the mechanism has been a matter of long-standing debate. This study re-evaluates prior conclusions and insights. NMR spectroscopy is used to identify [(PPh3)2NiII(Ar)Cl] as a key intermediate and to explore the indirect roles of using Zn as the reductant. The [ZnCl2] coproduct is responsible for several features, including a sequential transmetalation pathway involving [ArZnCl]. [ZnCl2] also abstracts halide from [(PPh3)2NiCl2] to generate [NiIICl(DMF)5]+[ZnCl3(DMF)]-, and in doing so, affects the NiII + Ni0 ↔ 2 NiI speciation. [ZnCl2] thus acts as an accelerator and inhibitor, resulting in mildly sigmoidal reaction profiles. When the [ZnCl2] concentration becomes too high or the phosphine ligand concentration too low, catalysis stalls. Turnover is restored by the addition of further phosphine ligand, or chloride ion. In the presence of an exogenous chloride ion, turnover is rapid, again proceeding via [(PPh3)2NiII(Ar)Cl] but via dinuclear metathesis. The generation of [ZnCl3(DMF)]- results in mutually antagonistic effects between [ZnCl2] and [Cl]- such that turnover proceeds via one mechanism or the other, depending on which species is in excess. The intermediacy of [ArZnCl] suggests a solution to the long-standing anomaly that many other reductants were found to be much less effective than Zn in inducing turnover of Ni/PPh3 catalyzed aryl chloride homocoupling in DMF. The use of DMAc as a solvent in place of DMF inhibits stalling through the steric inhibition of mixed metalate generation.

Regiodivergent Radical-Relay Alkene Dicarbofunctionalization

Herein, we report a regiodivergent 1,n-dicarbofunctionalization of unactivated olefins enabled by a Ni-catalyzed radical relay that forges both C(sp3)-C(sp3) and C(sp2)-C(sp3) linkages, even at long-range. Initial studies support an intertwined scenario resulting from the merger of an atom-transfer radical addition (ATRA) and a chain-walking event, with site-selectivity being dictated by a judicious choice of the ligand backbone.

Nickel-Catalyzed Three-Component 1,2-Carboacylation of Alkenes

Ketones, prevalent in many biologically significant molecules, require the development of novel methods to synthesize these structures, which is a critical endeavor in organic synthesis. Transition metal catalysis has proven to be an effective method for synthesizing ketones. However, the scope of these substrates remains relatively limited, particularly due to their incompatibility with sensitive functional groups. Herein, we report a Ni-catalyzed three-component 1,2-carboacylation of alkenes, which activates secondary/tertiary alkyl bromides. This method offers significant advantages: simplicity of operation, ready availability of substrates, and broad substrate applicability. A series of experimental studies have helped clarify the key mechanistic pathways involved in this cascade reaction.

Ni-catalyzed enantioselective three-component reductive alkylacylation of alkenes: modular access to structurally complex α-amino ketones

Chiral alpha-amino ketones have found extensive applications as functional molecules. A nickel-catalyzed, enantioselective, and fully intermolecular three-component 1,2-alkylacylation of N-acyl enamides has been realized with tertiary alkyl bromides and carboxylic acid-derived electrophiles as the coupling reagents. This reductive coupling strategy is operationally simple, exhibiting broad substrate scope and excellent functional group tolerance using readily available starting materials and allowing rapid access to structurally complex α-amino ketone derivatives in high enantioselectivity. A suitable chiral biimidazoline ligand together with additional chelation of the amide carbonyl group in a Ni alkyl intermediate facilitates the enantioselective control by suppressing the background reaction, accounting for the excellent enantioselectivity. Mechanistic studies indicated intermediacy of radical species.

Chemo-, regio- and stereoselective access to polysubstituted 1,3-dienes via Nickel-catalyzed four-component reactions

1,2-Difunctionalization of alkynes offers a straightforward approach to access polysubstituted alkenes. However, simultaneous multi-component cascade transformations including difunctionalization of two alkynes with both syn- and anti-selectivity in one catalyst system is undeveloped and proves to be a significant challenge. Herein, we report a Nickel-catalyzed four-component reaction to access polysubstituted 1,3-dienes using two terminal alkynes, aryl boroxines, and perfluoroalkyl iodides, wherein the reaction forms three new C-C bonds in a single vessel and serve as a modular strategy to access polysubstituted 1,3-dienes with excellent chemoselectivity, good regioselectivity and exclusive stereoselectivity. Control experiments reveal the plausible reaction mechanism and DFT calculations explain the cause for the formation of this unusual four-component reaction. Furthermore, we successfully incorporate two biologically active units into 1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted 1,3-dienes, which greatly increases the diversity of molecular scaffolds and brings more potential values to medicinal chemistry, the synthetic utility of our protocol is further demonstrated by the late-stage transformations.

