1
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Stevens-Sostre WA, Hoon M. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Retinal Synapse Development. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2024; 10:377-402. [PMID: 39292551 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-102122-105721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
Synapse formation within the retinal circuit ensures that distinct neuronal types can communicate efficiently to process visual signals. Synapses thus form the core of the visual computations performed by the retinal circuit. Retinal synapses are diverse but can be broadly categorized into multipartner ribbon synapses and 1:1 conventional synapses. In this article, we review our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the functional establishment of mammalian retinal synapses, including the role of adhesion proteins, synaptic proteins, extracellular matrix and cytoskeletal-associated proteins, and activity-dependent cues. We outline future directions and areas of research that will expand our knowledge of these mechanisms. Understanding the regulators moderating synapse formation and function not only reveals the integrated developmental processes that establish retinal circuits, but also divulges the identity of mechanisms that could be engaged during disease and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney A Stevens-Sostre
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA;
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mrinalini Hoon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA;
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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2
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El Hajji S, Shiga Y, Belforte N, Solorio YC, Tastet O, D’Onofrio P, Dotigny F, Prat A, Arbour N, Fortune B, Di Polo A. Insulin restores retinal ganglion cell functional connectivity and promotes visual recovery in glaucoma. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl5722. [PMID: 39110798 PMCID: PMC11305393 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl5722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Dendrite pathology and synaptic loss result in neural circuit dysfunction, a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases. There is a lack of strategies that target dendritic and synaptic regeneration to promote neurorecovery. We show that daily human recombinant insulin eye drops stimulate retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dendrite and synapse regeneration during ocular hypertension, a risk factor to develop glaucoma. We demonstrate that the ribosomal protein p70S6 kinase (S6K) is essential for insulin-dependent dendritic regrowth. Furthermore, S6K phosphorylation of the stress-activated protein kinase-interacting protein 1 (SIN1), a link between the mammalian target of rapamycin complexes 1 and 2 (mTORC1/2), is required for insulin-induced dendritic regeneration. Using two-photon microscopy live retinal imaging, we show that insulin rescues single-RGC light-evoked calcium (Ca2+) dynamics. We further demonstrate that insulin enhances neuronal survival and retina-brain connectivity leading to improved optomotor reflex-elicited behaviors. Our data support that insulin is a compelling pro-regenerative strategy with potential clinical implications for the treatment and management of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana El Hajji
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yukihiro Shiga
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Belforte
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves Carpentier Solorio
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olivier Tastet
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe D’Onofrio
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Florence Dotigny
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brad Fortune
- Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute and Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Thoreson WB, Zenisek D. Presynaptic Proteins and Their Roles in Visual Processing by the Retina. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2024; 10:10.1146/annurev-vision-101322-111204. [PMID: 38621251 PMCID: PMC11536687 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-101322-111204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The sense of vision begins in the retina, where light is detected and processed through a complex series of synaptic connections into meaningful information relayed to the brain via retinal ganglion cells. Light responses begin as tonic and graded signals in photoreceptors, later emerging from the retina as a series of spikes from ganglion cells. Processing by the retina extracts critical features of the visual world, including spatial frequency, temporal frequency, motion direction, color, contrast, and luminance. To achieve this, the retina has evolved specialized and unique synapse types. These include the ribbon synapses of photoreceptors and bipolar cells, the dendritic synapses of amacrine and horizontal cells, and unconventional synaptic feedback from horizontal cells to photoreceptors. We review these unique synapses in the retina with a focus on the presynaptic molecules and physiological properties that shape their capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace B Thoreson
- 1Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA; ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7104-042X
| | - David Zenisek
- 2Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6052-0348
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4
