1
|
Li S, Wang J, Wen Y, Shin S. Long Propagating Polaritonic Heat Transfer: Shaping Radiation to Conduction. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14779-14789. [PMID: 38783699 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs) originate from the coupling of mid-IR photons and optical phonons, generating evanescent waves along the polar dielectric surface. The emergence of SPhPs gives rise to a phase of quantum matter that facilitates long-range energy transfer (100s μm-scale). Albeit of the recent experimental progress to observe the enhanced thermal conductivity of polar dielectric nanostructures mediated by SPhPs, the potential mechanism to present the high thermal conductivity beyond the Landauer limit has not been addressed. Here, we revisit the comprehensive theoretical framework to unify the distinct pictures of two heat transfer mechanisms by conduction and radiation. We first designed our experimental platform to distinguish contributions of two distinct fundamental modes of SPhPs, resulting in far-field radiation and long propagating conduction, respectively, by tuning the configuration of a nanostructured heat channel integrated into the thermometer. We could effectively control the transmission of long-propagating SPhPs to influence the apparent thermal conductivity of the nanostructure. This study reveals the high thermal conductance of 1.63 nW/K by a fast SPhP mode comparable to that by classical phonons, with measurements showing apparent conductivity values of up to 2 W/m·K at 515 K. The origin of the enhanced thermal conductivity was exploited by observing the interference of dispersive evanescent waves by double heat channels. Furthermore, our experimental observations of length-dependent thermal conductance by SPhPs are in good agreement with the revisited Landauer formula to illustrate a polaritonic mode of heat conduction, considering the dispersive nature of radiation not limited to the physical boundaries of a solid object yet directionally guided along the surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sichao Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Jingxuan Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Yue Wen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Sunmi Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Swami R, Julié G, Le-Denmat S, Pernot G, Singhal D, Paterson J, Maire J, Motte JF, Paillet N, Guillou H, Gomès S, Bourgeois O. Experimental setup for thermal measurements at the nanoscale using a SThM probe with niobium nitride thermometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:054904. [PMID: 38814363 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Scanning Thermal Microscopy (SThM) has become an important measurement technique for characterizing the thermal properties of materials at the nanometer scale. This technique requires a SThM probe that combines an Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) probe and a very sensitive resistive thermometer; the thermometer being located at the apex of the probe tip allows for the mapping of temperature or thermal properties of nanostructured materials with very high spatial resolution. The high interest of the SThM technique in the field of thermal nanoscience currently suffers from a low temperature sensitivity despite its high spatial resolution. To address this challenge, we developed a high vacuum-based AFM system hosting a highly sensitive niobium nitride (NbN) SThM probe to demonstrate its unique performance. As a proof of concept, we utilized this custom-built system to carry out thermal measurements using the 3ω method. By measuring the V3ω voltage on the NbN resistive thermometer under vacuum conditions, we were able to determine the SThM probe's thermal conductance and thermal time constant. The performance of the probe is demonstrated by performing thermal measurements in-contact with a sapphire sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Swami
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - G Julié
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - S Le-Denmat
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - G Pernot
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LEMTA, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - D Singhal
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - J Paterson
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - J Maire
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - J F Motte
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - N Paillet
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - H Guillou
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - S Gomès
- CETHIL, CNRS, 9 Rue de la Physique, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - O Bourgeois
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Polanco CA, van Roekeghem A, Brisuda B, Saminadayar L, Bourgeois O, Mingo N. The phonon quantum of thermal conductance: Are simulations and measurements estimating the same quantity? SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi7439. [PMID: 37831773 PMCID: PMC11090371 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The thermal conductance quantum is a fundamental quantity in quantum transport theory. However, two decades after its first reported measurements and calculations for phonons in suspended nanostructures, reconciling experiments and theory remains elusive. Our massively parallel calculations of phonon transport in micrometer-sized three-dimensional structures suggest that part of the disagreement between theory and experiment stems from the inadequacy of macroscopic concepts to analyze the data. The computed local temperature distribution in the wave ballistic nonequilibrium regime shows that the spatial placement and dimensions of thermometers, heaters, and supporting microbeams in the suspended structures can noticeably affect the thermal conductance's measured values. In addition, diffusive transport assumptions made in the data analysis may result in measured values that considerably differ from the actual thermal conductance of the structure. These results urge for experimental validation of the suitability of diffusive transport assumptions in measuring devices operating at sub-kelvin temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Polanco
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN, 17 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Boris Brisuda
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Saminadayar
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Bourgeois
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
| | - Natalio Mingo
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN, 17 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li J, Weng L, Xie J, Amrit J, Ramiere A. Lévy walk of quasiballistic phonons in nanowires. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:064123. [PMID: 35854553 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.064123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phonon transport in square-cross-section nanowires is studied using spectral Monte Carlo simulations. Our results show the evolution of the different transport regimes described by Lévy statistics as a function of the surface roughness-to-thermal wavelength ratio σ/λ. More precisely, the relationship between the Lévy index γ describing the mean free path distribution Ψ(Λ) and σ/λ is established for the classical diffusive regime, the superdiffusive regime, and the ballistic regime in the nanowire. Besides the conventional superdiffusive regime that is marked by Ψ(Λ) with a single heavy-tailed peak, we reveal an unconventional superdiffusive subregime featuring Ψ(Λ) with sawtooth oscillations when σ/λ∼0.01. Investigation of the direction of propagation of phonons shows a significant narrowing of the angular distribution around the long axis of the nanowire due to the diffuse scattering at rough boundaries when σ/λ>0.1. These results shed light on the transport mechanisms of quasiballistic phonons and will help in nanowire design for specific applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jincui Li
