1
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Steinbach F, Atxitia U, Yao K, Borchert M, Engel D, Bencivenga F, Foglia L, Mincigrucci R, Pedersoli E, De Angelis D, Pancaldi M, Fainozzi D, Pelli Cresi JS, Paltanin E, Capotondi F, Masciovecchio C, Eisebitt S, von Korff Schmising C. Exploring the Fundamental Spatial Limits of Magnetic All-Optical Switching. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:6865-6871. [PMID: 38809171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
All-optical switching (AOS) results in ultrafast and deterministic magnetization reversal upon single laser pulse excitation, potentially supporting faster and more energy-efficient data storage. To explore the fundamental limits of achievable bit densities in AOS, we have used soft X-ray transient grating spectroscopy to study the ultrafast magnetic response of a GdFe alloy after a spatially structured excitation with a periodicity of 17 nm. The ultrafast spatial evolution of the magnetization in combination with atomistic spin dynamics and microscopic temperature model calculations allows us to derive a detailed phase diagram of AOS as a function of both the absorbed energy density and the nanoscale excitation period. Our results suggest that the minimum size for AOS in GdFe alloys, induced by a nanoscale periodic excitation, is around 25 nm and that this limit is governed by ultrafast lateral electron diffusion and by the threshold for optical damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Steinbach
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Unai Atxitia
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kelvin Yao
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Borchert
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Engel
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Laura Foglia
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Dario De Angelis
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Matteo Pancaldi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Danny Fainozzi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Ettore Paltanin
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Flavio Capotondi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Stefan Eisebitt
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens von Korff Schmising
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Engel RY, Alexander O, Atak K, Bovensiepen U, Buck J, Carley R, Cascella M, Chardonnet V, Chiuzbaian GS, David C, Döring F, Eschenlohr A, Gerasimova N, de Groot F, Guyader LL, Humphries OS, Izquierdo M, Jal E, Kubec A, Laarmann T, Lambert CH, Lüning J, Marangos JP, Mercadier L, Mercurio G, Miedema PS, Ollefs K, Pfau B, Rösner B, Rossnagel K, Rothenbach N, Scherz A, Schlappa J, Scholz M, Schunck JO, Setoodehnia K, Stamm C, Techert S, Vinko SM, Wende H, Yaroslavtsev AA, Yin Z, Beye M. Electron population dynamics in resonant non-linear x-ray absorption in nickel at a free-electron laser. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2023; 10:054501. [PMID: 37841290 PMCID: PMC10576398 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Free-electron lasers provide bright, ultrashort, and monochromatic x-ray pulses, enabling novel spectroscopic measurements not only with femtosecond temporal resolution: The high fluence of their x-ray pulses can also easily enter the regime of the non-linear x-ray-matter interaction. Entering this regime necessitates a rigorous analysis and reliable prediction of the relevant non-linear processes for future experiment designs. Here, we show non-linear changes in the L 3 -edge absorption of metallic nickel thin films, measured with fluences up to 60 J/cm2. We present a simple but predictive rate model that quantitatively describes spectral changes based on the evolution of electronic populations within the pulse duration. Despite its simplicity, the model reaches good agreement with experimental results over more than three orders of magnitude in fluence, while providing a straightforward understanding of the interplay of physical processes driving the non-linear changes. Our findings provide important insights for the design and evaluation of future high-fluence free-electron laser experiments and contribute to the understanding of non-linear electron dynamics in x-ray absorption processes in solids at the femtosecond timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Alexander
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kaan Atak
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Valentin Chardonnet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement LCPMR, Paris, France
| | - Gheorghe Sorin Chiuzbaian
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement LCPMR, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Andrea Eschenlohr
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | | | - Frank de Groot
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Emmanuelle Jal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement LCPMR, Paris, France
| | - Adam Kubec
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jan Lüning
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Katharina Ollefs
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Pfau
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Nico Rothenbach
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Heiko Wende
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Beye
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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3
