1
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Zhuang B, Zhang M, Li A, Zhang Q, Liu J, Zheng Z, Wang H. Dynamic multicolour tuning in π-conjugated polymers towards flexible electrochromic displays. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 676:670-679. [PMID: 39053414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.07.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Multicolour electrochromic materials have been considered as a promising alternative to achieve dynamic full-colour tuning towards next-generation electronic display technology. However, the development of electrochromics with wide colour gamut and subtle multicolour tunability still remains challenging due to inflexible energy level structures in intrinsic active materials. Herein, the electrochromic π-conjugated polymers with rich and subtle colour tunability were designed and developed based on a fine adjustment on the energy level structures. The chromatic transition covers almost full-colour gamut, and each colour scheme has a rich variety of categories stemming from versatile hues, chromas and lightnesses. Moreover, the multicolour π-conjugated polymers also demonstrate superior overall electrochromic performance, including fast switching (∼1.0 s), high colouration efficiency (160.4 cm2 C-1@550 nm) and good reversibility (over 90 % retention after 10,000 cycles). As a proof of concept, ultrathin and flexible prototype devices are developed by utilizing the multicolour π-conjugated polymers as electrochromic active layer, exhibiting a wide colour gamut and highly saturated multicolour tunability. The design principles proposed in this work may also be applicable to diverse optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biying Zhuang
- Key Laboratory for New Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Meiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for New Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Ang Li
- Key Laboratory for New Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory for New Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China.
| | - Jingbing Liu
- Key Laboratory for New Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Zilong Zheng
- Key Laboratory for New Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory for New Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China.
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2
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Ling H, Zhang J, Wang Y, Zeng X. One-step achieving high performance all-solid-state and all-in-one flexible electrochromic supercapacitor by polymer dispersed electrochromic device strategy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 665:969-976. [PMID: 38569313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Electrochromic devices (ECD) are widely used to regulate the transmittance of sunlight by applying a small voltage, but the drawbacks like complex layer-by-layer preparation procedures and inconvenient assembling process still exist. To address these problems, gel or solution-type all-in-one ECDs were recently developed for the simple structure, however, the leakage risk and absence of flexible large-area production have limited real applications. Herein, a novel all-solid-state and all-in-one flexible ECD was reported by originally developed polymer dispersed electrochromic device (PDECD) strategy. This all-solid-state flexible ECD could be efficiently prepared only by one step of phase separation without any extra treatment, and demonstrated outstanding stability (92.1 % of original ΔT remained after 10,000 cycles), high coloration efficiency (197 cm2/C), low power consumption (86.4 μW/cm2) and satisfied response time (≤12 s). Meanwhile, the stored power in ECD during coloring process could drive a LED with excellent cyclic stability (93 % of original capacity remained after 3000 cycles), implying that ECD could also serve as an idea electrochromic supercapacitor. What'more, a reported largest viologen-based all-solid-state flexible ECD (17.8 × 13.2 cm2) with robust bending resistance (up to 1000 bending cycles) was successfully fabricated with industrial roller coating technique, which indicated the huge potential in real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ling
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Research and Development Center, Shenzhen Huake-Tek Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Junsen Zhang
- Research and Development Center, Shenzhen Huake-Tek Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Wang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xiping Zeng
- Research and Development Center, Shenzhen Huake-Tek Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China.
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3
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Wang Y, Lei C, Guan W, Shi W, Shen R, Zhang SXA, Yu G. Sustainable, low-cost, high-contrast electrochromic displays via host-guest interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2401060121. [PMID: 38648475 PMCID: PMC11067027 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2401060121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochromic (EC) displays with electronically regulating the transmittance of solar radiation offer the opportunity to increase the energy efficiency of the building and electronic products and improve the comfort and lifestyle of people. Despite the unique merit and vast application potential of EC technologies, long-awaited EC windows and related visual content displays have not been fully commercialized due to unsatisfactory production cost, durability, color, and complex fabrication processes. Here we develop a unique EC strategy and system based on the natural host and guest interactions to address the above issues. A completely reusable and sustainable EC device has been fabricated with potential advantages of extremely low cost, ideal user-/environment friendly property, and excellent optical modulation, which is benefited from the extracted biomass EC materials and reusable transparent electrodes involved in the system. The as-prepared EC window and nonemissive transparent display also show comprehensively excellent properties: high transmittance change (>85%), broad spectra modulation covering Ultraviolet (UV), Visible (Vis) to Infrared (IR) ranges, high durability (no attenuation under UV radiation for more than 1.5 mo), low open voltage (0.9 V), excellent reusability (>1,200 cycles) of the device's key components and reversibility (>4,000 cycles) with a large transmittance change, and pleasant multicolor. It is anticipated that unconventional exploration and design principles of dynamic host-guest interactions can provide unique insight into different energy-saving and sustainable optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX78712
| | - Chuxin Lei
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX78712
| | - Weixin Guan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX78712
| | - Wen Shi
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX78712
| | - Ruipeng Shen
- Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun1130012, China
| | - Sean Xiao-An Zhang
- Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun1130012, China
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX78712
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4