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Ismail Mohamad N, Santra P, Park Y, Matthews IR, Taketa E, Chan DK. Synaptic ribbon dynamics after noise exposure in the hearing cochlea. Commun Biol 2024; 7:421. [PMID: 38582813 PMCID: PMC10998851 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06067-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Moderate noise exposure induces cochlear synaptopathy, the loss of afferent ribbon synapses between cochlear hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons, which is associated with functional hearing decline. Prior studies have demonstrated noise-induced changes in the distribution and number of synaptic components, but the dynamic changes that occur after noise exposure have not been directly visualized. Here, we describe a live imaging model using RIBEYE-tagRFP to enable direct observation of pre-synaptic ribbons in mature hearing mouse cochleae after synaptopathic noise exposure. Ribbon number does not change, but noise induces an increase in ribbon volume as well as movement suggesting unanchoring from synaptic tethers. A subgroup of basal ribbons displays concerted motion towards the cochlear nucleus with subsequent migration back to the cell membrane after noise cessation. Understanding the immediate dynamics of synaptic damage after noise exposure may facilitate identification of specific target pathways to treat cochlear synaptopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Ismail Mohamad
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peu Santra
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yesai Park
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ian R Matthews
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emily Taketa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dylan K Chan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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5
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Suiwal S, Wartenberg P, Boehm U, Schmitz F, Schwarz K. A Novel Cre Recombinase Mouse Strain for Cell-Specific Deletion of Floxed Genes in Ribbon Synapse-Forming Retinal Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1916. [PMID: 38339191 PMCID: PMC10856425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
We generated a novel Cre mouse strain for cell-specific deletion of floxed genes in ribbon synapse-forming retinal neurons. Previous studies have shown that the RIBEYE promotor targets the expression of recombinant proteins such as fluorescently tagged RIBEYE to photoreceptors and retinal bipolar cells and generates fluorescent synaptic ribbons in situ in these neurons. Here, we used the same promotor to generate a novel transgenic mouse strain in which the RIBEYE promotor controls the expression of a Cre-ER(T2) recombinase (RIBEYE-Cre). To visualize Cre expression, the RIBEYE-Cre animals were crossed with ROSA26 tau-GFP (R26-τGFP) reporter mice. In the resulting RIBEYE-Cre/R26 τGFP animals, Cre-mediated removal of a transcriptional STOP cassette results in the expression of green fluorescent tau protein (tau-GFP) that binds to cellular microtubules. We detected robust tau-GFP expression in retinal bipolar cells. Surprisingly, we did not find fluorescent tau-GFP expression in mouse photoreceptors. The lack of tau-GFP reporter protein in these cells could be based on the previously reported absence of tau protein in mouse photoreceptors which could lead to the degradation of the recombinant tau protein. Consistent with this, we detected Cre and tau-GFP mRNA in mouse photoreceptor slices by RT-PCR. The transgenic RIBEYE-Cre mouse strain provides a new tool to study the deletion of floxed genes in ribbon synapse-forming neurons of the retina and will also allow for analyzing gene deletions that are lethal if globally deleted in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Suiwal
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical School, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Philipp Wartenberg
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS) and Center for Gender-Specific Biology and Medicine (CGBM), Medical School, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (P.W.); (U.B.)
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS) and Center for Gender-Specific Biology and Medicine (CGBM), Medical School, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (P.W.); (U.B.)
| | - Frank Schmitz
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical School, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Karin Schwarz
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical School, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany;
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6
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Zhu J, Lv C, Henry D, Viviano S, Santos-Sacchi J, Matthews G, Zenisek D. Role of Ribeye PXDLS/T-binding cleft in normal synaptic ribbon function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.12.571266. [PMID: 38168344 PMCID: PMC10760060 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.12.571266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Non-spiking sensory hair cells of the auditory and vestibular systems encode a dynamic range of graded signals with high fidelity by vesicle exocytosis at ribbon synapses. Ribeye, the most abundant protein in the synaptic ribbon, is composed of a unique A domain specific for ribbons and a B-domain nearly identical to the transcriptional corepressor CtBP2. CTBP2 and the B-domain of Ribeye contain a surface cleft that binds to proteins harboring a PXDLS/T peptide motif. Little is known about the importance of this binding site in synaptic function. Piccolo has a well-conserved PVDLT motif and we find that overexpressed Ribeye exhibits striking co-localization with Piccolo in INS-cells, while two separate mutants containing mutations in PXDLS/T-binding region, fail to co-localize with Piccolo. Similarly, co-transfected Ribeye and a piccolo fragment containing the PVDLT region co-localize in HEK cells. Expression of wild-type Ribeye-YFP in zebrafish neuromast hair cells returns electron densities to ribbon structures and mostly rescued normal synaptic transmission and morphological phenotypes in a mutant zebrafish lacking most Ribeye. By contrast, Ribeye-YFP harboring a mutation in the PXDLS/T-binding cleft resulted in ectopic electron dense aggregates that did not collect vesicles and the persistence of ribbons lacking electron densities. Furthermore, overexpression failed to return capacitance responses to normal levels. These results point toward a role for the PXDLS/T-binding cleft in the recruitment of Ribeye to ribbons and in normal synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Caixia Lv
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Diane Henry
- Program in Neuroscience, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11759
| | - Stephen Viviano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Joseph Santos-Sacchi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Surgery (Otolaryngology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Gary Matthews
