1
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Abylgazina L, Senkovska I, Bon V, Bönisch N, Maliuta M, Kaskel S. Guest-selective shape-memory effect in a switchable metal-organic framework DUT-8(Zn). Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7745-7748. [PMID: 38973568 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01657b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Crystal size engineering allows tailoring of flexible metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to achieve new properties. The gating type flexibility of the DUT-8(Zn) ([Zn2(2,6-ndc)2(dabco)]n, 2,6-ndc = 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate, dabco = 1,4-diazabicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane) compound is known to be extremely particle size sensitive. Here, the physisorption of ethanol vapor gives rise to so-called shape-memory effect, leading to rigidification and flexibility suppression. According to powder X-ray diffraction and nitrogen physisorption experiments, the open pore phase is retained selectively after desorption of alcohols, which could be attributed to the nano-structuring and surface deformation of the crystals as a result of exposure to alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Abylgazina
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Irena Senkovska
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Volodymyr Bon
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Nadine Bönisch
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Mariia Maliuta
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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2
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Ghanavati R, Escobosa AC, Manz TA. An automated protocol to construct flexibility parameters for classical forcefields: applications to metal-organic frameworks. RSC Adv 2024; 14:22714-22762. [PMID: 39035129 PMCID: PMC11258866 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01859a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, forcefield flexibility parameters were constructed and validated for more than 100 metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). We used atom typing to identify bond types, angle types, and dihedral types associated with bond stretches, angle bends, dihedral torsions, and other flexibility interactions. Our work used Manz's angle-bending and dihedral-torsion model potentials. For a crystal structure containing N atoms in its unit cell, the number of independent flexibility interactions is 3(N atoms - 1). Because the number of bonds, angles, and dihedrals is normally much larger than 3(N atoms - 1), these internal coordinates are redundant. To reduce (but not eliminate) this redundancy, our protocol prunes dihedral types in a way that preserves symmetry equivalency. Next, each dihedral type is classified as non-rotatable, hindered, rotatable, or linear. We introduce a smart selection method that identifies which particular torsion modes are important for each rotatable dihedral type. Then, we computed the force constants for all flexibility interactions together via LASSO regression (i.e., regularized linear least-squares fitting) of the training dataset. LASSO automatically identifies and removes unimportant forcefield interactions. For each MOF, the reference dataset was quantum-mechanically-computed in VASP via DFT with dispersion and included: (i) finite-displacement calculations along every independent atom translation mode, (ii) geometries randomly sampled via ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD), (iii) the optimized ground-state geometry using experimental lattice parameters, and (iv) rigid torsion scans for each rotatable dihedral type. After training, the flexibility model was validated across geometries that were not part of the training dataset. For each MOF, we computed the goodness of fit (R-squared value) and the root-mean-squared error (RMSE) separately for the training and validation datasets. We compared flexibility models with and without bond-bond cross terms. Even without cross terms, the model yielded R-squared values of 0.910 (avg across all MOFs) ± 0.018 (st. dev.) for atom-in-material forces in the validation datasets. Our SAVESTEPS protocol should find widespread applications to parameterize flexible forcefields for material datasets. We performed molecular dynamics simulations using these flexibility parameters to compute heat capacities and thermal expansion coefficients for two MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ghanavati
- Chemical & Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University Las Cruces NM 88001 USA
| | - Alma C Escobosa
- Chemical & Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University Las Cruces NM 88001 USA
| | - Thomas A Manz
- Chemical & Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University Las Cruces NM 88001 USA
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3
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Kurihara T, Souri Y, Inukai M, Mizuno M. CO 2-induced gate-opening structural transition process of a porous coordination polymer revealed by solid-state 13C NMR. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5074-5077. [PMID: 38639070 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01180e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the gate-opening closed-to-open-pore structural transition of a porous coordination polymer induced by CO2 adsorption. Solid-state 13C NMR examination of adsorbed CO2 and framework dynamics reveals the surface adsorption state of the closed structure below the transition pressure and an intermediate structure during the transition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kurihara
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Yue Souri
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Munehiro Inukai
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima-Cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Motohiro Mizuno
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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4
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Castillo-Blas C, Chester AM, Keen DA, Bennett TD. Thermally activated structural phase transitions and processes in metal-organic frameworks. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3606-3629. [PMID: 38426588 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01105d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The structural knowledge of metal-organic frameworks is crucial to the understanding and development of new efficient materials for industrial implementation. This review classifies and discusses recent advanced literature reports on phase transitions that occur during thermal treatments on metal-organic frameworks and their characterisation. Thermally activated phase transitions and procceses are classified according to the temperaturatures at which they occur: high temperature (reversible and non-reversible) and low temperature. In addition, theoretical calculations and modelling approaches employed to better understand these structural phase transitions are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Castillo-Blas
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB30FS, UK.
| | - Ashleigh M Chester
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB30FS, UK.
| | - David A Keen
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, OX11 0DE, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Thomas D Bennett
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB30FS, UK.