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Liu Q, Liu L, Zheng Y, Li M, Ding B, Diao X, Cheng HM, Tang Y. On-demand engineerable visible spectrum by fine control of electrochemical reactions. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad323. [PMID: 38312377 PMCID: PMC10833456 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Tunability of optical performance is one of the key technologies for adaptive optoelectronic applications, such as camouflage clothing, displays, and infrared shielding. High-precision spectral tunability is of great importance for some special applications with on-demand adaptability but remains challenging. Here we demonstrate a galvanostatic control strategy to achieve this goal, relying on the finding of the quantitative correlation between optical properties and electrochemical reactions within materials. An electrochromic electro-optical efficiency index is established to optically fingerprint and precisely identify electrochemical redox reactions in the electrochromic device. Consequently, the charge-transfer process during galvanostatic electrochemical reaction can be quantitatively regulated, permitting precise control over the final optical performance and on-demand adaptability of electrochromic devices as evidenced by an ultralow deviation of <3.0%. These findings not only provide opportunities for future adaptive optoelectronic applications with strict demand on precise spectral tunability but also will promote in situ quantitative research in a wide range of spectroelectrochemistry, electrochemical energy storage, electrocatalysis, and material chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirong Liu
- Advanced Energy Storage Technology Research Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Yongping Zheng
- Advanced Energy Storage Technology Research Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Resource, Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Baofu Ding
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xungang Diao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yongbing Tang
- Advanced Energy Storage Technology Research Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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5
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Li J, Cui J, Lv X, Zhang L, Xia M, Dong J, Ouyang M, Zhang C. Dual Polymer Complementarity Induced Truly Black Electrochromic Film and the Construction of Intelligent Eye-Protection Filters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:53984-53995. [PMID: 37934922 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a new strategy to achieve a truly black electrochromic film and develop available intelligent eye-protection filters with "day mode" and "night mode", promising to minimize the harmful effects of light on eyes. The soluble red-to-transparent electrochromic polymer P1 was constructed using quinacridone as the basic unit and introduced dual-donor proDOT and DTC units with similar electron-donating capabilities. The beneficial broader absorption associated with the dual-donor in P1 results in ideal spectrum complementarity with P2 (cyan-to-transparent) in the visible region (380-780 nm). In addition to complementary colors, both polymers exhibit good compatibility with respect to electrochemical and electrochromic properties. Therefore, a P1/P2 film with a mass ratio of 1:1.5 for blending is preferred to obtain truly black color with fast switching time and good cyclic stability. Furthermore, an electrochromic device for intelligent eye-protection filters was designed and assembled with the P1/P2 film as the electrochromic layer and P3 featuring a yellow (antiblue ray)-to-dark gray color change as the ion storage layer. The assembled prototype electrochromic device demonstrated promising applications in intelligent day-night optical adjustment for eye-protection filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jiankun Cui
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Lv
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Minao Xia
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Juncheng Dong
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Mi Ouyang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
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6
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Chen J, Song G, Cong S, Zhao Z. Resonant-Cavity-Enhanced Electrochromic Materials and Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300179. [PMID: 36929668 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With rapid advances in optoelectronics, electrochromic materials and devices have received tremendous attentions from both industry and academia for their strong potentials in wearable and portable electronics, displays/billboards, adaptive camouflage, tunable optics, and intelligent devices, etc. However, conventional electrochromic materials and devices typically present some serious limitations such as undesirable dull colors, and long switching time, hindering their deeper development. Optical resonators have been proven to be the most powerful platform for providing strong optical confinement and controllable lightmatter interactions. They generate locally enhanced electromagnetic near-fields that can convert small refractive index changes in electrochromic materials into high-contrast color variations, enabling multicolor or even panchromatic tuning of electrochromic materials. Here, resonant-cavity-enhanced electrochromic materials and devices, an advanced and emerging trend in electrochromics, are reviewed. In this review, w e will focus on the progress in multicolor electrochromic materials and devices based on different types of optical resonators and their advanced and emerging applications, including multichromatic displays, adaptive visible camouflage, visualized energy storage, and applications of multispectral tunability. Among these topics, principles of optical resonators, related materials/devices and multicolor electrochromic properties are comprehensively discussed and summarized. Finally, the challenges and prospects for resonant-cavity-enhanced electrochromic materials and devices are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ge Song
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shan Cong
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
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7
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Deng B, Zhu Y, Wang X, Zhu J, Liu M, Liu M, He Y, Zhu C, Zhang C, Meng H. An Ultrafast, Energy-Efficient Electrochromic and Thermochromic Device for Smart Windows. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302685. [PMID: 37358298 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Smart windows nowadays undertake the esteemed obligation of reducing energy consumption as well as upgrading living experience. This project aims to devise a smart window that responds to both electricity and heat, with the intention of achieving energy efficiency, privacy preservation, and enhanced decorative attributes. Through the implementation of a novel electrochromic material design, coupled with the optimization of electrochromic devices (ECDs), a high-performance ECD is obtained, demonstrating coloring/bleaching time of 0.53/0.16 s, a transmittance modulation of 78% (from 99% to 21%), and superior performance in six dimensions. Furthermore, temperature-responsive units and an ionic liquid are incorporated into the electrolyte system to create a novel thermochromic gel electrolyte with transmittance modulation from 80% to 0%, and excellent thermal insulation (6.4 °C reduction). Ultimately, an electro- and thermochromic device is developed, featuring an ultrafast color-switching speed of 0.82/0.60 s and multiple working modes. Overall, this work showcases a prospective design pathway for the development of next-generation ultrafast-switching, and energy-efficient intelligent windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Deng
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- Faculty of Materials Science, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jinlin Zhu
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Manyu Liu
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Mingqiang Liu
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, University College London, London, WC1E7JE, UK
| | - Yaowu He
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Caizhen Zhu