- Program in Neuroscience, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11759
| | - David Zenisek
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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7
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Kim MH, Strazza P, Puthussery T, Gross OP, Taylor WR, von Gersdorff H. Functional maturation of the rod bipolar to AII-amacrine cell ribbon synapse in the mouse retina. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113440. [PMID: 37976158 PMCID: PMC11560284 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ribbon synapses undergo functional changes after eye opening that remain uncharacterized. Using light-flash stimulation and paired patch-clamp recordings, we examined the maturation of the ribbon synapse between rod bipolar cells (RBCs) and AII-amacrine cells (AII-ACs) after eye opening (postnatal day 14) in the mouse retina at near physiological temperatures. We find that light-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in AII-ACs exhibit a slow sustained component that increases in magnitude with advancing age, whereas a fast transient component remains unchanged. Similarly, paired recordings reveal a dual-component EPSC with a slower sustained component that increases during development, even though the miniature EPSC (mEPSC) amplitude and kinetics do not change significantly. We thus propose that the readily releasable pool of vesicles from RBCs increases after eye opening, and we estimate that a short light flash can evoke the release of ∼4,000 vesicles onto a single mature AII-AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mean-Hwan Kim
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Paulo Strazza
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Teresa Puthussery
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Owen P Gross
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Physics, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - W Rowland Taylor
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Henrique von Gersdorff
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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8
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Shrestha AP, Rameshkumar N, Boff JM, Rajmanna R, Chandrasegaran T, Frederick CE, Zenisek D, Vaithianathan T. The Effects of Aging on Rod Bipolar Cell Ribbon Synapses. Cells 2023; 12:2385. [PMID: 37830599 PMCID: PMC10572008 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The global health concern posed by age-related visual impairment highlights the need for further research focused on the visual changes that occur during the process of aging. To date, multiple sensory alterations related to aging have been identified, including morphological and functional changes in inner hair cochlear cells, photoreceptors, and retinal ganglion cells. While some age-related morphological changes are known to occur in rod bipolar cells in the retina, their effects on these cells and on their connection to other cells via ribbon synapses remain elusive. To investigate the effects of aging on rod bipolar cells and their ribbon synapses, we compared synaptic calcium currents, calcium dynamics, and exocytosis in zebrafish (Danio rerio) that were middle-aged (MA,18 months) or old-aged (OA, 36 months). The bipolar cell terminal in OA zebrafish exhibited a two-fold reduction in number of synaptic ribbons, an increased ribbon length, and a decrease in local Ca2+ signals at the tested ribbon location, with little change in the overall magnitude of the calcium current or exocytosis in response to brief pulses. Staining of the synaptic ribbons with antibodies specific for PKCa revealed shortening of the inner nuclear and plexiform layers (INL and IPL). These findings shed light on age-related changes in the retina that are related to synaptic ribbons and calcium signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek P. Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Nirujan Rameshkumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Johane M. Boff
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Rhea Rajmanna
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | | | - Courtney E. Frederick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA (D.Z.)
| | - David Zenisek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA (D.Z.)
| | - Thirumalini Vaithianathan
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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9
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Soliño M, Yu A, Della Santina L, Ou Y. Large-scale survey of excitatory synapses reveals sublamina-specific and asymmetric synapse disassembly in a neurodegenerative circuit. iScience 2023; 26:107262. [PMID: 37609630 PMCID: PMC10440711 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the nervous system, parallel circuits are organized in part by the lamina-specific compartmentalization of synaptic connections. In sensory systems such as mammalian retina, degenerating third-order neurons remodel their local presynaptic connectivity with second-order neurons. To determine whether there are sublamina-specific perturbations after injury of adult retinal ganglion cells, we comprehensively analyzed excitatory synapses across the inner plexiform layer (IPL) where bipolar cells connect to ganglion cells. Here, we show that pre- and postsynaptic component loss occurs throughout the IPL in a sublamina-dependent fashion after transient intraocular pressure elevation. Partnered synaptic components are lost as neurodegeneration progresses, while unpartnered synaptic components remain stable. Furthermore, presynaptic components are either lost first or simultaneously with the postsynaptic component. Our results demonstrate that this degenerating neural circuit exhibits differential vulnerability of excitatory synapses depending on IPL depth, highlighting the ordered disassembly of synapses that is specific to laminar compartments of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Soliño
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alfred Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Luca Della Santina
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Yvonne Ou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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10