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Linxi Weng
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jie Xie
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jay Amrit
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Numérique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Rue du Belvédère, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Aymeric Ramiere
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Experimental evaluation of thermal rectification in a ballistic nanobeam with asymmetric mass gradient. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7788. [PMID: 35552495 PMCID: PMC9098508 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11878-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Practical applications of heat transport control with artificial metamaterials will heavily depend on the realization of thermal diodes/rectifiers, in which thermal conductivity depends on the heat flux direction. Whereas various macroscale implementations have been made experimentally, nanoscales realizations remain challenging and efficient rectification still requires a better fundamental understanding of heat carriers’ transport and nonlinear mechanisms. Here, we propose an experimental realization of a thermal rectifier based on two leads with asymmetric mass gradients separated by a ballistic spacer, as proposed in a recent numerical investigation, and measure its thermal properties electrically with the microbridge technique. We use a Si\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$_{3}$$\end{document}3N\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$_{4}$$\end{document}4 nanobeam on which an asymmetric mass gradient has been engineered and demonstrate that in its current form, this structure does not allow for thermal rectification. We explain this by a combination of too weak asymmetry and non-linearities. Our experimental observations provide important information towards fabricating rigorous thermal rectifiers in the ballistic phonon transport regime, which are expected to open new possibilities for applications in thermal management and quantum thermal devices.
Collapse
|
6
|
Stefanou G, Menges F, Boehm B, Moran KA, Adams J, Ali M, Rosamond MC, Gotsmann B, Allenspach R, Burnell G, Hickey BJ. Scanning Thermal Microscopy and Ballistic Phonon Transport in Lateral Spin Valves. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:035901. [PMID: 34328759 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.035901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Using scanning thermal microscopy, we have mapped the spatial distribution of temperatures in an operating nanoscale device formed from a magnetic injector, an Ag connecting wire, and a magnetic detector. An analytical model explained the thermal diffusion over the measured temperature range (2-300 K) and injector-detector separation (400-3000 nm). The characteristic diffusion lengths of the Peltier and Joule heat differ remarkably below 60 K, a fact that can be explained by the onset of ballistic phonon heat transfer in the substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Stefanou
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - F Menges
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - B Boehm
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - K A Moran
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - J Adams
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - M Ali
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - M C Rosamond
- School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - B Gotsmann
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - R Allenspach
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - G Burnell
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - B J Hickey
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim H, Park G, Park S, Kim W. Strategies for Manipulating Phonon Transport in Solids. ACS NANO 2021; 15:2182-2196. [PMID: 33507071 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the recent efforts on manipulating phonon transport in solids by using specific techniques that modify their phonon thermal conductivity (i.e., specific heat, phonon group velocity, and mean free path) and phonon thermal conductance (i.e., transmission probability and density of states). The strategies discussed for tuning thermal conductivity are as follows: large unit cell approach and liquid-like conduction for maneuvering specific heat; rattler, mini-bandgap, and phonon confinement for manipulating phonon group velocity; nanoparticles, nanosized grains, coated grains, alloy (isotope) scattering, selection rules in phonon dispersion, Grüneisen parameter, lone-pair electronics, dynamic disorder, and local static distortion for restricting mean free path. We have also included the discussion on tuning phonon thermal conductance, as thermal conduction can be viewed as a transmission process. Additionally, phonon filtering, ballistic transport, and waveguiding are discussed to alter density of states and transmission probability. We hope this review can bring meaningful insights to the researchers in the field of phonon transport in solids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Gimin Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sungjin Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Woochul Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The conundrum of hot mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1862:148348. [PMID: 33248118 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrion is often referred as the cellular powerhouse because the organelle oxidizes organic acids and NADH derived from nutriments, converting around 40% of the Gibbs free energy change of these reactions into ATP, the major energy currency of cell metabolism. Mitochondria are thus microscopic furnaces that inevitably release heat as a by-product of these reactions, and this contributes to body warming, especially in endotherms like birds and mammals. Over the last decade, the idea has emerged that mitochondria could be warmer than the cytosol, because of their intense energy metabolism. It has even been suggested that our own mitochondria could operate under normal conditions at a temperature close to 50 °C, something difficult to reconcile with the laws of thermal physics. Here, using our combined expertise in biology and physics, we exhaustively review the reports that led to the concept of a hot mitochondrion, which is essentially based on the development and use of a variety of molecular thermosensors whose intrinsic fluorescence is modified by temperature. Then, we discuss the physical concepts of heat diffusion, including mechanisms like phonons scattering, which occur in the nanoscale range. Although most of approaches with thermosensors studies present relatively sparse data and lack absolute temperature calibration, overall, they do support the hypothesis of hot mitochondria. However, there is no convincing physical explanation that would allow the organelle to maintain a higher temperature than its surroundings. We nevertheless proposed some research directions, mainly biological, that might help throw light on this intriguing conundrum.