- Institute of Low-Dimensional Materials Genome Initiative, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Chaohong Zhang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hong Meng
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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8
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Wu X, Fan Q, Bai Z, Zhang Q, Jiang W, Li Y, Hou C, Li K, Wang H. Synergistic Interaction of Dual-Polymer Networks Containing Viologens-Anchored Poly(ionic liquid)s Enabling Long-Life and Large-Area Electrochromic Organogels. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301742. [PMID: 37140104 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Viologens-based electrochromic (EC) devices with multiple color changes, rapid response time, and simple all-in-one architecture have aroused much attention, yet suffer from poor redox stability caused by the irreversible aggregation of free radical viologens. Herein, the semi-interpenetrating dual-polymer network (DPN) organogels are introduced to improve the cycling stability of viologens-based EC devices. The primary cross-linked poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) covalently anchored with viologens can suppress irreversible face-to-face contact between radical viologens. The secondary poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) chains with strong polar groups of -F can not only synergistically confine the viologens by the strong electrostatic effect, but also improve the mechanical performance of the organogels. Consequently, the DPN organogels show excellent cycling stability (87.5% retention after 10 000 cycles) and mechanical flexibility (strength of 3.67 MPa and elongation of 280%). Three types of alkenyl viologens are designed to obtain blue, green, and magenta colors, demonstrating the universality of the DPN strategy. Large-area EC devices (20 × 30 cm) and EC fibers based on organogels are assembled to demonstrate promising applications in green and energy-saving buildings and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilu Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Qingchao Fan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Bai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Weizhong Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Yaogang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Chengyi Hou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Kerui Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
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9
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Sheng SZ, Wang JL, Zhao B, He Z, Feng XF, Shang QG, Chen C, Pei G, Zhou J, Liu JW, Yu SH. Nanowire-based smart windows combining electro- and thermochromics for dynamic regulation of solar radiation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3231. [PMID: 37270627 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38353-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart window is an attractive option for efficient heat management to minimize energy consumption and improve indoor living comfort owing to their optical properties of adjusting sunlight. To effectively improve the sunlight modulation and heat management capability of smart windows, here, we propose a co-assembly strategy to fabricate the electrochromic and thermochromic smart windows with tunable components and ordered structures for the dynamic regulation of solar radiation. Firstly, to enhance both illumination and cooling efficiency in electrochromic windows, the aspect ratio and mixed type of Au nanorods are tuned to selectively absorb the near-infrared wavelength range of 760 to 1360 nm. Furthermore, when assembled with electrochromic W18O49 nanowires in the colored state, the Au nanorods exhibit a synergistic effect, resulting in a 90% reduction of near-infrared light and a corresponding 5 °C cooling effect under 1-sun irradiation. Secondly, to extend the fixed response temperature value to a wider range of 30-50 °C in thermochromic windows, the doping amount and mixed type of W-VO2 nanowires are carefully regulated. Last but not the least, the ordered assembly structure of the nanowires can greatly reduce the level of haze and enhance visibility in the windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Zhe Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jin-Long Wang
- Institute of Innovative Materials (I2M), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhen He
- Institute of Innovative Materials (I2M), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue-Fei Feng
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qi-Guo Shang
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Gang Pei
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jian-Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Institute of Innovative Materials (I2M), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China.
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10
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Abstract
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With the rapid development of optoelectronic fields,
electrochromic
(EC) materials and devices have received remarkable attention and
have shown attractive potential for use in emerging wearable and portable
electronics, electronic papers/billboards, see-through displays, and
other new-generation displays, due to the advantages of low power
consumption, easy viewing, flexibility, stretchability, etc. Despite
continuous progress in related fields, determining how to make electrochromics
truly meet the requirements of mature displays (e.g., ideal overall
performance) has been a long-term problem. Therefore, the commercialization
of relevant high-quality products is still in its infancy. In this
review, we will focus on the progress in emerging EC materials and
devices for potential displays, including two mainstream EC display
prototypes (segmented displays and pixel displays) and their commercial
applications. Among these topics, the related materials/devices, EC
performance, construction approaches, and processing techniques are
comprehensively disscussed and reviewed. We also outline the current
barriers with possible solutions and discuss the future of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gu
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Bo Jia
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Mo Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Sean Xiao-An Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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11
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Chromism-Integrated Sensors and Devices for Visual Indicators. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22114288. [PMID: 35684910 PMCID: PMC9185273 DOI: 10.3390/s22114288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The bifunctionality of chromism-integrated sensors and devices has been highlighted because of their reversibility, fast response, and visual indication. For example, one of the representative chromism electrochromic materials exhibits optical modulation under ion insertion/extraction by applying a potential. This operation mechanism can be integrated with various sensors (pressure, strain, biomolecules, gas, etc.) and devices (energy conversion/storage systems) as visual indicators for user-friendly operation. In this review, recent advances in the field of chromism-integrated systems for visual indicators are categorized for various chromism-integrated sensors and devices. This review can provide insights for researchers working on chromism, sensors, or devices. The integrated chromic devices are evaluated in terms of coloration-bleach operation, cycling stability, and coloration efficiency. In addition, the existing challenges and prospects for chromism-integrated sensors and devices are summarized for further research.