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5
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Li S, Li Q, Chen T, Ji Z, Li G, Wu M, Meng L, Nan Z, Wang W, Zhuo Z, Fan F, Huang Y. Temperature-Dependent Separation of CO 2 from Light Hydrocarbons in a Porous Self-Assembly of Vertexes Sharing Octahedra. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308028. [PMID: 38308108 PMCID: PMC11005747 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Design of flexible porous materials where the diffusion of guest molecules is regulated by the dynamics of contracted pore aperture is challenging. Here, a flexible porous self-assembly consisting of 1D channels with dynamic bottleneck gates is reported. The dynamic pendant naphthimidazolylmethyl moieties at the channel necks provide kinetic gate function, that enables unusual adsorption for light hydrocarbons. The adsorption for CO2 is mainly dominated by thermodynamics with the uptakes decreasing with increasing temperature, whereas the adsorptions for larger hydrocarbons are controlled by both thermodynamics and kinetics resulting in an uptake maximum at a temperature threshold. Such an unusual adsorption enables temperature-dependent separation of CO2 from the corresponding hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructuresand Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional MaterialsXiamen Institute of Rare Earth MaterialsHaixi InstitutesChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenFujian361021China
| | - Qing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructuresand Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional MaterialsXiamen Institute of Rare Earth MaterialsHaixi InstitutesChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenFujian361021China
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructuresand Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional MaterialsXiamen Institute of Rare Earth MaterialsHaixi InstitutesChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenFujian361021China
| | - Zhen‐Yu Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Structure ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Guo‐Ling Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructuresand Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional MaterialsXiamen Institute of Rare Earth MaterialsHaixi InstitutesChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenFujian361021China
| | - Ming‐Yan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Structure ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Li‐Yi Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructuresand Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional MaterialsXiamen Institute of Rare Earth MaterialsHaixi InstitutesChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenFujian361021China
| | - Zi‐Ang Nan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructuresand Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional MaterialsXiamen Institute of Rare Earth MaterialsHaixi InstitutesChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenFujian361021China
| | - Wei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructuresand Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional MaterialsXiamen Institute of Rare Earth MaterialsHaixi InstitutesChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenFujian361021China
| | - Zhu Zhuo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructuresand Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional MaterialsXiamen Institute of Rare Earth MaterialsHaixi InstitutesChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenFujian361021China
| | - Fengru Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesiChEMCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringInnovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM)Xiamen UniversityXiamen361005China
| | - You‐Gui Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructuresand Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional MaterialsXiamen Institute of Rare Earth MaterialsHaixi InstitutesChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenFujian361021China
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6
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Zhang J, Ke J, Wang B, Chen X. Plastic Avalanches in Metal-Organic Framework Crystals Due to the Dynamic Phase Mixing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:54692-54701. [PMID: 37972999 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The compressive properties of metal-organic framework (MOF) crystals are not only crucial for their densification process but also key in determining their performance in many applications. We herein investigated the mechanical responses of a classic crystalline MOF, HKUST-1, using in situ compression tests. A serrated flow accompanied by the unique strain avalanches was found in individual and contacting crystals before their final flattening or fracture with splitting cracks. The plastic flow with serrations is ascribed to the dynamic phase mixing due to the progressive and irreversible local phase transition in HKUST-1 crystals, as revealed by molecular dynamics and finite element simulations. Such pressure-induced phase coexistence in HKUST-1 crystals also induces a significant loading-history dependence of their Young's modulus. The observation of plastic avalanches in HKUST-1 crystals here not only expands our current understanding of the plasticity of MOF crystals but also unveils a novel mechanism for the avalanches and plastic flow in crystal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Ke
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Ximing Chen
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
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7
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Schaper L, Schmid R. Simulating the structural phase transitions of metal-organic frameworks with control over the volume of nanocrystallites. Commun Chem 2023; 6:233. [PMID: 37898644 PMCID: PMC10613269 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can undergo structural transitions with significant pore volume changes upon guest adsorption or other external triggers while maintaining their porosity. In computational studies of this breathing behavior, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations within periodic boundary conditions (PBCs) are commonly performed. However, to account for the finite size and surface effects affecting the phase transition mechanism, the simulation of non-periodic nanocrystallite (NC) models without the constraint of PBCs is an important alternative. In this study, we present an approach allowing the analysis and control of the volume of finite-size structures during MD simulations by a tetrahedral tessellation of the (deformed) NC's volume. The method allows for defining the current NC's volume during the simulation and manipulating it regarding a particular reference volume to compute free energies for the phase transformation via umbrella sampling. The application on differently sized DMOF-1 and DUT-128 NCs reveals flexible pore closing mechanisms without significant biasing of the transition pathway. The concept provides the theoretical foundation for further research on flexible materials regarding targeted initialization of the structural phase behavior to elucidate the underlying mechanism, which can be used to improve the applications of flexible materials by targeted controlling of the phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Schaper