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Diez M, Kirchberg H, Galler A, Schulz S, Biednov M, Bömer C, Choi TK, Rodriguez-Fernandez A, Gawelda W, Khakhulin D, Kubicek K, Lima F, Otte F, Zalden P, Coffee R, Thorwart M, Bressler C. A sensitive high repetition rate arrival time monitor for X-ray free electron lasers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2495. [PMID: 37120432 PMCID: PMC10148857 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray free-electron laser sources enable time-resolved X-ray studies with unmatched temporal resolution. To fully exploit ultrashort X-ray pulses, timing tools are essential. However, new high repetition rate X-ray facilities present challenges for currently used timing tool schemes. Here we address this issue by demonstrating a sensitive timing tool scheme to enhance experimental time resolution in pump-probe experiments at very high pulse repetition rates. Our method employs a self-referenced detection scheme using a time-sheared chirped optical pulse traversing an X-ray stimulated diamond plate. By formulating an effective medium theory, we confirm subtle refractive index changes, induced by sub-milli-Joule intense X-ray pulses, that are measured in our experiment. The system utilizes a Common-Path-Interferometer to detect X-ray-induced phase shifts of the optical probe pulse transmitted through the diamond sample. Owing to the thermal stability of diamond, our approach is well-suited for MHz pulse repetition rates in superconducting linear accelerator-based free-electron lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Diez
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany.
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Henning Kirchberg
- I. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg, Notkestr. 9, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Andreas Galler
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Schulz
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mykola Biednov
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Christina Bömer
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tae-Kyu Choi
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
- XFEL division, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Jigok-ro 127-80, 37673, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Wojciech Gawelda
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, Calle Faraday 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Katharina Kubicek
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, Notkestraße 9-11, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frederico Lima
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Florian Otte
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Peter Zalden
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Ryan Coffee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- The Pulse Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94028, USA
| | - Michael Thorwart
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- I. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg, Notkestr. 9, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bressler
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany.
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, Notkestraße 9-11, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
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4
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Le Guyader L, Eschenlohr A, Beye M, Schlotter W, Döring F, Carinan C, Hickin D, Agarwal N, Boeglin C, Bovensiepen U, Buck J, Carley R, Castoldi A, D’Elia A, Delitz JT, Ehsan W, Engel R, Erdinger F, Fangohr H, Fischer P, Fiorini C, Föhlisch A, Gelisio L, Gensch M, Gerasimova N, Gort R, Hansen K, Hauf S, Izquierdo M, Jal E, Kamil E, Karabekyan S, Kluyver T, Laarmann T, Lojewski T, Lomidze D, Maffessanti S, Mamyrbayev T, Marcelli A, Mercadier L, Mercurio G, Miedema PS, Ollefs K, Rossnagel K, Rösner B, Rothenbach N, Samartsev A, Schlappa J, Setoodehnia K, Sorin Chiuzbaian G, Spieker L, Stamm C, Stellato F, Techert S, Teichmann M, Turcato M, Van Kuiken B, Wende H, Yaroslavtsev A, Zhu J, Molodtsov S, David C, Porro M, Scherz A. Photon-shot-noise-limited transient absorption soft X-ray spectroscopy at the European XFEL. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:284-300. [PMID: 36891842 PMCID: PMC10000791 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523000619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond transient soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a very promising technique that can be employed at X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs) to investigate out-of-equilibrium dynamics for material and energy research. Here, a dedicated setup for soft X-rays available at the Spectroscopy and Coherent Scattering (SCS) instrument at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (European XFEL) is presented. It consists of a beam-splitting off-axis zone plate (BOZ) used in transmission to create three copies of the incoming beam, which are used to measure the transmitted intensity through the excited and unexcited sample, as well as to monitor the incoming intensity. Since these three intensity signals are detected shot by shot and simultaneously, this setup allows normalized shot-by-shot analysis of the transmission. For photon detection, an imaging detector capable of recording up to 800 images at 4.5 MHz frame rate during the FEL burst is employed, and allows a photon-shot-noise-limited sensitivity to be approached. The setup and its capabilities are reviewed as well as the online and offline analysis tools provided to users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Eschenlohr
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Martin Beye
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - William Schlotter
- Linear Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | | | - David Hickin
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Naman Agarwal
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Christine Boeglin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Uwe Bovensiepen
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Jens Buck
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Carley
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Andrea Castoldi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dip. Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria and INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro D’Elia
- IOM-CNR, Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, Basovizza SS-14, km 163.5, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Wajid Ehsan
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Robin Engel
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Erdinger
- Institute for Computer Engineering, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hans Fangohr
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Fischer
- Institute for Computer Engineering, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carlo Fiorini