Collapse
|
9
|
Anufriev R, Gluchko S, Volz S, Nomura M. Probing ballistic thermal conduction in segmented silicon nanowires. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:13407-13414. [PMID: 31276141 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03863a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ballistic heat conduction in semiconductors is a remarkable but controversial nanoscale phenomenon, which implies that nanostructures can conduct thermal energy without dissipation. Here, we experimentally probed ballistic thermal transport at distances of 400-800 nm and temperatures of 4-250 K. Measuring thermal properties of straight and serpentine silicon nanowires, we found that at 4 K heat conduction is quasi-ballistic with stronger ballisticity at shorter length scales. As we increased the temperature, quasi-ballistic heat conduction weakened and gradually turned into diffusive regime at temperatures above 150 K. Our Monte Carlo simulations illustrate how this transition is driven by different scattering processes and linked to the surface roughness and the temperature. These results demonstrate the length and temperature limits of quasi-ballistic heat conduction in silicon nanostructures, knowledge of which is essential for thermal management in microelectronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Anufriev
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Sergei Gluchko
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan. and Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems/National Center for Scientific Research-Institute of Industrial Science (LIMMS/CNRS-IIS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Sebastian Volz
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan. and Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems/National Center for Scientific Research-Institute of Industrial Science (LIMMS/CNRS-IIS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nomura
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan. and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Quantum Phonon Transport in Nanomaterials: Combining Atomistic with Non-Equilibrium Green's Function Techniques. ENTROPY 2019; 21:e21080735. [PMID: 33267449 PMCID: PMC7515264 DOI: 10.3390/e21080735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A crucial goal for increasing thermal energy harvesting will be to progress towards atomistic design strategies for smart nanodevices and nanomaterials. This requires the combination of computationally efficient atomistic methodologies with quantum transport based approaches. Here, we review our recent work on this problem, by presenting selected applications of the PHONON tool to the description of phonon transport in nanostructured materials. The PHONON tool is a module developed as part of the Density-Functional Tight-Binding (DFTB) software platform. We discuss the anisotropic phonon band structure of selected puckered two-dimensional materials, helical and horizontal doping effects in the phonon thermal conductivity of boron nitride-carbon heteronanotubes, phonon filtering in molecular junctions, and a novel computational methodology to investigate time-dependent phonon transport at the atomistic level. These examples illustrate the versatility of our implementation of phonon transport in combination with density functional-based methods to address specific nanoscale functionalities, thus potentially allowing for designing novel thermal devices.
Collapse
|
11
|
Morell N, Tepsic S, Reserbat-Plantey A, Cepellotti A, Manca M, Epstein I, Isacsson A, Marie X, Mauri F, Bachtold A. Optomechanical Measurement of Thermal Transport in Two-Dimensional MoSe 2 Lattices. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:3143-3150. [PMID: 30939027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical resonators have emerged as sensors with exceptional sensitivities. These sensing capabilities open new possibilities in the studies of the thermodynamic properties in condensed matter. Here, we use mechanical sensing as a novel approach to measure the thermal properties of low-dimensional materials. We measure the temperature dependence of both the thermal conductivity and the specific heat capacity of a transition metal dichalcogenide monolayer down to cryogenic temperature, something that has not been achieved thus far with a single nanoscale object. These measurements show how heat is transported by phonons in two-dimensional systems. Both the thermal conductivity and the specific heat capacity measurements are consistent with predictions based on first-principles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Morell
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Slaven Tepsic
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Antoine Reserbat-Plantey
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Andrea Cepellotti
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Marco Manca
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO , 135 Avenue Rangueil , 31077 Toulouse , France
| | - Itai Epstein
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Andreas Isacsson
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , S-41296 Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Xavier Marie
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO , 135 Avenue Rangueil , 31077 Toulouse , France
| | - Francesco Mauri
- Dipartimento di Fisica , Università di Roma La Sapienza , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Adrian Bachtold
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels , Barcelona , Spain
| |
Collapse
|