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Computational Materials Chemistry Group, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Rochus Schmid
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Computational Materials Chemistry Group, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
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8
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Wang B, Ke J, Chen X, Sun Y, Ren P, Zhang J. Anomalous Loading Rate Dependence of the Mechanical Properties of Metal-Organic Framework Crystals: Latent Heat Effects of the Pressure-Induced Local Phase Transition. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:9464-9471. [PMID: 37830915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The loading rate dependence of the mechanical properties of metal-organic framework (MOF) crystals is key in determining their performance in many engineering applications, which, however, remains almost unexplored. Here, in situ nanoindentation experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of loading rate on mechanical properties of HKUST-1, a classic MOF. The Young's modulus and hardness of crystalline HKUST-1 are found to stay stable or decline with decreasing loading rate by creeping when the loading rate is below a particular speed, but they significantly decrease as the loading rate grows when it has higher magnitudes. Our molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the anomalous loading rate dependence of mechanical properties is attributed to the competition between the release and transfer of latent heat from the pressure-induced amorphous HKUST-1 because the increase in local temperature at large loading rates could induce the softening of HKUST-1 and the increase in the volume of transformed materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jin Ke
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ximing Chen
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yao Sun
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Peng Ren
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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9
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Mitsumoto K, Takae K. Elastic heterogeneity governs asymmetric adsorption-desorption in a soft porous crystal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302561120. [PMID: 37467270 PMCID: PMC10372644 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302561120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which possess a high degree of crystallinity and a large surface area with tunable inorganic nodes and organic linkers, exhibit high stimuli-responsiveness and molecular adsorption selectivity that enable various applications. The adsorption in MOFs changes the crystalline structure and elastic moduli. Thus, the coexistence of adsorbed/desorbed sites makes the host matrices elastically heterogeneous. However, the role of elastic heterogeneity in the adsorption-desorption transition has been overlooked. Here, we show the asymmetric role of elastic heterogeneity in the adsorption-desorption transition. We construct a minimal model incorporating adsorption-induced lattice expansion/contraction and an increase/decrease in the elastic moduli. We find that the transition is hindered by the entropic and energetic effects which become asymmetric in the adsorption process and desorption process, leading to the strong hysteretic nature of the transition. Furthermore, the adsorbed/desorbed sites exhibit spatially heterogeneous domain formation, implying that the domain morphology and interfacial area between adsorbed/desorbed sites can be controlled by elastic heterogeneity. Our results provide a theoretical guideline for designing soft porous crystals with tunable adsorption hysteresis and the dispersion and domain morphology of adsorbates using elastic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Mitsumoto
- Department of Fundamental Engineering, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo153-8505, Japan
| | - Kyohei Takae
- Department of Fundamental Engineering, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo153-8505, Japan
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10
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Troyano J, Maspoch D. Propagating MOF flexibility at the macroscale: the case of MOF-based mechanical actuators. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1744-1756. [PMID: 36661894 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05813h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Shapeshifting materials have captured the imagination of researchers for their myriad potential applications, yet their practical development remains challenging. These materials operate by mechanical actuation: their structural responses to external stimuli generate mechanical work. Here, we review progress on the use of flexible metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in composite actuators that shapeshift in a controlled fashion. We highlight the dynamic behaviour of flexible MOFs, which are unique among materials, even other porous ones, and introduce the concept of propagation, which involves the efficient transmission of flexible MOF deformations to the macroscale. Furthermore, we explain how researchers can observe, measure, and induce such effects in MOF composites. Next, we review pioneering first-generation MOF-composite actuators that shapeshift in response to changes in humidity, temperature, pressure, or to other stimuli. Finally, we allude to recent developments, identify remaining R & D hurdles, and suggest future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Troyano
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain. .,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain. .,Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Miura H, Bon V, Senkovska I, Ehrling S, Bönisch N, Mäder G, Grünzner S, Khadiev A, Novikov D, Maity K, Richter A, Kaskel S. Spatiotemporal Design of the Metal-Organic Framework DUT-8(M). ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207741. [PMID: 36349824 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Switchable metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) change their structure in time and selectively open their pores adsorbing guest molecules, leading to highly selective separation, pressure amplification, sensing, and actuation applications. The 3D engineering of MOFs has reached a high level of maturity, but spatiotemporal evolution opens a new perspective toward engineering materials in the 4th dimension (time) by t-axis design, in essence exploiting the deliberate tuning of activation barriers. This work demonstrates the first example in which an explicit temporal engineering of a switchable MOF (DUT-8, [M1 M2 (2,6-ndc)2 dabco]n , 2,6-ndc = 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate, dabco = 1,4diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, M1 = Ni, M2 = Co) is presented. The temporal response is deliberately tuned by variations in cobalt content. A spectrum of advanced analytical methods is presented for analyzing the switching kinetics stimulated by vapor adsorption using in situ time-resolved techniques ranging from ensemble adsorption and advanced synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments to individual crystal analysis. A novel analysis technique based on microscopic observation of individual crystals in a microfluidic channel reveals the lowest limit for adsorption switching reported so far. Differences in the spatiotemporal response of crystal ensembles originate from an induction time that varies statistically and widens characteristically with increasing cobalt content reflecting increasing activation barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Miura