- Politecnico di Milano, Dip. Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria and INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research (PS-ISRR), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca Gelisio
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Gensch
- Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, DLR (German Aerospace Center), Rutherfordstrasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Rafael Gort
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Karsten Hansen
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Hauf
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Emmanuelle Jal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ebad Kamil
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Tim Laarmann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging CUI, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Lojewski
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - David Lomidze
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Stefano Maffessanti
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Augusto Marcelli
- INFN – Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, via Enrico Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati, Italy
- RICMASS – Rome International Center for Materials Science Superstripes, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Istituto Struttura della Materia, CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Piter S. Miedema
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Ollefs
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Kai Rossnagel
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Ruprecht Haensel Laboratory, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Nico Rothenbach
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Gheorghe Sorin Chiuzbaian
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lea Spieker
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Christian Stamm
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Stellato
- Physics Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata and INFN-Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Simone Techert
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Heiko Wende
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | | | - Jun Zhu
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Matteo Porro
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venice, Italy
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5
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Schreck S, Diesen E, Dell'Angela M, Liu C, Weston M, Capotondi F, Ogasawara H, LaRue J, Costantini R, Beye M, Miedema PS, Halldin Stenlid J, Gladh J, Liu B, Wang HY, Perakis F, Cavalca F, Koroidov S, Amann P, Pedersoli E, Naumenko D, Nikolov I, Raimondi L, Abild-Pedersen F, Heinz TF, Voss J, Luntz AC, Nilsson A. Atom-Specific Probing of Electron Dynamics in an Atomic Adsorbate by Time-Resolved X-Ray Spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:276001. [PMID: 36638285 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.276001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The electronic excitation occurring on adsorbates at ultrafast timescales from optical lasers that initiate surface chemical reactions is still an open question. Here, we report the ultrafast temporal evolution of x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) of a simple well-known adsorbate prototype system, namely carbon (C) atoms adsorbed on a nickel [Ni(100)] surface, following intense laser optical pumping at 400 nm. We observe ultrafast (∼100 fs) changes in both XAS and XES showing clear signatures of the formation of a hot electron-hole pair distribution on the adsorbate. This is followed by slower changes on a few picoseconds timescale, shown to be consistent with thermalization of the complete C/Ni system. Density functional theory spectrum simulations support this interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schreck
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias Diesen
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | - Chang Liu
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew Weston
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Flavio Capotondi
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Hirohito Ogasawara
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jerry LaRue
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866, USA
| | - Roberto Costantini
- CNR-IOM, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Martin Beye
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Piter S Miedema
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Joakim Halldin Stenlid
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jörgen Gladh
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Boyang Liu
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hsin-Yi Wang
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fivos Perakis
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filippo Cavalca
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergey Koroidov
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Amann
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emanuele Pedersoli
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Denys Naumenko
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ivaylo Nikolov
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Raimondi
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Frank Abild-Pedersen
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Tony F Heinz
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Johannes Voss
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Alan C Luntz