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12
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Electrochromic Polymers Based on 1,4-Bis((9H-carbazol-9-yl)methyl)benzene and 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Derivatives as Promising Electrodes for Flexible Electrochromic Devices. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12050646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
A 1,4-bis((9H-carbazol-9-yl)methyl)benzene (DCB)-containing homopolymer (P(DCB)) and four DCB- and ED-derivative (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methanol (EDm))-containing copolymers (P(DCB-co-ED), P(2DCB-co-ED), P(DCB-co-EDm), and P(2DCB-co-EDm)) were electropolymerized on ITO-polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates and their electrochromic performances were studied. DCB displays a lower Eonset than that of EDOT and EDm, conjecturing that the biscarbazole-containing DCB group shows a stronger electron-donating property than that of the ED derivatives. The P(2DCB-co-ED) film presents slate grey, dark khaki, and dark olive green at 0.0, 1.0, and 1.2 V. Bleaching-to-coloring switching studies of polymers show that P(2DCB-co-EDm) shows a high ΔT (31.0% at 725 nm) in solutions. Five dual-layer flexible electrochromic devices (ECDs) based on P(DCB), P(DCB-co-ED), P(2DCB-co-ED), P(DCB-co-EDm), and P(2DCB-co-EDm) as the anodic materials and PEDOT-PSS as the cathodic material are constructed. The P(2DCB-co-ED)/PEDOT-PSS flexible ECD shows a high ΔT (40.3% at 690 nm) and long-term electrochemical cycling stability, while the P(DCB-co-EDm)/PEDOT-PSS ECD shows a high ΔT (39.1% at 640 nm) and short response time (≤1.5 s). These findings offer us a new structural insight for the valuable design of conjugated polymers in high-contrast, flexible ECDs.
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13
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Klein J, Hein A, Bold E, Alarslan F, Oesterschulze E, Haase M. Intercalation-free, fast switching of mesoporous antimony doped tin oxide with cathodically coloring electrochromic dyes. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:2144-2152. [PMID: 36133444 PMCID: PMC9418254 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00877c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous nanoparticle layers of transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) with anchored organic dyes are of great interest for electrochromic applications. Herein, we prepared mesoporous layers of antimony doped tin oxide (ATO) consisting of only 5 nm large particles with a low Sb concentration (2% antimony). The particles were prepared via a modified synthesis procedure based on hexahydroxostannate and pure Sb(v) hexahydroxoantimonate(v). We show that the ATO layers benefit from using a non-intercalating electrolyte such as tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) compared to lithium perchlorate. Especially in the negative potential range, negative side effects, such as degradation due to lithium intercalation, are reduced. Furthermore, comparing the behavior of particles with varying antimony doping concentrations showed that the particles doped with 2% Sb are most suitable with respect to their conductivity and transparency. When modified with an electrochromic dye (viologen), the hybrid electrodes allow fully reversible (de)coloration with the non-intercalating electrolyte. Similar viologen/TiO2 electrodes on the other hand show severely restricted performance with the non-intercalating electrolyte as the oxidation of the dye is partially inhibited. Finally, we built a full electrochromic device composed of two ATO electrodes, each bearing a different electrochromic dye with TBAP as the electrolyte. Despite the dense morphology of the layers due to the small particle size as well as the large size of the electrolyte cation, the device displays remarkable switching times below 0.5 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Klein
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück Barbarastraße 7 D-49076 Osnabrück Germany
| | - Alexander Hein
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 46 D-67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Ellen Bold
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 46 D-67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Fatih Alarslan
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück Barbarastraße 7 D-49076 Osnabrück Germany
| | - Egbert Oesterschulze
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 46 D-67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Markus Haase
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück Barbarastraße 7 D-49076 Osnabrück Germany
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14
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Ahn J, Lee Y, Kim J, Yoon S, Jeong YC, Cho KY. Thiol-ene UV-curable sponge electrolyte for low-voltage color changing wearable tactile device. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Zhao Z, Che Q, Wang K, El-Khouly ME, Liu J, Fu Y, Zhang B, Chen Y. Donor-acceptor-type poly[chalcogenoviologen- alt-triphenylamine] for synaptic biomimicking and neuromorphic computing. iScience 2022; 25:103640. [PMID: 35024581 PMCID: PMC8733261 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer memristors are preeminent candidates for low-power edge computing paradigms. Poly[chalcogenoviologen-alt-triphenylamine] (PCVTPA) has been synthesized by direct coupling of chalcogeno-viologen as electron acceptor and 4-(bromomethyl)-N-(4-(bromo-methyl)phenyl)-N-phenylaniline as electron donor. The introduction of chalcogen atoms (S, Se, Te) into viologen scaffolds can greatly improve electrical conductive, electrochemical, and electrochromic properties of the materials when compared with the conventional viologens. Taking PTeVTPA as an example, the as-fabricated electronic device with a configuration of Al/PTeVTPA/ITO exhibits excellent multilevel storage and history-dependent memristive switching performance. Associated with the unique memristive behavior, the PTeVTPA-based device can not only be used to emulate the synaptic potentiation/depression, the human's learning and memorizing functions, and the transition from short-term synaptic plasticity to long-term plasticity but also carry out decimal arithmetic operations as well. This work will be expected to offer a train of new thought for constructing high-performance synaptic biomimicking and neuromorphic computing system in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qiang Che
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mohamed E El-Khouly
- Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Jiaxuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yubin Fu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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16
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Wang Z, Jia X, Zhang P, Liu Y, Qi H, Zhang P, Kaiser U, Reineke S, Dong R, Feng X. Viologen-Immobilized 2D Polymer Film Enabling Highly Efficient Electrochromic Device for Solar-Powered Smart Window. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106073. [PMID: 34613639 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrochromic devices (ECDs) have emerged as a unique class of optoelectronic devices for the development of smart windows. However, current ECDs typically suffer from low coloration efficiency (CE) and high energy consumption, which have thus hindered their practical applications, especially as components in solar-powered EC windows. Here, the high-performance ECDs with a fully crystalline viologen-immobilized 2D polymer (V2DP) thin film as the color-switching layer is demonstrated. The high density of vertically oriented pore channels (pore size ≈ 4.5 nm; pore density ≈ 5.8 × 1016 m-2 ) in the synthetic V2DP film enables high utilization of redox-active viologen moieties and benefits for Li+ ion diffusion/transport. As a result, the as-fabricated ECDs achieve a rapid switching speed (coloration, 2.8 s; bleaching, 1.2 s), and a high CE (989 cm2 C-1 ), and low energy consumption (21.1 µW cm-2 ). Moreover, it is managed to fabricate transmission-tunable, self-sustainable EC window prototypes by vertically integrating the V2DP ECDs with transparent solar cells. This work sheds light on designing electroactive 2D polymers with molecular precision for optoelectronics and paves a practical route toward developing self-powered EC windows to offset the electricity consumption of buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Wang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xiangkun Jia