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Yu WQ, Swanstrom R, Sigulinsky CL, Ahlquist RM, Knecht S, Jones BW, Berson DM, Wong RO. Distinctive synaptic structural motifs link excitatory retinal interneurons to diverse postsynaptic partner types. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112006. [PMID: 36680773 PMCID: PMC9946794 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons make converging and diverging synaptic connections with distinct partner types. Whether synapses involving separate partners demonstrate similar or distinct structural motifs is not yet well understood. We thus used serial electron microscopy in mouse retina to map output synapses of cone bipolar cells (CBCs) and compare their structural arrangements across bipolar types and postsynaptic partners. Three presynaptic configurations emerge-single-ribbon, ribbonless, and multiribbon synapses. Each CBC type exploits these arrangements in a unique combination, a feature also found among rabbit ON CBCs. Though most synapses are dyads, monads and triads are also seen. Altogether, mouse CBCs exhibit at least six motifs, and each CBC type uses these in a stereotypic pattern. Moreover, synapses between CBCs and particular partner types appear biased toward certain motifs. Our observations reveal synaptic strategies that diversify the output within and across CBC types, potentially shaping the distinct functions of retinal microcircuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Qing Yu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rachael Swanstrom
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,The authors contributed equally
| | - Crystal L. Sigulinsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, John A. Moran Vision Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA,The authors contributed equally
| | - Richard M. Ahlquist
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195 WA, USA,The authors contributed equally
| | - Sharm Knecht
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bryan W. Jones
- Department of Ophthalmology, John A. Moran Vision Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - David M. Berson
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - Rachel O. Wong
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence:
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11
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Fitzpatrick MJ, Kerschensteiner D. Homeostatic plasticity in the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 94:101131. [PMID: 36244950 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vision begins in the retina, whose intricate neural circuits extract salient features of the environment from the light entering our eyes. Neurodegenerative diseases of the retina (e.g., inherited retinal degenerations, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma) impair vision and cause blindness in a growing number of people worldwide. Increasing evidence indicates that homeostatic plasticity (i.e., the drive of a neural system to stabilize its function) can, in principle, preserve retinal function in the face of major perturbations, including neurodegeneration. Here, we review the circumstances and events that trigger homeostatic plasticity in the retina during development, sensory experience, and disease. We discuss the diverse mechanisms that cooperate to compensate and the set points and outcomes that homeostatic retinal plasticity stabilizes. Finally, we summarize the opportunities and challenges for unlocking the therapeutic potential of homeostatic plasticity. Homeostatic plasticity is fundamental to understanding retinal development and function and could be an important tool in the fight to preserve and restore vision.
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12
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Interrogating structural plasticity among synaptic engrams. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 75:102552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Mesnard CS, Barta CL, Sladek AL, Zenisek D, Thoreson WB. Eliminating Synaptic Ribbons from Rods and Cones Halves the Releasable Vesicle Pool and Slows Down Replenishment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6429. [PMID: 35742873 PMCID: PMC9223732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate release from rod and cone photoreceptor cells involves presynaptic ribbons composed largely of the protein RIBEYE. To examine roles of ribbons in rods and cones, we studied mice in which GCamP3 replaced the B-domain of RIBEYE. We discovered that ribbons were absent from rods and cones of both knock-in mice possessing GCamP3 and conditional RIBEYE knockout mice. The mice lacking ribbons showed reduced temporal resolution and contrast sensitivity assessed with optomotor reflexes. ERG recordings showed 50% reduction in scotopic and photopic b-waves. The readily releasable pool (RRP) of vesicles in rods and cones measured using glutamate transporter anion currents (IA(glu)) was also halved. We also studied the release from cones by stimulating them optogenetically with ChannelRhodopsin2 (ChR2) while recording postsynaptic currents in horizontal cells. Recovery of the release from paired pulse depression was twofold slower in the rods and cones lacking ribbons. The release from rods at -40 mV in darkness involves regularly spaced multivesicular fusion events. While the regular pattern of release remained in the rods lacking ribbons, the number of vesicles comprising each multivesicular event was halved. Our results support conclusions that synaptic ribbons in rods and cones expand the RRP, speed up vesicle replenishment, and augment some forms of multivesicular release. Slower replenishment and a smaller RRP in photoreceptors lacking ribbons may contribute to diminished temporal frequency responses and weaker contrast sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris S. Mesnard
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (C.S.M.); (C.L.B.); (A.L.S.)
- Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Cody L. Barta
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (C.S.M.); (C.L.B.); (A.L.S.)
| | - Asia L. Sladek
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (C.S.M.); (C.L.B.); (A.L.S.)
| | - David Zenisek
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Wallace B. Thoreson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (C.S.M.); (C.L.B.); (A.L.S.)
- Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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14
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Shankhwar S, Schwarz K, Katiyar R, Jung M, Maxeiner S, Südhof TC, Schmitz F. RIBEYE B-Domain Is Essential for RIBEYE A-Domain Stability and Assembly of Synaptic Ribbons. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:838311. [PMID: 35153673 PMCID: PMC8831697 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.838311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic ribbons are presynaptic specializations that define eponymous ribbon synapses. Synaptic ribbons are largely composed of RIBEYE, a protein containing an N-terminal A-domain and a carboxyterminal B-domain that is identical with CtBP2, a NAD(H)-binding transcriptional co-repressor. Previously we showed that synaptic ribbons are completely absent in RIBEYE knockout mice in which the RIBEYE A-domain-encoding exon had been deleted, but CtBP2 is still made, demonstrating that the A-domain is required for synaptic ribbon assembly. In the present study, we asked whether the RIBEYE B-domain also has an essential role in the assembly of synaptic ribbons. For this purpose, we made use of RIBEYE knockin mice in which the RIBEYE B-domain was replaced by a fluorescent protein domain, whereas the RIBEYE A-domain was retained unchanged. We found that replacing the RIBEYE B-domain with a fluorescent protein module destabilizes the resulting hybrid protein and causes a complete loss of synaptic ribbons. Our results thus demonstrate an essential role of the RIBEYE B-domain in enabling RIBEYE assembly into synaptic ribbons, reinforcing the notion that RIBEYE is the central organizer of synaptic ribbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soni Shankhwar
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Medical School, Homburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Soni Shankhwar Frank Schmitz
| | - Karin Schwarz
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - Rashmi Katiyar
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - Martin Jung
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Maxeiner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Frank Schmitz
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Medical School, Homburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Soni Shankhwar Frank Schmitz
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15
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Grabner CP, Moser T. The mammalian rod synaptic ribbon is essential for Ca v channel facilitation and ultrafast synaptic vesicle fusion. eLife 2021; 10:63844. [PMID: 34617508 PMCID: PMC8594941 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rod photoreceptors (PRs) use ribbon synapses to transmit visual information. To signal ‘no light detected’ they release glutamate continually to activate post-synaptic receptors. When light is detected glutamate release pauses. How a rod’s individual ribbon enables this process was studied here by recording evoked changes in whole-cell membrane capacitance from wild-type and ribbonless (Ribeye-ko) mice. Wild-type rods filled with high (10 mM) or low (0.5 mM) concentrations of the Ca2+-buffer EGTA created a readily releasable pool (RRP) of 87 synaptic vesicles (SVs) that emptied as a single kinetic phase with a τ<0.4 ms. The lower concentration of EGTA accelerated Cav channel opening and facilitated release kinetics. In contrast, ribbonless rods created a much smaller RRP of 22 SVs, and they lacked Cav channel facilitation; however, Ca2+ channel-release coupling remained tight. These release deficits caused a sharp attenuation of rod-driven scotopic light responses. We conclude that the synaptic ribbon facilitates Ca2+-influx and establishes a large RRP of SVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Paul Grabner
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Synaptic Nanophysiology Group, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.,Collaborative Research Center 1286 'Quantitative Synaptology', University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Moser
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Synaptic Nanophysiology Group, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.,Collaborative Research Center 1286 'Quantitative Synaptology', University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Multiscale Bioimaging Cluster of Excellence (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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16
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Eldred KC, Reh TA. Human retinal model systems: Strengths, weaknesses, and future directions. Dev Biol 2021; 480:114-122. [PMID: 34529997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The retina is a complex neuronal structure that converts light energy into visual perception. Many specialized aspects of the primate retina, including a cone rich macula for high acuity vision, ocular size, and cell type diversity are not found in other animal models. In addition, the unique morphologies and distinct laminar positions of cell types found in the retina make this model system ideal for the study of neuronal cell fate specification. Many key early events of human retinal development are inaccessible to investigation as they occur during gestation. For these reasons, it has been necessary to develop retinal model systems to gain insight into human-specific retinal development and disease. Recent advances in culturing retinal tissue have generated new systems for retinal research and have moved us closer to generating effective regenerative therapies for vision loss. Here, we describe the strengths, weaknesses, and future directions for different human retinal model systems including dissociated primary tissue, explanted primary tissue, retinospheres, and stem cell-derived retinal organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiara C Eldred
- Department of Biological Structure, Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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17
