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Bullard TJ, Frische K, Ebbing C, Hageman SJ, Morrison J, Bulmer J, Chowdhury EA, Dexter ML, Haugan TJ, Patnaik AK. Directional microwave emission from femtosecond-laser illuminated linear arrays of superconducting rings. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18043. [PMID: 37872200 PMCID: PMC10593795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We examine the electromagnetic emission from two photo-illuminated linear arrays composed of inductively charged superconducting ring elements. The arrays are illuminated by an ultrafast infrared laser that triggers microwave broadband emission detected in the 1-26 GHz range. Based on constructive interference from the arrays a narrowing of the forward radiation lobe is observed with increasing element count and frequency demonstrating directed GHz emission. Results suggest that higher frequencies and a larger number of elements are achievable leading to a unique pulsed array emitter concept that can span frequencies from the microwave to the terahertz (THz) regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Bullard
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB, OH, 45433-7251, USA.
- UES, Inc., Dayton, OH, 45432, USA.
| | - Kyle Frische
- Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright Patterson AFB, OH, 45433-7765, USA
| | - Charlie Ebbing
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB, OH, 45433-7251, USA
- UDRI-University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA
| | - Stephen J Hageman
- Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright Patterson AFB, OH, 45433-7765, USA
| | - John Morrison
- Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright Patterson AFB, OH, 45433-7765, USA
| | - John Bulmer
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB, OH, 45433-7251, USA
- National Research Council, Washington, DC, 20001, USA
| | | | - Michael L Dexter
- Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright Patterson AFB, OH, 45433-7765, USA
| | - Timothy J Haugan
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB, OH, 45433-7251, USA
| | - Anil K Patnaik
- Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright Patterson AFB, OH, 45433-7765, USA
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2
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McNaughton B, Pinto N, Perali A, Milošević MV. Causes and Consequences of Ordering and Dynamic Phases of Confined Vortex Rows in Superconducting Nanostripes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4043. [PMID: 36432329 PMCID: PMC9699494 DOI: 10.3390/nano12224043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the behaviour of vortices under nanoscale confinement in superconducting circuits is important for the development of superconducting electronics and quantum technologies. Using numerical simulations based on the Ginzburg-Landau theory for non-homogeneous superconductivity in the presence of magnetic fields, we detail how lateral confinement organises vortices in a long superconducting nanostripe, presenting a phase diagram of vortex configurations as a function of the stripe width and magnetic field. We discuss why the average vortex density is reduced and reveal that confinement influences vortex dynamics in the dissipative regime under sourced electrical current, mapping out transitions between asynchronous and synchronous vortex rows crossing the nanostripe as the current is varied. Synchronous crossings are of particular interest, since they cause single-mode modulations in the voltage drop along the stripe in a high (typically GHz to THz) frequency range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin McNaughton
- School of Science and Technology, Physics Division, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nicola Pinto
- School of Science and Technology, Physics Division, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- Advanced Materials Metrology and Life Science Division, INRiM (Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica), Strade delle Cacce 91, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Perali
- School of Pharmacy, Physics Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Milorad V. Milošević
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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3
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Orús P, Sigloch F, Sangiao S, De Teresa JM. Superconducting Materials and Devices Grown by Focused Ion and Electron Beam Induced Deposition. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081367. [PMID: 35458074 PMCID: PMC9029853 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1911, superconductivity has represented an equally inciting and fascinating field of study in several areas of physics and materials science, ranging from its most fundamental theoretical understanding, to its practical application in different areas of engineering. The fabrication of superconducting materials can be downsized to the nanoscale by means of Focused Ion/Electron Beam Induced Deposition: nanopatterning techniques that make use of a focused beam of ions or electrons to decompose a gaseous precursor in a single step. Overcoming the need to use a resist, these approaches allow for targeted, highly-flexible nanopatterning of nanostructures with lateral resolution in the range of 10 nm to 30 nm. In this review, the fundamentals of these nanofabrication techniques are presented, followed by a literature revision on the published work that makes use of them to grow superconducting materials, the most remarkable of which are based on tungsten, niobium, molybdenum, carbon, and lead. Several examples of the application of these materials to functional devices are presented, related to the superconducting proximity effect, vortex dynamics, electric-field effect, and to the nanofabrication of Josephson junctions and nanoSQUIDs. Owing to the patterning flexibility they offer, both of these techniques represent a powerful and convenient approach towards both fundamental and applied research in superconductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Orús
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.O.); (F.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Fabian Sigloch
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.O.); (F.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Soraya Sangiao
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.O.); (F.S.); (S.S.)
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.O.); (F.S.); (S.S.)