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yannan Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Haoyuan Qi
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Universität Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peng Zhang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Universität Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Reineke
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Renhao Dong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Synthetic Materials and Functional Devices, Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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17
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Fakharuddin A, Li H, Di Giacomo F, Zhang T, Gasparini N, Elezzabi AY, Mohanty A, Ramadoss A, Ling J, Soultati A, Tountas M, Schmidt‐Mende L, Argitis P, Jose R, Nazeeruddin MK, Mohd Yusoff ARB, Vasilopoulou M. Fiber‐Shaped Electronic Devices. ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS 2021; 11. [DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202101443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractTextile electronics embedded in clothing represent an exciting new frontier for modern healthcare and communication systems. Fundamental to the development of these textile electronics is the development of the fibers forming the cloths into electronic devices. An electronic fiber must undergo diverse scrutiny for its selection for a multifunctional textile, viz., from the material selection to the device architecture, from the wearability to mechanical stresses, and from the environmental compatibility to the end‐use management. Herein, the performance requirements of fiber‐shaped electronics are reviewed considering the characteristics of single electronic fibers and their assemblies in smart clothing. Broadly, this article includes i) processing strategies of electronic fibers with required properties from precursor to material, ii) the state‐of‐art of current fiber‐shaped electronics emphasizing light‐emitting devices, solar cells, sensors, nanogenerators, supercapacitors storage, and chromatic devices, iii) mechanisms involved in the operation of the above devices, iv) limitations of the current materials and device manufacturing techniques to achieve the target performance, and v) the knowledge gap that must be minimized prior to their deployment. Lessons learned from this review with regard to the challenges and prospects for developing fiber‐shaped electronic components are presented as directions for future research on wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haizeng Li
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinarity Science Shandong University Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Francesco Di Giacomo
- Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy (CHOSE) Department of Electronic Engineering University of Rome Tor Vergata Rome 00133 Italy
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London London W120BZ UK
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London London W120BZ UK
| | - Abdulhakem Y. Elezzabi
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2V4 Canada
| | - Ankita Mohanty
- School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology Bhubaneswar Odisha 751024 India
| | - Ananthakumar Ramadoss
- School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology Bhubaneswar Odisha 751024 India
| | - JinKiong Ling
- Nanostructured Renewable Energy Material Laboratory Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology Universiti Malaysia Pahang Pahang Darul Makmur Kuantan 26300 Malaysia
| | - Anastasia Soultati
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos Agia Paraskevi Attica 15341 Greece
| | - Marinos Tountas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Hellenic Mediterranean University Estavromenos Heraklion Crete GR‐71410 Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis Argitis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos Agia Paraskevi Attica 15341 Greece
| | - Rajan Jose
- Nanostructured Renewable Energy Material Laboratory Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology Universiti Malaysia Pahang Pahang Darul Makmur Kuantan 26300 Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Rue de l'Industrie 17 Sion CH‐1951 Switzerland
| | - Abd Rashid Bin Mohd Yusoff
- Department of Chemical Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Maria Vasilopoulou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos Agia Paraskevi Attica 15341 Greece
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18
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Kuo CW, Chang JC, Huang WC, Lee PY, Wu TY. Electrochromic polymers based on 2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene and thiophene derivatives as potential anodic layers for high performance electrochromic devices. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Metallo-terpyridine modified asymmetric viologen exhibiting remarkable optical memory effect in single-layered electrochromic devices. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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21
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Wu Y, Xu J, Qin X, Xu J, Liu X. Dynamic upconversion multicolour editing enabled by molecule-assisted opto-electrochemical modulation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2022. [PMID: 33795669 PMCID: PMC8016979 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling nonlinear optical signals electrically offers many opportunities for technological developments. Lanthanide-activated nanoparticles have recently emerged as leading platforms for nonlinear upconversion of infra-red excitation within nanometric volumes. However, manipulation of upconversion emission is restricted to varying percentages of component materials, nanocrystal structure, and optical pumping conditions. Here, we report temporal modulation of anti-Stokes luminescence by coupling upconversion nanoparticles with an electrochemically responsive molecule. By electrically tailoring orbital energy levels of the molecules anchored on nanoparticle surfaces, we demonstrate reversible control of molecular absorption, resulting in dynamic colour editing of anti-Stokes luminescence at single-particle resolution. Moreover, we show that a programmable logic gate array based on opto-electrochemical modulation can be constructed to convert information-encrypted electrical signals into visible patterns with millisecond photonic readout. These findings offer insights into precise control of anti-Stokes luminescence, while enabling a host of applications from low-threshold infrared logic switches to multichannel, high-fidelity photonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xian Qin
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Functional Materials, National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Center for Functional Materials, National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, China.