Nickel-catalysed highly regioselective synthesis of β-acyl naphthalenes under reductive conditions

Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in the direct C-H acylation of naphthalenes, occurring at the α or β-positions to yield valuable ketones through Friedel-Crafts acylation or transition-metal-catalysed carbonylative coupling reactions. Nevertheless, highly regioselective acylation of naphthalenes remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we developed a nickel-catalysed reductive ring-opening reaction of 7-oxabenzonorbornadienes with acyl chlorides as the electrophilic coupling partner, providing a new method for the exclusive preparation of β-acyl naphthalenes.

Nickel/photoredox-catalyzed three-component silylacylation of acrylates via chlorine photoelimination

The extensive utility of organosilicon compounds across a wide range of disciplines has sparked significant interest in their efficient synthesis. Although catalytic 1,2-silyldifunctionalization of alkenes provides a promising method for the assembly of intricate organosilicon frameworks with atom and step economy, its advancement is hindered by the requirement of an external hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) agent in photoredox catalysis. Herein, we disclose an efficient three-component silylacylation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, leveraging a synergistic nickel/photoredox catalysis with various hydrosilanes and aroyl chlorides. This method enables the direct conversion of acrylates into valuable building blocks that contain both carbonyl and silicon functionalities through a single, redox-neutral process. Key to this reaction is the precise activation of the Si-H bond, achieved through chlorine radical-induced HAT, enabled by the photoelimination of a Ni-Cl bond. Acyl chlorides serve a dual role, functioning as both acylating agents and chloride donors. Our methodology is distinguished by its mild conditions and extensive substrate adaptability, significantly enhancing the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals.

Selective Mono-Defluorinative Cross-Coupling of Trifluoromethyl arenes via Multiphoton Photoredox Catalysis

A new cross-coupling of trifluoromethyl arenes has been realized via multiphoton photoredox catalysis. Trifluoromethyl arenes were demonstrated to undergo selective mono-defluorinative alkylation under mild reaction conditions providing access to a series of valuable α,α-difluorobenzylic compounds. The reaction shows broad substrate scope and general functional group tolerance. In addition to the electron-deficient trifluoromethyl arenes that are easily reduced to the corresponding radical anion, more challenging electron-rich substrates were also successfully applied. Steady-State Stern-Volmer quenching studies indicated that the trifluoromethyl arenes were reduced by the multiphoton excited Ir-based photocatalyst.

Computational Exploration of 1,2-Carboamine Carbonylation Catalyzed by Nickel

Nickel-catalyzed carbonylation of alkenes is a stereoselective and regioselective method for the synthesis of amide compounds. Theoretical predictions with density functional theory calculations revealed the mechanism and origin of stereoselectivity and regioselectivity for the nickel-catalyzed carbonylation of norbornene. The carbonylation reaction proceeds through oxidative addition, migration insertion of alkenes, and subsequent reduction elimination to afford cis-carbonylation product. The C-N bond activation of amides is unfavorable because the oxidative addition ability of the C-C bond is stronger than that of the C-N bond. The determining step of stereoselectivity is the migratory insertion of the strained olefin. The structural analysis shows that steroselectivity is controlled by the steric hindrance of methyl groups to olefins and substituents to IMes in ligands.

Ligand Relay for Nickel-Catalyzed Decarbonylative Alkylation of Aroyl Chlorides

Transition metal-catalyzed direct decarboxylative transformations of aromatic carboxylic acids usually require high temperatures, which limit the substrate's scope, especially for late-stage applications. The development of the selective decarbonylative of carboxylic acid derivatives, especially the most fundamental aroyl chlorides, with stable and cheap electrophiles under mild conditions is highly desirable and meaningful, but remains challenging. Herein, a strategy of nickel-catalyzed decarbonylative alkylation of aroyl chlorides via phosphine/nitrogen ligand relay is reported. The simple phosphine ligand is found essential for the decarbonylation step, while the nitrogen ligand promotes the cross-electrophile coupling. Such a ligand relay system can effectively and orderly carry out the catalytic process at room temperature, utilizing easily available aroyl chlorides as an aryl electrophile for reductive alkylation. This discovery provides a new strategy for direct decarbonylative coupling, features operationally simple, mild conditions, and excellent functional group tolerance. The mild approach is applied to the late-stage methylation of various pharmaceuticals. Extensive experiments are carried out to provide insights into the reaction pathway and support the ligand relay process.