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Nippon Steel Corporation, 20-1 Shintomi, Futtsu, Chiba, 293-8511, Japan
| | - Volodymyr Bon
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Irena Senkovska
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ehrling
- 3P INSTRUMENTS GmbH & Co. KG, Branch office Leipzig, Bitterfelder Str. 1-5, 04129, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nadine Bönisch
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerrit Mäder
- Fraunhofer Institute of Materials and Beam Technology, Wintergerbstr. 28, 01277, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Grünzner
- Professur Mikrosystemtechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Azat Khadiev
- P23 group, Petra III Synchrotron, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri Novikov
- P23 group, Petra III Synchrotron, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kartik Maity
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Richter
- Professur Mikrosystemtechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Materials and Beam Technology, Wintergerbstr. 28, 01277, Dresden, Germany
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12
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Borgmans S, Rogge SMJ, De Vos JS, Van Der Voort P, Van Speybroeck V. Exploring the phase stability in interpenetrated diamondoid covalent organic frameworks. Commun Chem 2023; 6:5. [PMID: 36698041 PMCID: PMC9822923 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00808-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft porous crystals, which are responsive to external stimuli such as temperature, pressure, or gas adsorption, are being extensively investigated for various technological applications. However, while substantial research has been devoted to stimuli-responsive metal-organic frameworks, structural flexibility in 3D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) remains ill-understood, and is almost exclusively found in COFs exhibiting the diamondoid (dia) topology. Herein, we systemically investigate how the structural decoration of these 3D dia COFs-their specific building blocks and degree of interpenetration-as well as external triggers such as temperature and guest adsorption may promote or suppress their phase transformations, as captured by a collection of 2D free energy landscapes. Together, these provide a comprehensive understanding of the necessary conditions to design flexible diamondoid COFs. This study reveals how their flexibility originates from the balance between steric hindrance and dispersive interactions of the structural decoration, thereby providing insight into how new flexible 3D COFs can be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Borgmans
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Sven M. J. Rogge
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Juul S. De Vos
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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13
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Bon V, Busov N, Senkovska I, Bönisch N, Abylgazina L, Khadiev A, Novikov D, Kaskel S. The importance of crystal size for breathing kinetics in MIL-53(Al). Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10492-10495. [PMID: 36043355 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02662g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we analyze the switching kinetics of a breathing framework MIL-53(Al) with respect to different crystallite size regimes. Synchrotron time-resolved powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and adsorption rate analysis of n-butane physisorption at 298 K demonstrate the decisive role of crystal size affecting the time domain of breathing transitions in MIL-53(Al).
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Bon
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Nikita Busov
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Irena Senkovska
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Nadine Bönisch
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Leila Abylgazina
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Azat Khadiev
- P23 group, Petra III Synchrotron, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri Novikov
- P23 group, Petra III Synchrotron, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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14
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A spin-crossover framework endowed with pore-adjustable behavior by slow structural dynamics. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3510. [PMID: 35717382 PMCID: PMC9206640 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-guest interactions play critical roles in achieving switchable structures and functionalities in porous materials, but design and control remain challenging. Here, we report a two-dimensional porous magnetic compound, [FeII(prentrz)2PdII(CN)4] (prentrz = (1E,2E)−3-phenyl-N-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)prop-2-en-1-imine), which exhibits an atypical pore transformation that directly entangles with a spin state transition in response to water adsorption. In this material, the adsorption-induced, non-uniform pedal motion of the axial prentrz ligands and the crumpling/unfolding of the layer structure actuate a reversible narrow quasi-discrete pore (nqp) to large channel-type pore (lcp) change that leads to a pore rearrangement associated with simultaneous pore opening and closing. The unusual pore transformation results in programmable adsorption in which the lcp structure type must be achieved first by the long-time exposure of the nqp structure type in a steam-saturated atmosphere to accomplish the gate-opening adsorption. The structural transformation is accompanied by a variation in the spin-crossover (SCO) property of FeII, i.e., two-step SCO with a large plateau for the lcp phase and two-step SCO with no plateau for the nqp phase. The unusual adsorption-induced pore rearrangement and the related SCO property offer a way to design and control the pore structure and physical properties of dynamic frameworks. Host-guest interactions can play a critical role in achieving switchable porous materials, but controlling them remains challenging. Here the authors report an atypical pore rearrangement in a magnetic 2D porous framework upon water adsorption; the structural transformation affects the magnetic properties of the material.