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Yao K, Steinbach F, Borchert M, Schick D, Engel D, Bencivenga F, Mincigrucci R, Foglia L, Pedersoli E, De Angelis D, Pancaldi M, Wehinger B, Capotondi F, Masciovecchio C, Eisebitt S, von Korff Schmising C. All-Optical Switching on the Nanometer Scale Excited and Probed with Femtosecond Extreme Ultraviolet Pulses. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4452-4458. [PMID: 35605204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast control of magnetization on the nanometer length scale, in particular all-optical switching, is key to putting ultrafast magnetism on the path toward future technological application in data storage technology. However, magnetization manipulation with light on this length scale is challenging due to the wavelength limitations of optical radiation. Here, we excite transient magnetic gratings in a GdFe alloy with a periodicity of 87 nm by the interference of two coherent femtosecond light pulses in the extreme ultraviolet spectral range. The subsequent ultrafast evolution of the magnetization pattern is probed by diffraction of a third, time-delayed pulse tuned to the Gd N-edge at a wavelength of 8.3 nm. By examining the simultaneously recorded first and second order diffractions and by performing reference real-space measurements with a wide-field magneto-optical microscope with femtosecond time resolution, we can conclusively demonstrate the ultrafast emergence of all-optical switching on the nanometer length scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Yao
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Steinbach
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Borchert
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Schick
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Engel
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Filippo Bencivenga
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Riccardo Mincigrucci
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura Foglia
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pedersoli
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Dario De Angelis
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Matteo Pancaldi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Björn Wehinger
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Flavio Capotondi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudio Masciovecchio
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefan Eisebitt
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut fuer Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens von Korff Schmising
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Jana S, Muralidhar S, Åkerman J, Schüßler-Langeheine C, Pontius N. Using the photoinduced L 3 resonance shift in Fe and Ni as time reference for ultrafast experiments at low flux soft x-ray sources. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2021; 8:044304. [PMID: 34395721 PMCID: PMC8357444 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We study the optical-pump induced ultrafast transient change of x-ray absorption at L 3 absorption resonances of the transition metals Ni and Fe in the Fe0.5Ni0.5 alloy. We find the effect for both elements to occur simultaneously on a femtosecond timescale. This effect may hence be used as a handy cross correlation scheme, providing a time-zero reference for ultrafast optical-pump soft x-ray-probe measurement. The method benefits from a relatively simple experimental setup as the sample itself acts as time-reference tool. In particular, this technique works with low flux ultrafast soft x-ray sources. The measurements are compared to the cross correlation method introduced in an earlier publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Jana
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shreyas Muralidhar
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Åkerman
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Niko Pontius
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Schneider M, Pfau B, Günther CM, von Korff Schmising C, Weder D, Geilhufe J, Perron J, Capotondi F, Pedersoli E, Manfredda M, Hennecke M, Vodungbo B, Lüning J, Eisebitt S. Ultrafast Demagnetization Dominates Fluence Dependence of Magnetic Scattering at Co M Edges. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:127201. [PMID: 33016712 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.127201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We systematically study the fluence dependence of the resonant scattering cross-section from magnetic domains in Co/Pd-based multilayers. Samples are probed with single extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulses of femtosecond duration tuned to the Co M_{3,2} absorption resonances using the FERMI@Elettra free-electron laser. We report quantitative data over 3 orders of magnitude in fluence, covering 16 mJ/cm^{2}/pulse to 10 000 mJ/cm^{2}/pulse with pulse lengths of 70 fs and 120 fs. A progressive quenching of the diffraction cross-section with fluence is observed. Compression of the same pulse energy into a shorter pulse-implying an increased XUV peak electric field-results in a reduced quenching of the resonant diffraction at the Co M_{3,2} edge. We conclude that the quenching effect observed for resonant scattering involving the short-lived Co 3p core vacancies is noncoherent in nature. This finding is in contrast to previous reports investigating resonant scattering involving the longer-lived Co 2p states, where stimulated emission has been found to be important. A phenomenological model based on XUV-induced ultrafast demagnetization is able to reproduce our entire set of experimental data and is found to be consistent with independent magneto-optical measurements of the demagnetization dynamics on the same samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schneider
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bastian Pfau
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian M Günther
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Zentraleinrichtung Elektronenmikroskopie (ZELMI), Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens von Korff Schmising
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Weder
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Geilhufe
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Perron
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Flavio Capotondi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pedersoli
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy
| | - Michele Manfredda
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy
| | - Martin Hennecke
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Vodungbo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jan Lüning
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Eisebitt
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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