Nickel/Photo-Cocatalyzed Three-Component Alkyl-Acylation of Aryl-Activated Alkenes

Herein, we disclose a nickel/photo-cocatalyzed three-component alkyl-acylation of aryl-substituted alkenes with aldehydes and electron-withdrawing-group-activated alkyl bromides, providing straightforward access to various ketones under mild and ligand-free conditions. The photocatalyst TBADT plays a dual role in activating the acyl C-H bond of aldehydes via hydrogen atom transfer and reducing the C-Br bond of alkyl bromides via single-electron transfer. While the terminal C-C bond is forged through polarity-matched radical-type addition, nickel is likely involved in the acylation step.

Synthesis of α-Branched Enones via Chloroacylation of Terminal Alkenes

Here, we show the conversion of unactivated alkenes into α-branched enones via regioselective chloroacylation with acyl chlorides. The method relies upon the initial in situ generation of chlorine radicals directly from the acyl chloride precursor under cooperative nickel/photoredox catalysis. Subsequent HCl elimination provides enones and α,β-unsaturated esters that are not accessible via the conventional acylation approaches that provide the other, linear constitutional isomer.

Recent Advances in First-Row Transition Metal-Catalyzed Reductive Coupling Reactions for π-Bond Functionalization and C-Glycosylation

ConspectusEfficient construction of ubiquitous carbon-carbon bonds between two electrophiles has garnered interest in recent decades, particularly if it is mediated by nonprecious, first-row transition metals. Reductive coupling has advantages over traditional cross-coupling by obviating the need for stoichiometric air- and moisture-sensitive organometallic reagents. By harnessing transition metal-catalyzed reductive coupling as a powerful tool, intricate molecular architectures can be readily assembled through the installation of two C-C bonds across π systems (alkenes/alkynes) via reaction with two appropriate electrophiles. Despite advances in reductive alkene difunctionalization, there remains significant potential for the discovery of novel reaction pathways. In this regard, development of reductive protocols that enable the union of challenging alkyl/alkynyl electrophiles in high regio- and chemoselectivity remains a highly sought-after goal.Apart from π-bond functionalization, reductive coupling has found application in carbohydrate chemistry, particularly in the synthesis of valuable C-glycosyl compounds. In this vein, suitable glycosyl donors can be used to generate reactive glycosyl radical intermediates under reductive conditions. Through elaborately designed reactions, these intermediates can be trapped to furnish pharmaceutically relevant glycoconjugates. Consequently, diversification in C-glycosyl compound synthesis using first-row transition metal catalysis holds strong appeal.In this Account, we summarize our efforts in the development of first-row transition metal-catalyzed reductive coupling reactions for applications in alkene/alkyne functionalization and C-glycosylation. We will first discuss the nickel (Ni)-catalyzed reductive difunctionalization of alkenes, aided by an 8-aminoquinoline (AQ) directing auxiliary. Next, we highlight the Ni-catalyzed hydroalkylation of alkenyl amides tethered with a similar AQ-derived directing auxiliary. Lastly, we discuss an efficient synthesis of 1,3-enynes involving site- and stereoselective reductive coupling of terminal alkynes with alkynyl halides and NHPI esters.Beyond alkene dicarbofunctionalization, we extended the paradigm of transition metal-catalyzed reductive coupling toward the construction of C-glycosidic linkages in carbohydrates. By employing an earth-abundant iron (Fe)-based catalyst, we show that useful glycosyl radicals can be generated from glycosyl chlorides under reductive conditions. These intermediates can be captured in C-C bond formation to furnish valuable C-aryl, C-alkenyl, and C-alkynyl glycosyl compounds with high diastereoselectivity. Our Ni-catalyzed multicomponent union of glycosyl chlorides, aryl/alkyl iodides, and isobutyl chloroformate under reductive conditions led to the stereoselective synthesis of C-acyl glycosides. In addition to Fe and Ni, we discovered a Ti-catalyzed/Mn-promoted synthetic route to access C-alkyl and C-alkenyl glycosyl compounds, through the reaction of glycosyl chlorides with electron-deficient alkenes/alkynes. We further developed an electron donor-acceptor (EDA) photoactivation system leveraging decarboxylative and deaminative strategies for C-glycosylation under Ni catalysis. This approach has been demonstrated to selectively activate carboxyl and amino motifs to furnish glycopeptide conjugates. Finally, through two distinct catalytic transformations of bench-stable heteroaryl glycosyl sulfones, we achieved stereodivergent access to both α- and β-anomers of C-aryl glycosides, one of which involves a Ni-catalyzed reductive coupling with aryl iodides.The findings presented in this Account are anticipated to have far-reaching implications beyond our research. We foresee that these results will pave the way for new transformations founded on the concept of reductive coupling, leading to the discovery of novel applications in the future.