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou, China.
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
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22
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Hein A, Kaiser B, Kortz C, Oesterschulze E. Tunable electrochromic filter for in situ Fourier spatial frequency filtering. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:7858-7865. [PMID: 33726279 DOI: 10.1364/oe.418048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatial optical Fourier filtering is a widespread technique for in situ image or light field processing. However, conventional fixed absorbing patterns or mechanical irises only allow an inflexible, very restricted control. Thus, we present two electrochromic spatial filters with ring-shaped or directional segments, which can be individually addressed and continuously tuned in transmission resulting in up to 512 different filtering states. For realization of the electrochromic devices, we overcome technical obstacles to realize seamless, gap-free electrochromic segments. We describe this novel fabrication process and demonstrate the successful application in an optical Fourier transform set-up.
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23
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Wang Y, Nie H, Han J, An Y, Zhang YM, Zhang SXA. Green revolution in electronic displays expected to ease energy and health crises. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:33. [PMID: 33550329 PMCID: PMC7867656 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The technological revolution of long-awaited energy-saving and vision-friendly displays represented by bistable display technology is coming. Here we discuss methods, challenges, and opportunities for implementing bistable displays in terms of molecular design, device structure, further expansion, and required criteria, hopefully benefiting the light-related community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Hui Nie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, USA
| | - Jinsong Han
- State Grid Heilongjiang Electric Power Co., Ltd, Heihe Power Supply Company, Heihe, 164300, China
| | - Yaxun An
- Jiaxing IrS Display Technology Co., Ltd, Jiashan, 314113, China
| | - Yu-Mo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Sean Xiao-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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24
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Nhon L, Wilkins R, Reynolds JR, Tomlinson A. Guiding synthetic targets of anodically coloring electrochromes through density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:054110. [PMID: 33557540 DOI: 10.1063/5.0039511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochromic devices offer many technological applications, including flexible displays, dimmable mirrors, and energy-efficient windows. Additionally, adsorbing electrochromic molecular assemblies onto mesoporous metal-oxide surfaces facilitates commercial and manufacturing potential (i.e., screen-printing and/or roll-to-roll processing). These systems also demonstrate synthetic versatility, thus making a wide array of colors accessible. In this work, using Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT), we investigated ten different bi-aryl type molecules of 3,4-ethylendioxythiophene (EDOT) conjugated to various phenyl derivatives as potential anodically coloring electrochromes (ACEs). The non-substituted phenylene, hexylthiol-EDOT-phenyl-phosphonic acid, PA1, was synthesized and characterized as a means of model validity. PA1 absorbs in the UV region in its neutral state and upon oxidation absorbs within the visible, hence showcasing its potential as an ACE chromophore. The properties of PA1 inspired the designs of the other nine structural derivatives where the number and position of methoxy groups on the phenylene were varied. Using our DFT treatment, we assessed the impact of these modifications on the electronic structures, geometries, and excited-state properties. In particular, we examined stabilization intermolecular interactions (S-O and O-H) as they aid in molecule planarization, thus facilitating charge transport properties in devices. Additionally, destabilizing O-O forces were observed, thereby making some chromophores less desirable. A detailed excited state analysis was performed, which linked the simulated UV-Vis spectra to the dominant excited state transitions and their corresponding molecular orbitals. Based on these results, the nine chromophores were ranked ergo providing an ordered list of synthetic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Nhon
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Riley Wilkins
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, Georgia 30597, USA
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Aimée Tomlinson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, Georgia 30597, USA
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25
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Samanta A, Chen H, Samanta P, Popov S, Sychugov I, Berglund LA. Reversible Dual-Stimuli-Responsive Chromic Transparent Wood Biocomposites for Smart Window Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:3270-3277. [PMID: 33415982 PMCID: PMC7821267 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Transparent wood (TW)-based composites are of significant interest for smart window applications. In this research, we demonstrate a facile dual-stimuli-responsive chromic TW where optical properties are reversibly controlled in response to changes in temperature and UV-radiation. For this functionality, bleached wood was impregnated with solvent-free thiol and ene monomers containing chromic components, consisting of a mixture of thermo- and photoresponsive chromophores, and was then UV-polymerized. Independent optical properties of individual chromic components were retained in the compositional mixture. This allowed to enhance the absolute optical transmission to 4 times above the phase change temperature. At the same time, the transmission at 550 nm could be reduced 11-77%, on exposure to UV by changing the concentration of chromic components. Chromic components were localized inside the lumen of the wood structure, and durable reversible optical properties were demonstrated by multiple cycling testing. In addition, the chromic TW composites showed reversible energy absorption capabilities for heat storage applications and demonstrated an enhancement of 64% in the tensile modulus as compared to a native thiol-ene polymer. This study elucidates the polymerization process and effect of chromic components distribution and composition on the material's performance and perspectives toward the development of smart photoresponsive windows with energy storage capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Samanta
- Department
of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Stockholm 114 19, Sweden
| | - Hui Chen
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
| | - Pratick Samanta
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
| | - Sergei Popov
- Department
of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Stockholm 114 19, Sweden
| | - Ilya Sychugov
- Department
of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Stockholm 114 19, Sweden
| | - Lars A. Berglund
- Department
of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Stockholm 114 19, Sweden
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
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26
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Feng J, Liu T, Cao R. An Electrochromic Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Framework Film. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22392-22396. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji‐fei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Tian‐Fu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Rong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 China