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Della Santina L, Yu AK, Harris SC, Soliño M, Garcia Ruiz T, Most J, Kuo YM, Dunn FA, Ou Y. Disassembly and rewiring of a mature converging excitatory circuit following injury. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109463. [PMID: 34348156 PMCID: PMC8381591 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Specificity and timing of synapse disassembly in the CNS are essential to learning how individual circuits react to neurodegeneration of the postsynaptic neuron. In sensory systems such as the mammalian retina, synaptic connections of second-order neurons are known to remodel and reconnect in the face of sensory cell loss. Here we analyzed whether degenerating third-order neurons can remodel their local presynaptic connectivity. We injured adult retinal ganglion cells by transiently elevating intraocular pressure. We show that loss of presynaptic structures occurs before postsynaptic density proteins and accounts for impaired transmission from presynaptic neurons, despite no evidence of presynaptic cell loss, axon terminal shrinkage, or reduced functional input. Loss of synapses is biased among converging presynaptic neuron types, with preferential loss of the major excitatory cone-driven partner and increased connectivity with rod-driven presynaptic partners, demonstrating that this adult neural circuit is capable of structural plasticity while undergoing neurodegeneration. Della Santina et al. injure a converging excitatory circuit in the adult retina by intraocular pressure elevation. Postsynaptic retinal ganglion cells disconnect from presynaptic bipolar cells with stereotyped bias against their major partner and rewire with developmental presynaptic partners, underscoring the potential of the adult CNS to adopt developmental patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Della Santina
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Alfred K Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Scott C Harris
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Manuel Soliño
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tonatiuh Garcia Ruiz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jesse Most
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yien-Ming Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Felice A Dunn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yvonne Ou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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18
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Fathi M, Ross CT, Hosseinzadeh Z. Functional 3-Dimensional Retinal Organoids: Technological Progress and Existing Challenges. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:668857. [PMID: 33958988 PMCID: PMC8095320 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.668857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell scientists have developed methods for the self-formation of artificial organs, often referred to as organoids. Organoids can be used as model systems for research in multiple biological disciplines. Yoshiki Sasai’s innovation for deriving mammalian retinal tissue from in vitro stem cells has had a large impact on the study of the biology of vision. New developments in retinal organoid technology provide avenues for in vitro models of human retinal diseases, studies of pathological mechanisms, and development of therapies for retinal degeneration, including electronic retinal implants and gene therapy. Moreover, these innovations have played key roles in establishing models for large-scale drug screening, studying the stages of retinal development, and providing a human model for personalized therapeutic approaches, like cell transplants to replace degenerated retinal cells. Here, we first discuss the importance of human retinal organoids to the biomedical sciences. Then, we review various functional features of retinal organoids that have been developed. Finally, we highlight the current limitations of retinal organoid technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimanat Fathi
- Department of Cell Techniques and Applied Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Retina Group, Department of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cody T Ross
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zohreh Hosseinzadeh
- Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Retina Group, Department of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Thoreson WB. Transmission at rod and cone ribbon synapses in the retina. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1469-1491. [PMID: 33779813 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Light-evoked voltage responses of rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the vertebrate retina must be converted to a train of synaptic vesicle release events for transmission to downstream neurons. This review discusses the processes, proteins, and structures that shape this critical early step in vision, focusing on studies from salamander retina with comparisons to other experimental animals. Many mechanisms are conserved across species. In cones, glutamate release is confined to ribbon release sites although rods are also capable of release at non-ribbon sites. The role of non-ribbon release in rods remains unclear. Release from synaptic ribbons in rods and cones involves at least three vesicle pools: a readily releasable pool (RRP) matching the number of membrane-associated vesicles along the ribbon base, a ribbon reserve pool matching the number of additional vesicles on the ribbon, and an enormous cytoplasmic reserve. Vesicle release increases in parallel with Ca2+ channel activity. While the opening of only a few Ca2+ channels beneath each ribbon can trigger fusion of a single vesicle, sustained release rates in darkness are governed by the rate at which the RRP can be replenished. The number of vacant release sites, their functional status, and the rate of vesicle delivery in turn govern replenishment. Along with an overview of the mechanisms of exocytosis and endocytosis, we consider specific properties of ribbon-associated proteins and pose a number of remaining questions about this first synapse in the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace B Thoreson
- Truhlsen Eye Institute, Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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20
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Hays CL, Sladek AL, Field GD, Thoreson WB. Properties of multivesicular release from mouse rod photoreceptors support transmission of single-photon responses. eLife 2021; 10:67446. [PMID: 33769285 PMCID: PMC8032395 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vision under starlight requires rod photoreceptors to transduce and transmit single-photon responses to the visual system. Small single-photon voltage changes must therefore cause detectable reductions in glutamate release. We found that rods achieve this by employing mechanisms that enhance release regularity and its sensitivity to small voltage changes. At the resting membrane potential in darkness, mouse rods exhibit coordinated and regularly timed multivesicular release events, each consisting of ~17 vesicles and occurring two to three times more regularly than predicted by Poisson statistics. Hyperpolarizing rods to mimic the voltage change produced by a single photon abruptly reduced the probability of multivesicular release nearly to zero with a rebound increase at stimulus offset. Simulations of these release dynamics indicate that this regularly timed, multivesicular release promotes transmission of single-photon responses to post-synaptic rod-bipolar cells. Furthermore, the mechanism is efficient, requiring lower overall release rates than uniquantal release governed by Poisson statistics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Hays