Visible-Light-Promoted Intermolecular β-Acyl Difunctionalization of Alkenes via Oxidative Radical-Polar Crossover

A visible-light-induced β-acyl difunctionalization of alkenes with acyl oxime esters and various nucleophiles was developed to achieve molecular complexity from readily available raw materials via oxidative radical-polar crossover. A variety of nucleophiles, including NH-sulfoximines, indoles, indazole, and trimethoxybenzene, were all effectively applicable to the sustainable reaction system. The novel synthetic strategy features mild reaction conditions, a broad substrate scope (39 examples), easy scale-up, and excellent regioselectivity.

Enantioselective Reductive Cross-Couplings of Olefins by Merging Electrochemistry with Nickel Catalysis

The merger of electrochemistry and transition metal catalysis has emerged as a powerful tool to join two electrophiles in an enantioselective manner. However, the development of enantioselective electroreductive cross-couplings of olefins remains a challenge. Inspired by the advantages of the synergistic use of electrochemistry with nickel catalysis, we present here a Ni-catalyzed enantioselective electroreductive cross-coupling of acrylates with aryl halides and alkyl bromides, which affords chiral α-aryl carbonyls in good to excellent enantioselectivity. Additionally, this catalytic reaction can be applied to (hetero)aryl chlorides, which is difficult to achieve by other methods. The combination of cyclic voltammetry analysis with electrode potential studies suggests that the NiI species activates aryl halides by oxidative addition and alkyl bromides by single-electron transfer.

Unified Approach to Diverse Heterocyclic Synthesis: Organo-Photocatalyzed Carboacylation of Alkenes and Alkynes from Feedstock Aldehydes and Alcohols

We report an organo-photocatalyzed carboacylation reaction that offers a springboard to create chemical complexity in a diversity-driven approach. The modular one-pot method uses feedstock aldehydes and alcohols as acyl surrogates and commercially available Eosin Y as the photoredox catalyst, making it simple and affordable to introduce structural diversity. Several biologically relevant skeletons have been easily synthesized under mild conditions in the presence of visible light irradiation by fostering a radical acylation/cyclization cascade. The proposed reaction mechanism was further illuminated by a number of spectroscopic studies. Furthermore, we applied this protocol for the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals and blockbuster drugs.

Modular and Practical 1,2-Aryl(Alkenyl) Heteroatom Functionalization of Alkenes through Iron/Photoredox Dual Catalysis

Efficient methods for synthesizing 1,2-aryl(alkenyl) heteroatomic cores, encompassing heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and halogens, are of significant importance in medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical research. In this study, we present a mild, versatile and practical photoredox/iron dual catalytic system that enables access to highly privileged 1,2-aryl(alkenyl) heteroatomic pharmacophores with exceptional efficiency and site selectivity. Our approach exhibits an extensive scope, allowing for the direct utilization of a wide range of commodity or commercially available (hetero)arenes as well as activated and unactivated alkenes with diverse functional groups, drug scaffolds, and natural product motifs as substrates. By merging iron catalysis with the photoredox cycle, a vast array of alkene 1,2-aryl(alkenyl) functionalization products that incorporate a neighboring azido, amino, halo, thiocyano and nitrooxy group were secured. The scalability and ability to rapid synthesize numerous bioactive small molecules from readily available starting materials highlight the utility of this protocol.