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27
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Feng J, Liu T, Cao R. An Electrochromic Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Framework Film. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji‐fei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Tian‐Fu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Rong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 China
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28
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Li H, Zhang W, Elezzabi AY. Transparent Zinc-Mesh Electrodes for Solar-Charging Electrochromic Windows. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003574. [PMID: 32954551 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Newly born zinc-anode-based electrochromic devices (ZECDs), incorporating electrochromic and energy storage functions in a single transparent platform, represent the most promising technology for next-generation transparent electronics. As the existing ZECDs are limited by opaque zinc anodes, the key focus should be on the development of transparent zinc anodes. Here, the first demonstration of a flexible transparent zinc-mesh electrode is reported for a ZECD window that yields a remarkable electrochromic performance in an 80 cm2 device, including rapid switching times (3.6 and 2.5 s for the coloration and bleaching processes, respectively), a high optical contrast (67.2%), and an excellent coloration efficiency (131.5 cm2 C-1 ). It is also demonstrated that such ZECDs are perfectly suited for solar-charging smart windows as they inherently address the solar intermittency issue. These windows can be colored via solar charging during the day, and they can be bleached during the night by supplying electrical energy to electronic devices. The ZECD smart window platform can be scaled to a large area while retaining its excellent electrochromic characteristics. These findings represent a new technology for solar-charging windows and open new opportunities for the development of next-generation transparent batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizeng Li
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Wu Zhang
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Abdulhakem Y Elezzabi
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2V4, Canada
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29
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Yu X, Chang M, Chen W, Liang D, Lu X, Zhou G. Colorless-to-Black Electrochromism from Binary Electrochromes toward Multifunctional Displays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:39505-39514. [PMID: 32805883 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cyclohexane-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylic diimide with a nonconjugated core has been incorporated to bridge two conventional triphenylamine units. The obtained monomer has successfully hypsochromically shifted the maximum absorption wavelength by 10 nm in comparison to the one with a pyromellitic diimide bridge. Consequently, a colorless electrochromic (EC) polymer poly(bis(N,N-diphenyl-4-aminophenyl)cyclohexane-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylic diimide) (PTPA-HDI) was electropolymerized on indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass. The morphology, absorption, and spectroelectrochemistry properties of polymer PTPA-HDI films electropolymerized by different scan cycles have been systematically investigated. It is found that comprehensive properties, such as color contrast and initial transparence, can be achieved for the polymer film electropolymerized by 15 scan cycles. Moreover, to realize colorless-to-black electrochromism, an asymmetric viologen derivative 1-(4-cyanophenyl)-1'-hexyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dihexafluorophosphate (HVCN) has been designed and straightforward synthesized. With the introduction of a cyanophenyl group and a hexyl chain on the two pyridinium units, colorless-to-green electrochromism can be realized for this processible viologen derivative. The absorption band at 495 nm of colorated PTPA-HDI compensates well for the valley in the absorption spectrum of colorated HVCN. Therefore, different types of colorless-to-black electrochromic devices (ECDs) are fabricated using polymer PTPA-HDI-deposited ITO electrode and HVCN-based gel electrolyte. Such a supporting electrolyte-free ECD with binary electrochromes exhibits fast coloration, high color contrast, and excellent reversibility. Furthermore, an encryption ECD is demonstrated by switching a black two-dimensional code. In addition, an autodigital display is integrated on a smart window and hence different functions can be realized in a single ECD. Overall, this study may facilitate the understanding of the EC behaviors of binary electrochromes and present a new path to design multifunctional displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Yu
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Meijuan Chang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Weinan Chen
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Dingli Liang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
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30
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Eklund A, Zhang H, Zeng H, Priimagi A, Ikkala O. Fast Switching of Bright Whiteness in Channeled Hydrogel Networks. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2000754. [PMID: 32684907 PMCID: PMC7357574 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Beside pigment absorption and reflection by periodic photonic structures, natural species often use light scattering to achieve whiteness. Synthetic hydrogels offer opportunities in stimuli-responsive materials and devices; however, they are not conventionally considered as ideal materials to achieve high whiteness by scattering due to the ill-defined porosities and the low refractive index contrast between the polymer and water. Herein, a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel network with percolated empty channels (ch-PNIPAm) is demonstrated to possess switchable bright whiteness upon temperature changes, obtained by removing the physical agarose gel in a semi-interpenetrating network of agarose and PNIPAm. The hydrogel is highly transparent at room temperature and becomes brightly white above 35 °C. Compared to conventional PNIPAm, the ch-PNIPAm hydrogel exhibits 80% higher reflectance at 800 nm and 18 times faster phase transition kinetics. The nanoscopic channels in the ch-PNIPAm facilitate water diffusion upon phase transition, thus enabling the formation of smaller pores and enhanced whiteness in the gel. Furthermore, fast photothermally triggered response down to tens of milliseconds can be achieved. This unique property of the ch-PNIPAm hydrogel to efficiently scatter visible light can be potentially used for, e.g., smart windows, optical switches, and, as demonstrated in this report, thermoresponsive color displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Eklund
- Department of Applied PhysicsAalto UniversityP.O. Box 15100EspooFI 02150Finland
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Applied PhysicsAalto UniversityP.O. Box 15100EspooFI 02150Finland
| | - Hao Zeng
- Smart Photonic MaterialsFaculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesTampere UniversityP.O. Box 541TampereFI‐33101Finland