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15
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Hobday CL, Krause S, Rogge SMJ, Evans JD, Bunzen H. Perspectives on the Influence of Crystal Size and Morphology on the Properties of Porous Framework Materials. Front Chem 2021; 9:772059. [PMID: 34858946 PMCID: PMC8631963 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.772059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Miniaturization is a key aspect of materials science. Owing to the increase in quality experimental and computational tools available to researchers, it has become clear that the crystal size and morphology of porous framework materials, including metal-organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks, play a vital role in defining the physicochemical behaviour of these materials. However, given the multiscale and multidisciplinary challenges associated with establishing how crystal size and morphology affect the structure and behaviour of a material–from local to global structural modifications and from static to dynamic effects–a comprehensive mechanistic understanding of size and morphology effects is missing. Herein, we provide our perspective on the current state-of-the-art of this topic, drawn from various complementary disciplines. From a fundamental point of view, we discuss how controlling the crystal size and morphology can alter the mechanical and adsorption properties of porous framework materials and how this can impact phase stability. Special attention is also given to the quest to develop new computational tools capable of modelling these multiscale effects. From a more applied point of view, given the recent progress in this research field, we highlight the importance of crystal size and morphology control in drug delivery. Moreover, we provide an outlook on how to advance each discussed field by size and morphology control, which would open new design opportunities for functional porous framework materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Hobday
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Krause
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sven M J Rogge
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jack D Evans
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hana Bunzen
- Chair of Solid State and Materials Chemistry, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
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16
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Melix P, Heine T. Investigation of CO 2 Orientational Dynamics through Simulated NMR Line Shapes*. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2336-2341. [PMID: 34487609 PMCID: PMC9291905 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of carbon dioxide in third generation (i. e., flexible) Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) can be experimentally observed by 13 C NMR spectroscopy. The obtained line shapes directly correlate with the motion of the adsorbed CO2 , which in turn are readily available from classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In this article, we present our publicly available implementation of an algorithm to calculate NMR line shapes from MD trajectories in a matter of minutes on any current personal computer. We apply the methodology to study an effect observed experimentally when adsorbing CO2 in different samples of the pillared layer MOF Ni2 (ndc)2 (dabco) (ndc=2,6-naphthalene-dicarboxylate, dabco=1,4-diazabicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane), also known as DUT-8(Ni). In 13 C NMR experiments of adsorbed CO2 in this MOF, small (rigid) crystals result in narrower NMR line shapes than larger (flexible) crystals. The reasons for the higher mobility of CO2 inside the smaller crystals is unknown. Our ligand field molecular mechanics simulations provide atomistic insight into the effects visible in NMR experiments with limited computational effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Melix
- Universität Leipzig, Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Linnéstraße 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Northwestern University, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, United States
| | - Thomas Heine
- TU Dresden, Professur für Theoretische Chemie, Bergstr. 66c, 01062, Dresden, Germany.,Yonsei University, Department of Chemistry, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
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17
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Schaper L, Keupp J, Schmid R. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Breathing Phase Transition of MOF Nanocrystallites II: Explicitly Modeling the Pressure Medium. Front Chem 2021; 9:757680. [PMID: 34760871 PMCID: PMC8575409 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.757680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most investigated properties of porous crystalline metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is their potential flexibility to undergo large changes in unit cell size upon guest adsorption or other stimuli, referred to as "breathing". Computationally, such phase transitions are usually investigated using periodic boundary conditions, where the system's volume can be controlled directly. However, we have recently shown that important aspects like the formation of a moving interface between the open and the closed pore form or the free energy barrier of the first-order phase transition and its size effects can best be investigated using non-periodic nanocrystallite (NC) models [Keupp et al. (Adv. Theory Simul., 2019, 2, 1900117)]. In this case, the application of pressure is not straightforward, and a distance constraint was used to mimic a mechanical strain enforcing the reaction coordinate. In contrast to this prior work, a mediating particle bath is used here to exert an isotropic hydrostatic pressure on the MOF nanocrystallites. The approach is inspired by the mercury nanoporosimetry used to compress flexible MOF powders. For such a mediating medium, parameters are presented that require a reasonable additional numerical effort and avoid unwanted diffusion of bath particles into the MOF pores. As a proof-of-concept, NCs of pillared-layer MOFs with different linkers and sizes are studied concerning their response to external pressure exerted by the bath. By this approach, an isotropic pressure on the NC can be applied in analogy to corresponding periodic simulations, without any bias for a specific mechanism. This allows a more realistic investigation of the breathing phase transformation of a MOF NC and further bridges the gap between experiment and simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rochus Schmid
- Computational Materials Chemistry Group, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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18
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Vandenhaute S, Rogge SMJ, Van Speybroeck V. Large-Scale Molecular Dynamics Simulations Reveal New Insights Into the Phase Transition Mechanisms in MIL-53(Al). Front Chem 2021; 9:718920. [PMID: 34513797 PMCID: PMC8429608 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.718920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft porous crystals have the ability to undergo large structural transformations upon exposure to external stimuli while maintaining their long-range structural order, and the size of the crystal plays an important role in this flexible behavior. Computational modeling has the potential to unravel mechanistic details of these phase transitions, provided that the models are representative for experimental crystal sizes and allow for spatially disordered phenomena to occur. Here, we take a major step forward and enable simulations of metal-organic frameworks containing more than a million atoms. This is achieved by exploiting the massive parallelism of state-of-the-art GPUs using the OpenMM software package, for which we developed a new pressure control algorithm that allows for fully anisotropic unit cell fluctuations. As a proof of concept, we study the transition mechanism in MIL-53(Al) under various external pressures. In the lower pressure regime, a layer-by-layer mechanism is observed, while at higher pressures, the transition is initiated at discrete nucleation points and temporarily induces various domains in both the open and closed pore phases. The presented workflow opens the possibility to deduce transition mechanism diagrams for soft porous crystals in terms of the crystal size and the strength of the external stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven M J Rogge