Nickel/Titanocene-Catalyzed Electrophilic Acylation Coupling of Styrene Oxides

The cross-coupling of epoxides with acyl chlorides or anhydrides by a nickel/titanocene dual catalytic system is established. A variety of synthetically useful β-hydroxy ketones were obtained in good to high yields by using modified pyridine-oxazoline ligand. The reaction proceeds via the cooperation of titanocene-catalyzed ring-opening of epoxides and nickel-catalyzed acylation of the benzylic radical intermediate.

Ketone Synthesis via Irradiation-Induced Generation of a Persistent Ketyl Radical from Acyl Azolium Salts

A novel three-component α-acylated difunctionalization of alkenes strategy has been developed on the basis of a direct hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process of photoinduced acyl azolium salts. With simple irradiation without the catalyst, a variety of olefins can be directly converted into ketone derivatives, including 1,4-dione, β-silyl ketone, 1,5-dione, etc. Mechanistic investigations indicated that the unique reactivity of the acyl azonium triplet excited state is crucial to the strategy's success.

Ketones from aldehydes via alkyl C(sp3)-H functionalization under photoredox cooperative NHC/palladium catalysis

Direct synthesis of ketones from aldehydes features high atom- and step-economy. Yet, the coupling of aldehydes with unactivated alkyl C(sp³)-H remains challenging. Herein, we develop the synthesis of ketones from aldehydes via alkyl C(sp³)-H functionalization under photoredox cooperative NHC/Pd catalysis. The two-component reaction of iodomethylsilyl alkyl ether with aldehydes gave a variety of β-, γ- and δ-silyloxylketones via 1,n-HAT (n = 5, 6, 7) of silylmethyl radicals to generate secondary or tertiary alkyl radicals and following coupling with ketyl radicals from aldehydes under photoredox NHC catalysis. The three-component reaction with the addition of styrenes gave the corresponding ε-hydroxylketones via the generation of benzylic radicals by the addition of alkyl radicals to styrenes and following coupling with ketyl radicals. This work demonstrates the generation of ketyl radical and alkyl radical under the photoredox cooperative NHC/Pd catalysis, and provides two and three component reactions for the synthesis of ketones from aldehydes with alkyl C(sp³)-H functionalization. The synthetic potential of this protocol was also further illustrated by the late-stage functionalization of natural products.

General Method for Selective Three-Component Carboacylation of Alkenes via Visible-Light Dual Photoredox/Nickel Catalysis

A photoredox/nickel dual catalytic protocol for the regioselective three-component carboacylation of alkenes with tertiary and secondary alkyltrifluoroborates as well as acyl chlorides is described. This redox-neutral protocol can be applied to the rapid synthesis of ketones with high diversity and complexity via a radical relay process. Many functional groups, allowing for various commercially available acyl chlorides, alkyltrifluoroborates, and alkenes, are tolerated under these mild conditions.

Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile 1,2-Silyl-Arylation of 1,3-Dienes with Chlorosilanes and Aryl Bromides

Catalytic, three-component, cross-electrophile reactions have recently emerged as a promising tool for molecular diversification, but studies have focused mainly on the alkyl-carbonations of alkenes. Herein, the scope of this method has been extended to conjugated dienes and silicon chemistry through silylative difunctionalization of 1,3-dienes with chlorosilanes and aryl bromides. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions to afford 1,2-linear-silylated products, a selectivity that is different to those obtained from conventional methods via an intermediary of H(C)-η³ -π-allylmetal species. Preliminary mechanistic studies reveal that chlorosilane reacts with 1,3-diene first and then couples with aryl bromide.

Ni-Catalyzed Regioselective Reductive 1,3-Dialkenylation of Alkenes

Dicarbofunctionalization is an important efficient synthetic technique for adding two chemical moieties across an alkene. Here, a novel method of reductive dicarbofunctionalization has been developed using a single alkenyl triflate as the electrophile, combined with an unactivated alkene. The reaction does not require an external auxiliary and proceeds with complete regioselectivity.

α-Acylation of Alkenes by a Single Photocatalyst

A direct strategy for the difunctionalization of alkenes, with acylation occurring at the more substituted alkene position, would be attractive for complex ketone synthesis. We report herein a reaction driven by a single photocatalyst that enables α-acylation in this way with the introduction of a fluoromethyl, alkyl, sulfonyl or thioether group at the β-position of the alkene with high chemo- and regioselectivity under extremely mild conditions. Crucial to the success of this method are rate differences in the kinetics of radical generation through single-electron transfer (SET) between different radical precursors and the excited photocatalyst (PC*). Thus, the β-position of the alkene is first occupied by the group derived from the radical precursor that can be generated most readily, and α-keto acids could be used as an electrophilic reagent for the α-acylation of alkenes.