- Truhlsen Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, United States.,Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Omaha, United States
| | - Asia L Sladek
- Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Omaha, United States
| | - Greg D Field
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Wallace B Thoreson
- Truhlsen Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, United States.,Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Omaha, United States
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21
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Sawant A, Ebbinghaus BN, Bleckert A, Gamlin C, Yu WQ, Berson D, Rudolph U, Sinha R, Hoon M. Organization and emergence of a mixed GABA-glycine retinal circuit that provides inhibition to mouse ON-sustained alpha retinal ganglion cells. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108858. [PMID: 33730586 PMCID: PMC8030271 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the retina, amacrine interneurons inhibit retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dendrites to shape retinal output. Amacrine cells typically use either GABA or glycine to exert synaptic inhibition. Here, we combined transgenic tools with immunohistochemistry, electrophysiology, and 3D electron microscopy to determine the composition and organization of inhibitory synapses across the dendritic arbor of a well-characterized RGC type in the mouse retina: the ON-sustained alpha RGC. We find mixed GABA-glycine receptor synapses across this RGC type, unveiling the existence of "mixed" inhibitory synapses in the retinal circuit. Presynaptic amacrine boutons with dual release sites are apposed to ON-sustained alpha RGC postsynapses. We further reveal the sequence of postsynaptic assembly for these mixed synapses: GABA receptors precede glycine receptors, and a lack of early GABA receptor expression impedes the recruitment of glycine receptors. Together our findings uncover the organization and developmental profile of an additional motif of inhibition in the mammalian retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Sawant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Briana N Ebbinghaus
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Adam Bleckert
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Clare Gamlin
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wan-Qing Yu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Berson
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Uwe Rudolph
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Raunak Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mrinalini Hoon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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22
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Mukherjee A, Katiyar R, Dembla E, Dembla M, Kumar P, Belkacemi A, Jung M, Beck A, Flockerzi V, Schwarz K, Schmitz F. Disturbed Presynaptic Ca 2+ Signaling in Photoreceptors in the EAE Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. iScience 2020; 23:101830. [PMID: 33305185 PMCID: PMC7711289 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease caused by an auto-reactive immune system. Recent studies also demonstrated synapse dysfunctions in MS patients and MS mouse models. We previously observed decreased synaptic vesicle exocytosis in photoreceptor synapses in the EAE mouse model of MS at an early, preclinical stage. In the present study, we analyzed whether synaptic defects are associated with altered presynaptic Ca2+ signaling. Using high-resolution immunolabeling, we found a reduced signal intensity of Cav-channels and RIM2 at active zones in early, preclinical EAE. In line with these morphological alterations, depolarization-evoked increases of presynaptic Ca2+ were significantly smaller. In contrast, basal presynaptic Ca2+ was elevated. We observed a decreased expression of Na+/K+-ATPase and plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase 2 (PMCA2), but not PMCA1, in photoreceptor terminals of EAE mice that could contribute to elevated basal Ca2+. Thus, complex Ca2+ signaling alterations contribute to synaptic dysfunctions in photoreceptors in early EAE. Less Cav-channels and RIM2 at the active zones of EAE photoreceptor synapses Decreased depolarization-evoked Ca2+-responses in EAE photoreceptor synapses Elevated basal, resting Ca2+ levels in preclinical EAE photoreceptor terminals Decreased expression of PMCA2 and Na+/K+-ATPase in EAE photoreceptor synapses
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Mukherjee
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Rashmi Katiyar
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Ekta Dembla
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Mayur Dembla
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Anouar Belkacemi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Martin Jung
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Beck
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Veit Flockerzi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Karin Schwarz
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Schmitz
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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23
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Voorn RA, Vogl C. Molecular Assembly and Structural Plasticity of Sensory Ribbon Synapses-A Presynaptic Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8758. [PMID: 33228215 PMCID: PMC7699581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian cochlea, specialized ribbon-type synapses between sensory inner hair cells (IHCs) and postsynaptic spiral ganglion neurons ensure the temporal precision and indefatigability of synaptic sound encoding. These high-through-put synapses are presynaptically characterized by an electron-dense projection-the synaptic ribbon-which provides structural scaffolding and tethers a large pool of synaptic vesicles. While advances have been made in recent years in deciphering the molecular anatomy and function of these specialized active zones, the developmental assembly of this presynaptic interaction hub remains largely elusive. In this review, we discuss the dynamic nature of IHC (pre-) synaptogenesis and highlight molecular key players as well as the transport pathways underlying this process. Since developmental assembly appears to be a highly dynamic process, we further ask if this structural plasticity might be maintained into adulthood, how this may influence the functional properties of a given IHC synapse and how such plasticity could be regulated on the molecular level. To do so, we take a closer look at other ribbon-bearing systems, such as retinal photoreceptors and pinealocytes and aim to infer conserved mechanisms that may mediate these phenomena.