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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19
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Van Speybroeck V, Vandenhaute S, Hoffman AE, Rogge SM. Towards modeling spatiotemporal processes in metal–organic frameworks. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Pallach R, Keupp J, Terlinden K, Frentzel-Beyme L, Kloß M, Machalica A, Kotschy J, Vasa SK, Chater PA, Sternemann C, Wharmby MT, Linser R, Schmid R, Henke S. Frustrated flexibility in metal-organic frameworks. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4097. [PMID: 34215743 PMCID: PMC8253802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive flexible metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) remain at the forefront of porous materials research due to their enormous potential for various technological applications. Here, we introduce the concept of frustrated flexibility in MOFs, which arises from an incompatibility of intra-framework dispersion forces with the geometrical constraints of the inorganic building units. Controlled by appropriate linker functionalization with dispersion energy donating alkoxy groups, this approach results in a series of MOFs exhibiting a new type of guest- and temperature-responsive structural flexibility characterized by reversible loss and recovery of crystalline order under full retention of framework connectivity and topology. The stimuli-dependent phase change of the frustrated MOFs involves non-correlated deformations of their inorganic building unit, as probed by a combination of global and local structure techniques together with computer simulations. Frustrated flexibility may be a common phenomenon in MOF structures, which are commonly regarded as rigid, and thus may be of crucial importance for the performance of these materials in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Pallach
- grid.5675.10000 0001 0416 9637Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Julian Keupp
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XComputational Materials Chemistry Group, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kai Terlinden
- grid.5675.10000 0001 0416 9637Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Louis Frentzel-Beyme
- grid.5675.10000 0001 0416 9637Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marvin Kloß
- grid.5675.10000 0001 0416 9637Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Machalica
- grid.5675.10000 0001 0416 9637Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Julia Kotschy
- grid.5675.10000 0001 0416 9637Physikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Suresh K. Vasa
- grid.5675.10000 0001 0416 9637Physikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Philip A. Chater
- grid.18785.330000 0004 1764 0696Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Christian Sternemann
- grid.5675.10000 0001 0416 9637Fakultät Physik/DELTA, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael T. Wharmby
- grid.7683.a0000 0004 0492 0453Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rasmus Linser
- grid.5675.10000 0001 0416 9637Physikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rochus Schmid
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XComputational Materials Chemistry Group, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Henke
- grid.5675.10000 0001 0416 9637Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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21
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Felsner B, Bon V, Evans JD, Schwotzer F, Grünker R, Senkovska I, Kaskel S. Unraveling the Guest-Induced Switchability in the Metal-Organic Framework DUT-13(Zn)*. Chemistry 2021; 27:9708-9715. [PMID: 33871114 PMCID: PMC8362161 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The switching mechanism of the flexible framework Zn4 O(benztb)1.5 (benztb=N,N,N',N'-benzidine tetrabenzoate), also known as DUT-13, was studied by advanced powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and gas physisorption techniques. In situ synchrotron PXRD experiments upon physisorption of nitrogen (77 K) and n-butane (273 K) shed light on the hitherto unnoticed guest-induced breathing in the MOF. The mechanism of contraction is based on the conformationally labile benztb ligand and accompanied by a reduction in specific pore volume from 2.03 cm3 g-1 in the open-pore phase to 0.91 cm3 g-1 in the contracted-pore phase. The high temperature limit for adsorption-induced contraction of 170 K, determined by systematic temperature variation of methane adsorption isotherms, indicates that the DUT-13 framework is softer than other mesoporous MOFs like DUT-49 and does not support the formation of overloaded metastable states required for negative gas-adsorption transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo Felsner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenBergstraße 6601069DresdenGermany
| | - Volodymyr Bon
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenBergstraße 6601069DresdenGermany
| | - Jack D. Evans
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenBergstraße 6601069DresdenGermany
| | - Friedrich Schwotzer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenBergstraße 6601069DresdenGermany
| | - Ronny Grünker
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenBergstraße 6601069DresdenGermany
| | - Irena Senkovska
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenBergstraße 6601069DresdenGermany
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenBergstraße 6601069DresdenGermany
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22
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Ehrling S, Miura H, Senkovska I, Kaskel S. From Macro- to Nanoscale: Finite Size Effects on Metal–Organic Framework Switchability. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Rogge SMJ. The micromechanical model to computationally investigate cooperative and correlated phenomena in metal-organic frameworks. Faraday Discuss 2021; 225:271-285. [PMID: 33103669 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00148d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Computational insight into the impact of cooperative phenomena and correlated spatial disorder on the macroscopic behaviour of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is essential in order to consciously engineer these phenomena for targeted applications. However, the spatial extent of these effects, ranging over hundreds of nanometres, limits the applicability of current state-of-the-art computational tools in this field. To obtain a fundamental understanding of these long-range effects, the micromechanical model is introduced here. This model overcomes the challenges associated with conventional coarse-graining techniques by exploiting the natural partitioning of a MOF material into unit cells. By adopting the elastic deformation energy as the central quantity, the micromechanical model hierarchically builds on experimentally accessible input parameters that are obtained from atomistic quantum mechanical or force field simulations. As a result, the here derived micromechanical equations of motion can be adopted to shed light on the effect of long-range cooperative phenomena and correlated spatial disorder on the performance of mesoscale MOF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven M J Rogge
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, Zwijnaarde, 9052, Belgium.