Mechanistic views and computational studies on transition-metal-catalyzed reductive coupling reactions

Transition-metal-catalyzed reductive coupling reactions have been considered as a powerful tool to convert two electrophiles into value-added products. Numerous related reports have shown the fascinating potential. Mechanistic studies, especially theoretical studies, can provide important implications for the design of novel reductive coupling reactions. In this review, we summarize the representative advancements in theoretical studies on transition-metal-catalyzed reductive coupling reactions and systematically elaborate the mechanisms for the key steps of reductive coupling reactions. The activation modes of electrophiles and the deep insights of selectivity generation are mechanistically discussed. In addition, the mechanism of the reduction of high-oxidation-state catalysts and further construction of new chemical bonds are also described in detail.

Difluoroalkylative carbonylation of alkenes to access carbonyl difluoro-containing heterocycles: convenient synthesis of gemigliptin

Fluorinated heterocycles play a vital role in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Hence, rapid and efficient construction of fluorinated heterocycles remains highly demanded. Herein, a difluoroalkylative carbonylative cyclization of unactivated alkenes and ethylene gas enabled by palladium catalysis has been developed for the first time toward the synthesis of α-carbonyl difluoro-modified glutarimides. This procedure can also be applied to the synthesis of GeMigliptin which is a medicine approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Regioselective Ni-Catalyzed reductive alkylsilylation of acrylonitrile with unactivated alkyl bromides and chlorosilanes

Transition-metal catalyzed carbosilylation of alkenes using carbon electrophiles and silylmetal (-B, -Zn) reagents as the nucleophiles offers a powerful strategy for synthesizing organosilicones, by incorporating carbon and silyl groups across on C-C double bonds in one step. However, to the best of our knowledge, the study of silylative alkenes difunctionalization based on carbon and silyl electrophiles remains underdeveloped. Herein, we present an example of silylative alkylation of activated olefins with unactivated alkyl bromides and chlorosilanes as electrophiles under nickel catalysis. The main feature of this protocol is employing more easily accessible substrates including primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl bromides, as well as various chlorosilanes without using pre-generated organometallics. A wide range of alkylsilanes with diverse structures can be efficiently assembled in a single step, highlighting the good functionality tolerance of this approach. Furthermore, successful functionalization of bioactive molecules and synthetic applications using this method demonstrate its practicability.

Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Dicarbofunctionalization of Vinylarenes Enabled by Electrochemical Process

An intermolecular alkene dicarbofunctionalization via electrochemical reduction that combines alkyl and aryl iodides with styrene derivatives was herein reported. The multicomponent reaction exhibited several synthetic advantages including simple operation, wide substrate scope, and convenience of amplification. Mechanistic investigations, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and radical trapping reactions, support the electrochemical nickel catalytic cycle and formation of alkyl radical species from alkyl iodides.

Photoredox cooperative N-heterocyclic carbene/palladium-catalysed alkylacylation of alkenes

Three-component carboacylation of simple alkenes with readily available reagents is challenging. Transition metal-catalysed intermolecular carboacylation works for alkenes with strained ring or directing groups. Herein, we develop a photoredox cooperative N-heterocyclic carbene/Pd-catalysed alkylacylation of simple alkenes with aldehydes and unactivated alkyl halides to provide ketones in good yields. This multicomponent coupling reaction features a wide scope of alkenes, broad functional group compatibility and free of exogenous photosensitizer or external reductant. In addition, a series of chlorinated cyclopropanes with one or two vicinal quaternary carbons is obtained when chloroform or carbon tetrachloride is used as the alkyl halide. The reaction involves the alkyl radicals from halides and the ketyl radicals from aldehydes under photoredox cooperative N-heterocyclic carbene/Pd catalysis.

Three-component carboacylation of simple alkenes often requires directing groups and strained substrates. Here, the authors report a photoredox N-heteroyclic carbene/Pd-catalysed alkylacylation of alkenes with aldehydes and unactivated alkyl halides; exogenous photosensitizer or external reductant are not required.