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MESH Headings
- Alcohol Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Alcohol Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Animals
- Co-Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Co-Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism
- Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Cytoskeleton/ultrastructure
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/metabolism
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/ultrastructure
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/metabolism
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/ultrastructure
- Hair Cells, Vestibular/metabolism
- Hair Cells, Vestibular/ultrastructure
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular
- Mice
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neuronal Plasticity/genetics
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Rats
- Synapses/metabolism
- Synapses/ultrastructure
- Synaptic Transmission/genetics
- Synaptic Vesicles/metabolism
- Synaptic Vesicles/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Roos Anouk Voorn
- Presynaptogenesis and Intracellular Transport in Hair Cells Junior Research Group, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany;
- Göttingen Graduate Center for Neurosciences, Biophysics and Molecular Biosciences, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
- Collaborative Research Center 889 “Cellular Mechanisms of Sensory Processing”, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christian Vogl
- Presynaptogenesis and Intracellular Transport in Hair Cells Junior Research Group, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany;
- Collaborative Research Center 889 “Cellular Mechanisms of Sensory Processing”, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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Heterogeneous Presynaptic Distribution of Munc13 Isoforms at Retinal Synapses and Identification of an Unconventional Bipolar Cell Type with Dual Expression of Munc13 Isoforms: A Study Using Munc13-EXFP Knock-in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217848. [PMID: 33105896 PMCID: PMC7660176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Munc13 isoforms are constituents of the presynaptic compartment of chemical synapses, where they govern important steps in preparing synaptic vesicles for exocytosis. The role of Munc13-1, -2 and -3 is well documented in brain neurons, but less is known about their function and distribution among the neurons of the retina and their conventional and ribbon-type chemical synapses. Here, we examined the retinae of Munc13-1-, -2-, and -3-EXFP knock-in (KI) mice with a combination of immunocytochemistry, physiology, and electron microscopy. We show that knock-in of Munc13-EXFP fusion proteins did not affect overall retinal anatomy or synapse structure, but slightly affected synaptic transmission. By labeling Munc13-EXFP KI retinae with specific antibodies against Munc13-1, -2 and -3, we found that unlike in the brain, most retinal synapses seem to operate with a single Munc13 isoform. A surprising exception to this rule was type 6 ON bipolar cells, which expressed two Munc13 isoforms in their synaptic terminals, ubMunc13-2 and Munc13-3. The results of this study provide an important basis for future studies on the contribution of Munc13 isoforms in visual signal processing in the mammalian retina.
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Fairless R, Williams SK, Katiyar R, Maxeiner S, Schmitz F, Diem R. ERG Responses in Mice with Deletion of the Synaptic Ribbon Component RIBEYE. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:37. [PMID: 32437548 PMCID: PMC7405791 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.5.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the influence of RIBEYE deletion and the resulting absence of synaptic ribbons on retinal light signaling by electroretinography. Methods Full-field flash electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded in RIBEYE knock-out (KO) and wild-type (WT) littermate mice under photopic and scotopic conditions, with oscillatory potentials (OPs) extracted by digital filtering. Flicker ERGs and ERGs following intravitreal injection of pharmacological agents were also obtained under scotopic conditions. Results The a-wave amplitudes were unchanged between RIBEYE KO and WT mice; however, the b-wave amplitudes were reduced in KOs under scotopic, but not photopic, conditions. Increasing stimulation frequency led to a greater reduction in RIBEYE KO b-wave amplitudes compared with WTs. Furthermore, we observed prominent, supernormal OPs in RIBEYE KO mice in comparison with WT mice. Following intravitreal injections with l-2 amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid and cis-2,3 piperidine dicarboxylic acid to block ON and OFF responses at photoreceptor synapses, OPs were completely abolished in both mice types, indicating a synaptic origin of the prominent OPs in the KOs. Conversely, tetrodotoxin treatment to block voltage-gated Na+ channels/spiking neurons did not differentially affect OPs in WT and KO mice. Conclusions The decreased scotopic b-wave and decreased responses to increased stimulation frequencies are consistent with signaling malfunctions at photoreceptor and inner retinal ribbon synapses. Because phototransduction in the photoreceptor outer segments is unaffected in the KOs, their supernormal OPs presumably result from a dysfunction in retinal synapses. The relatively mild ERG phenotype in KO mice, particularly in the photopic range, is probably caused by compensatory mechanisms in retinal signaling pathways.
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Dembla E, Dembla M, Maxeiner S, Schmitz F. Synaptic ribbons foster active zone stability and illumination-dependent active zone enrichment of RIM2 and Cav1.4 in photoreceptor synapses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5957. [PMID: 32249787 PMCID: PMC7136232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rod photoreceptor synapses use large, ribbon-type active zones for continuous synaptic transmission during light and dark. Since ribbons are physically connected to the active zones, we asked whether illumination-dependent changes of ribbons influence Cav1.4/RIM2 protein clusters at the active zone and whether these illumination-dependent effects at the active zone require the presence of the synaptic ribbon. We found that synaptic ribbon length and the length of presynaptic Cav1.4/RIM2 clusters are tightly correlated. Dark-adaptation did not change the number of ribbons and active zone puncta. However, mean ribbon length and length of presynaptic Cav1.4/RIM2 clusters increased significantly during dark-adaptation when tonic exocytosis is highest. In the present study, we identified by the analyses of synaptic ribbon-deficient RIBEYE knockout mice that synaptic ribbons are (1) needed to stabilize Cav1.4/RIM2 at rod photoreceptor active zones and (2) are required for the darkness-induced active zone enrichment of Cav1.4/RIM2. These data propose a role of the ribbon in active zone stabilization and suggest a homeostatic function of the ribbon in illumination-dependent active zone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Dembla
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Mayur Dembla
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Maxeiner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421, Homburg, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, AG Krasteva-Christ, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Schmitz
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
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