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Smart Photonic MaterialsFaculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesTampere UniversityP.O. Box 541TampereFI‐33101Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Applied PhysicsAalto UniversityP.O. Box 15100EspooFI 02150Finland
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31
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Precursor-surface interactions revealed during plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition of metal oxide thin films by in-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10392. [PMID: 32587273 PMCID: PMC7316976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66409-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We find that a five-phase (substrate, mixed native oxide and roughness interface layer, metal oxide thin film layer, surface ligand layer, ambient) model with two-dynamic (metal oxide thin film layer thickness and surface ligand layer void fraction) parameters (dynamic dual box model) is sufficient to explain in-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry data measured within and across multiple cycles during plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition of metal oxide thin films. We demonstrate our dynamic dual box model for analysis of in-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry data in the photon energy range of 0.7–3.4 eV measured with time resolution of few seconds over large numbers of cycles during the growth of titanium oxide (TiO2) and tungsten oxide (WO3) thin films, as examples. We observe cyclic surface roughening with fast kinetics and subsequent roughness reduction with slow kinetics, upon cyclic exposure to precursor materials, leading to oscillations of the metal thin film thickness with small but positive growth per cycle. We explain the cyclic surface roughening by precursor-surface interactions leading to defect creation, and subsequent surface restructuring. Atomic force microscopic images before and after growth, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction investigations confirm structural and chemical properties of our thin films. Our proposed dynamic dual box model may be generally applicable to monitor and control metal oxide growth in atomic layer deposition, and we include data for SiO2 and Al2O3 as further examples.
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32
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Hein A, Longen N, Carl F, Klein J, Haase M, Stoll R, Warmers R, Jenke G, Gimmler C, Schotten T, Haag-Pichl M, Oesterschulze E. Electrochromic graduated filters with symmetric electrode configuration. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:17047-17055. [PMID: 32549514 DOI: 10.1364/oe.393212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graduated optical filters are commonly used for spatial image control as they are capable of darkening the overexposed parts of the image specifically. However, they lack flexibility because each filter has a fixed transmission distribution. We herein present a fully controllable graduated filter based on the electrochromic device. Its graduated transmission distribution can be spatially controlled by the application of multiple electric potentials. In this way, the control of the gradient's position and its width, transmission and angular orientation is possible. Simulation of both the spatial potential distribution and the resultant optical absorption distribution are conducted to optimize the electrode configuration and furthermore to derive a control dataset that facilitates the adjustment and thus the application of the graduated filter. Based on three objective and quantitative criteria, we identify the electrode configuration with the highest flexibility in all four controls, manufacture the device using a gravure printing process for the nanoparticle electrodes and show its successful application.
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33
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Yang Z, Wang D, Zhang Y, Feng Z, Liu L, Wang W. Photoreductive BiOCl Ultrathin Nanosheets for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Color Switching. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:8604-8613. [PMID: 32031770 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The reversible photocatalytic color switching systems (PCSSs) driven by semiconductor nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention because of their wide applications. However, the developed semiconductor nanoparticles with photoreductive activity are mainly limited to TiO2-based photocatalysts, which greatly hinder their broad applications. Here we report a cocapping ligand-assisted strategy for the development of photoreductive BiOCl ultrathin nanosheets with abundant oxygen vacancies. Both the cocapping ligands and oxygen vacancies in BiOCl ultrathin nanosheets act as sacrificial electron donors to efficiently scavenge the photogenerated holes, endowing the BiOCl ultrathin nanosheets high photoreductive activity and thus enabling the photocatalytic color switching of redox dyes, such as methylene blue (MB) and neutral red. By successfully integrating the BiOCl ultrathin nanosheet/MB/H2O color switching system with poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel to fabricate a twistable gel film and simultaneously solving the dye-leaching issue of the gel film in a water environment, we further demonstrate its application in a colorimetric oxygen indicator for food packaging, exhibiting high sensitivity to monitor oxygen leakage by the naked eye. We believe the work opens a new avenue for designing photoreductive semiconductor nanomaterials to enrich the PCSSs and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , P. R. China
| | - Dongyang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , P. R. China
| | - Yun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Feng
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , P. R. China
| | - Luntao Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , P. R. China
| | - Wenshou Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , P. R. China
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34
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Ling H, Dai H, Su F, Tian Y, Liu YJ. A transparent-to-gray electrochromic device based on an asymmetric viologen. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04323k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A transparent-to-gray electrochromic device (ECD) based on an asymmetric viologen was fabricated and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ling
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Hongbo Dai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Fengyu Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies
| | - Yanqing Tian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Yan Jun Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
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35
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Yang G, Zhang YM, Cai Y, Yang B, Gu C, Zhang SXA. Advances in nanomaterials for electrochromic devices. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:8687-8720. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00317d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review article systematically highlights the recent advances regarding the design, preparation, performance and application of new and unique nanomaterials for electrochromic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry
| | - Yu-Mo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry
| | - Yiru Cai
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Baige Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry
| | - Chang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry
| | - Sean Xiao-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry
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