Dicarbofunctionalizations of an Unactivated Alkene via Photoredox/Nickel Dual Catalysis

1,2-Dicarbofunctionalization of unactivated olefin has been reported under photoredox/nickel dual catalysis. The mildness of the visible-light-mediated reaction allows the use of various alkyl and aryl electrophiles with several sensitive functional groups. The protocol was equally applied for late-stage diversification of drugs and biologically active molecules. Investigations elucidated the importance of photoredox/nickel dual catalysis and α-amino-radical-mediated halogen atom transfer and provided us with the nickel complexes involved in the reaction.

Ni-Catalyzed Reductive Fluoroalkylacylation of Alkynes for the Steroselective Synthesis of Fluoroalkylated Enones

A Ni-catalyzed three-component reductive fluoroalkylacylation of alkynes with fluoroalkyl halides and acyl chlorides is presented. This dicarbofunctionalization provides an efficient method for the synthesis of fluoroalkyl-incorporated enones under mild conditions with high yields and excellent regioselectivity and stereoselectivity.

Synthesis of Vicinal Carbocycles by Intramolecular Nickel-Catalyzed Conjunctive Cross-Electrophile Coupling Reaction

A nickel-catalyzed intramolecular conjunctive cross-electrophile coupling reaction has been established. This method enables the synthesis of 3,5-vicinal carbocyclic rings found in numerous biologically active compounds and natural products. We provide mechanistic experiments that indicate this reaction proceeds through alkyl iodides formed in situ, initiates at the secondary electrophilic center, and proceeds through radical intermediates.

Nickel-Catalyzed Tandem Ueno-Stork Cyclization: Stereoselective 1,2-Dicarbofunctionalization of Cyclic Alkenes

A nickel-catalyzed tandem Ueno-Stork cyclization is developed to enable stereoselective 1,2-dicarbofunctionalization of cyclic alkenes and efficiently build various bicyclic products. This new protocol does not involve any toxic or difficult-to-remove tin reagent and is scalable and amenable to build all-carbon quaternary centers.

Ni-Catalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective Alkylarylation of Unactivated Alkenes in γ,δ-Alkenylketimines

We disclose a Ni-catalyzed vicinal alkylarylation of unactivated alkenes in γ,δ-alkenylketimines with aryl halides and alkylzinc reagents. The reaction produces γ-C(sp3)-branched δ-arylketones with the construction of two new C(sp3)-C(sp3) and C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds. Electron-deficient alkenes play crucial dual roles as ligands to stabilize reaction intermediates and to increase catalytic rates for the formation of C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds. This alkene alkylarylation reaction is also effective for secondary alkylzinc reagents and internal alkenes, and proceeds with a complete regio- and stereocontrol, affording products with up to three contiguous all-carbon all-cis secondary stereocenters.

Nickel/Photoredox-Catalyzed Enantioselective Reductive Cross-Coupling between Vinyl Bromides and Benzyl Chlorides

A visible-light-promoted nickel/photoredox-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling reaction between vinyl bromides and benzyl chlorides is reported. A diverse array of enantioenriched allylic centers containing products could be achieved in good yields (up to 90%) and high enantioselectivities (up to 95% ee). The mechanistic studies show that this reductive cross-coupling involves a radical pathway.

Nickel-Catalyzed Three-Component Alkylacylation of Alkenes Enabled by a Photoactive Electron Donor-Acceptor Complex

An electron donor-acceptor complex-enabled, nickel-catalyzed three-component net-reductive 1,2-alkylacylation of alkenes is developed. This conjunctive reductive acyl cross-coupling process obviates the use of an exogenous photocatalyst and a stoichiometric metal-based reductant, affording various synthetically useful 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in good yields with a broad substrate scope and excellent functional group tolerance. Both alkyl and acyl electrophiles are derived from the highly abundant and readily accessible carboxylic acids, making the catalytic 1,2-dicarbofunctionalization more synthetically general and sustainable.

Ni-Catalyzed Reductive 1,2-Cross-Dialkylation of Unactivated Alkenes with Two Alkyl Bromides

Cross-dialkylation of unactivated alkenes represents a significant challenge due to competitive β-hydride elimination and associated selectivity issues. Herein, a Ni-catalyzed reductive 1,2-dialkylation of unactivated aliphatic alkenes has been developed using two different alkyl bromides. The reaction proceeds smoothly under mild conditions to install two C_sp3-C_sp3 bonds onto directed aliphatic alkenes, demonstrating excellent chemo- and regioselectivity with good functional group tolerance.