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24
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Bumstead AM, Thorne MF, Bennett TD. Identifying the liquid and glassy states of coordination polymers and metal-organic frameworks. Faraday Discuss 2021; 225:210-225. [PMID: 33104136 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00011f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The field of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is still heavily focused upon crystalline materials. However, solid-liquid transitions in both MOFs and their parent coordination polymer family are now receiving increasing attention due to the largely unknown properties of both the liquid phase and the glasses that may be formed upon melt-quenching. Here, we argue that the commonly reported concept of 'thermal stability' in the hybrid materials field is insufficient. We present several case studies of the use of differential scanning calorimetry alongside thermogravimetric analysis to prove, or disprove, the cooperative phenomena of melting in several MOF families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Bumstead
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
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25
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Lamaire A, Wieme J, Hoffman AEJ, Van Speybroeck V. Atomistic insight in the flexibility and heat transport properties of the stimuli-responsive metal–organic framework MIL-53(Al) for water-adsorption applications using molecular simulations. Faraday Discuss 2021; 225:301-323. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00025f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Insight into the heat transport and water-adsorption properties of the flexible MIL-53(Al) is obtained using advanced molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aran Lamaire
- Center for Molecular Modeling
- Ghent University
- 9052 Zwijnaarde
- Belgium
| | - Jelle Wieme
- Center for Molecular Modeling
- Ghent University
- 9052 Zwijnaarde
- Belgium
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26
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Abylgazina L, Senkovska I, Ehrling S, Bon V, St. Petkov P, Evans JD, Krylova S, Krylov A, Kaskel S. Tailoring adsorption induced switchability of a pillared layer MOF by crystal size engineering. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01497d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The main factors affecting switchability are identified for DUT-8(Zn): energetics of the host, particle size, and desolvation stress. They influence the flexible behaviour to the same order of magnitude and should be always considered collectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Abylgazina
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I
- Technische Universität Dresden
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Irena Senkovska
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I
- Technische Universität Dresden
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Sebastian Ehrling
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I
- Technische Universität Dresden
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Volodymyr Bon
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I
- Technische Universität Dresden
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Petko St. Petkov
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Sofia
- Sofia
- Bulgaria
| | - Jack D. Evans
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I
- Technische Universität Dresden
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Svetlana Krylova
- Kirensky Institute of Physics
- Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS
- 660036 Krasnoyarsk
- Russia
| | - Alexander Krylov
- Kirensky Institute of Physics
- Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS
- 660036 Krasnoyarsk
- Russia
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I
- Technische Universität Dresden
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
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27
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Keupp J, Dürholt JP, Schmid R. Influence of flexible side-chains on the breathing phase transition of pillared layer MOFs: a force field investigation. Faraday Discuss 2020; 225:324-340. [PMID: 33107528 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00017e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The prototypical pillared layer MOFs, formed by a square lattice of paddle-wheel units and connected by dinitrogen pillars, can undergo a breathing phase transition by a "wine-rack" type motion of the square lattice. We studied this behavior, which is not yet fully understood, using an accurate first principles parameterized force field (MOF-FF) for larger nanocrystallites on the example of Zn2(bdc)2(dabco) [bdc: benzenedicarboxylate, dabco: (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane)], and found clear indications for an interface between a closed and an open pore phase traveling through the system during the phase transformation [J. Keupp and R. Schmid, Adv. Theory Simul., 2019, 2, 1900117]. In conventional simulations in small supercells this mechanism is prevented by periodic boundary conditions (PBCs), enforcing a synchronous transformation of the entire crystal. Here, we extend this investigation to pillared layer MOFs with flexible side-chains, attached to the linker. Such functionalized (fu-)MOFs are experimentally known to have different properties with the side-chains acting as fixed guest molecules. First, in order to extend the parameterization for such flexible groups, a new parameterization strategy for MOF-FF had to be developed, using a multi-structure force based fit method. The resulting parameterization for a library of fu-MOFs is then validated with respect to a set of reference systems and shows very good accuracy. In the second step, a series of fu-MOFs with increasing side-chain length is studied with respect to the influence of the side-chains on the breathing behavior. For small supercells in PBCs a systematic trend of the closed pore volume with the chain length is observed. However, for a nanocrystallite model a distinct interface between a closed and an open pore phase is visible only for the short chain length, whereas for longer chains the interface broadens and a nearly concerted transformation is observed. Only by molecular dynamics simulations using accurate force fields can such complex phenomena can be studied on a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Keupp
- Computational Materials Chemistry Group, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
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28
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Formalik F, Neimark AV, Rogacka J, Firlej L, Kuchta B. Pore opening and breathing transitions in metal-organic frameworks: Coupling adsorption and deformation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 578:77-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.05.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Krause S, Hosono N, Kitagawa S. Chemistry of Soft Porous Crystals: Structural Dynamics and Gas Adsorption Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15325-15341. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Krause
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Nobuhiko Hosono
- Department of Advanced Materials Science Graduate School of Frontier Sciences The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa Chiba 277-8561 Japan
| | - Susumu Kitagawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences Institute for Advanced Study Kyoto University, Ushinomiya, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