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
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4
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Makarov D, Volkov OM, Kákay A, Pylypovskyi OV, Budinská B, Dobrovolskiy OV. New Dimension in Magnetism and Superconductivity: 3D and Curvilinear Nanoarchitectures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2101758. [PMID: 34705309 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the primary field, where curvature has been at the heart of research, is the theory of general relativity. In recent studies, however, the impact of curvilinear geometry enters various disciplines, ranging from solid-state physics over soft-matter physics, chemistry, and biology to mathematics, giving rise to a plethora of emerging domains such as curvilinear nematics, curvilinear studies of cell biology, curvilinear semiconductors, superfluidity, optics, 2D van der Waals materials, plasmonics, magnetism, and superconductivity. Here, the state of the art is summarized and prospects for future research in curvilinear solid-state systems exhibiting such fundamental cooperative phenomena as ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and superconductivity are outlined. Highlighting the recent developments and current challenges in theory, fabrication, and characterization of curvilinear micro- and nanostructures, special attention is paid to perspective research directions entailing new physics and to their strong application potential. Overall, the perspective is aimed at crossing the boundaries between the magnetism and superconductivity communities and drawing attention to the conceptual aspects of how extension of structures into the third dimension and curvilinear geometry can modify existing and aid launching novel functionalities. In addition, the perspective should stimulate the development and dissemination of research and development oriented techniques to facilitate rapid transitions from laboratory demonstrations to industry-ready prototypes and eventual products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksii M Volkov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Attila Kákay
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksandr V Pylypovskyi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Kyiv Academic University, Kyiv, 03142, Ukraine
| | - Barbora Budinská
- Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
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5
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Artzi Y, Yishay Y, Fanciulli M, Jbara M, Blank A. Superconducting micro-resonators for electron spin resonance - the good, the bad, and the future. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2022; 334:107102. [PMID: 34847488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.107102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The field of electron spin resonance (ESR) is in constant need of improving its capabilities. Among other things, this means having better resonators to reach improved spin sensitivity and enable larger microwave-power-to-microwave-magnetic-field conversion factors. Surface micro-resonators, made of small metallic patches on a dielectric substrate, provide very good absolute spin sensitivity and high conversion factors due to their very small mode volume. However, such resonators suffer from relatively low spin concentration sensitivity and a low-quality factor, a fact that offsets some of their significant potential advantages. The use of superconducting patches to replace the metallic layer seems a reasonable and straightforward solution to the quality factor issue, at least for measurements carried out at cryogenic temperatures. Nevertheless, superconducting materials, especially those that can operate at moderate cryogenic temperatures, are not easily incorporated into setups requiring high magnetic fields due to the electric current vortices generated in the latter's surface. This makes the transition from normal conducting materials to superconductors highly nontrivial. Here we present the design, fabrication, and testing results of surface micro-resonators made of yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO), a superconducting material that operates also at high magnetic fields and makes it possible to pursue ESR at moderate cryogenic temperatures (up to ∼ 80 K). We show that with a unique experimental setup, these resonators can be made to operate well even at high fields of ∼ 1.2 T. Furthermore, we analyze the effect of current vortices on the ESR signal and the spins' coherence times. Finally, we provide a head-to-head comparison of YBCO vs copper resonators of the same dimensions, which clearly shows their pros and cons and directs us to future potential developments and improvements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Artzi
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yakir Yishay
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Marco Fanciulli
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Italy
| | - Moamen Jbara
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Aharon Blank
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
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6
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Fernández-Pacheco A, Skoric L, De Teresa JM, Pablo-Navarro J, Huth M, Dobrovolskiy OV. Writing 3D Nanomagnets Using Focused Electron Beams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3774. [PMID: 32859076 PMCID: PMC7503546 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is a direct-write nanofabrication technique able to pattern three-dimensional magnetic nanostructures at resolutions comparable to the characteristic magnetic length scales. FEBID is thus a powerful tool for 3D nanomagnetism which enables unique fundamental studies involving complex 3D geometries, as well as nano-prototyping and specialized applications compatible with low throughputs. In this focused review, we discuss recent developments of this technique for applications in 3D nanomagnetism, namely the substantial progress on FEBID computational methods, and new routes followed to tune the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic FEBID materials. We also review a selection of recent works involving FEBID 3D nanostructures in areas such as scanning probe microscopy sensing, magnetic frustration phenomena, curvilinear magnetism, magnonics and fluxonics, offering a wide perspective of the important role FEBID is likely to have in the coming years in the study of new phenomena involving 3D magnetic nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalio Fernández-Pacheco
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK;
| | - Luka Skoric
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK;
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA) and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Javier Pablo-Navarro
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA) and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Huth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Oleksandr V. Dobrovolskiy
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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7
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Dobrovolskiy OV, Vodolazov DY, Porrati F, Sachser R, Bevz VM, Mikhailov MY, Chumak AV, Huth M. Ultra-fast vortex motion in a direct-write Nb-C superconductor. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3291. [PMID: 32620789 PMCID: PMC7335109 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultra-fast dynamics of superconducting vortices harbors rich physics generic to nonequilibrium collective systems. The phenomenon of flux-flow instability (FFI), however, prevents its exploration and sets practical limits for the use of vortices in various applications. To suppress the FFI, a superconductor should exhibit a rarely achieved combination of properties: weak volume pinning, close-to-depairing critical current, and fast heat removal from heated electrons. Here, we demonstrate experimentally ultra-fast vortex motion at velocities of 10-15 km s-1 in a directly written Nb-C superconductor with a close-to-perfect edge barrier. The spatial evolution of the FFI is described using the edge-controlled FFI model, implying a chain of FFI nucleation points along the sample edge and their development into self-organized Josephson-like junctions (vortex rivers). In addition, our results offer insights into the applicability of widely used FFI models and suggest Nb-C to be a good candidate material for fast single-photon detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Dobrovolskiy
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- School of Physics, V. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svobody Sq. 4, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine.
| | - D Yu Vodolazov
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academicheskaya Str. 7, Afonino, Nizhny Novgorod region, 603087, Russia
- Physics Department, Moscow Pedagogical State University, Malaya Pirogovskaya Str. 29/7, Bld. 1, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - F Porrati
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - R Sachser
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - V M Bevz
- School of Physics, V. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svobody Sq. 4, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine
| | - M Yu Mikhailov
- B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Nauky Avenue 47, Kharkiv, 61103, Ukraine
| | - A V Chumak
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Huth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
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