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30
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Krause S, Hosono N, Kitagawa S. Die Chemie verformbarer poröser Kristalle – Strukturdynamik und Gasadsorptionseigenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Krause
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
| | - Nobuhiko Hosono
- Department of Advanced Materials Science Graduate School of Frontier Sciences The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa Chiba 277-8561 Japan
| | - Susumu Kitagawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences Institute for Advanced Study Kyoto University, Ushinomiya, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
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31
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Krylov A, Senkovska I, Ehrling S, Maliuta M, Krylova S, Slyusareva E, Vtyurin A, Kaskel S. Single particle Raman spectroscopy analysis of the metal-organic framework DUT-8(Ni) switching transition under hydrostatic pressure. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8269-8272. [PMID: 32568349 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02491k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Experimental in situ observations of phase coexistence in switchable metal-organic frameworks are reported to provide a fundamental understanding of dynamic adsorbents that can change their pore structure in response to external stimuli. A prototypical flexible pillared layer framework DUT-8(Ni) (DUT = Dresden University of Technology) was studied under hydrostatic pressure by in situ Raman spectroscopy on single crystals. The closing transition of the open pore phase (op) containing DMF in the pores in silicon oil as a pressure transmitting fluid, as well as the closed pore phase (cp) to op transition under pressure in methanol, were studied. Phase coexistences during both transitions were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Krylov
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
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32
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Krause S, Reuter FS, Ehrling S, Bon V, Senkovska I, Kaskel S, Brunner E. Impact of Defects and Crystal Size on Negative Gas Adsorption in DUT-49 Analyzed by In Situ 129Xe NMR Spectroscopy. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020; 32:4641-4650. [PMID: 32550744 PMCID: PMC7295370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The origin of crystal-size-dependent adsorption behavior of flexible metal-organic frameworks is increasingly studied. In this contribution, we probe the solid-fluid interactions of DUT-49 crystals of different size by in situ 129Xe NMR spectroscopy at 200 K. With decreasing size of the crystals, the average solid-fluid interactions are found to decrease reflected by a decrease in chemical shift of adsorbed xenon from 230 to 200 ppm, explaining the lack of adsorption-induced transitions for smaller crystals. However, recent studies propose that these results can also originate from the presence of lattice defects. To investigate the influence of defects on the adsorption behavior of DUT-49, we synthesized a series of samples with tailored defect concentrations and characterized them by in situ 129Xe NMR. In comparison to the results obtained for crystals with different size, we find pronounced changes of the adsorption behavior and influence of the chemical shift only for very high concentrations of defects, which further emphasizes the important role of particle size phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Krause
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität
Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Centre
for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Florian S. Reuter
- Chair
of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Technische Universität
Dresden, Bergstrasse
66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ehrling
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität
Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Volodymyr Bon
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität
Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Irena Senkovska
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität
Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität
Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Eike Brunner
- Chair
of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Technische Universität
Dresden, Bergstrasse
66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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33
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Evans JD, Bon V, Senkovska I, Lee HC, Kaskel S. Four-dimensional metal-organic frameworks. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2690. [PMID: 32483346 PMCID: PMC7264271 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognising timescale as an adjustable dimension in porous solids provides a new perspective to develop novel four-dimensional framework materials. The deliberate design of three-dimensional porous framework architectures is a developed field; however, the understanding of dynamics in open frameworks leaves a number of key questions unanswered: What factors determine the spatiotemporal evolution of deformable networks? Can we deliberately engineer the response of dynamic materials along a time-axis? How can we engineer energy barriers for the selective recognition of molecules? Answering these questions will require significant methodological development to understand structural dynamics across a range of time and length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D Evans
- Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Volodymyr Bon
- Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Irena Senkovska
- Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hui-Chun Lee
- Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
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34
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Forgan RS. Modulated self-assembly of metal-organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4546-4562. [PMID: 34122913 PMCID: PMC8159241 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01356k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercising fine control over the synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is key to ensuring reproducibility of physical properties such as crystallinity, particle size, morphology, porosity, defectivity, and surface chemistry. The principle of modulated self-assembly - incorporation of modulator molecules into synthetic mixtures - has emerged as the primary means to this end. This perspective article will detail the development of modulated synthesis, focusing primarily on coordination modulation, from a technique initially intended to cap the growth of MOF crystals to one that is now used regularly to enhance crystallinity, control particle size, induce defectivity and select specific phases. The various mechanistic driving forces will be discussed, as well as the influence of modulation on physical properties and how this can facilitate potential applications. Modulation is also increasingly being used to exert kinetic control over self-assembly; examples of phase selection and the development of new protocols to induce this will be provided. Finally, the application of modulated self-assembly to alternative materials will be discussed, and future perspectives on the area given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross S Forgan
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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