1
|
Chalençon L, Midroit M, Athanassi A, Thevenet M, Breton M, Forest J, Richard M, Didier A, Mandairon N. Age-related differences in perception and coding of attractive odorants in mice. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 137:8-18. [PMID: 38394723 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Hedonic perception deeply changes with aging, significantly impacting health and quality of life in elderly. In young adult mice, an odor hedonic signature is represented along the antero-posterior axis of olfactory bulb, and transferred to the olfactory tubercle and ventral tegmental area, promoting approach behavior. Here, we show that while the perception of unattractive odorants was unchanged in older mice (22 months), the appreciation of some but not all attractive odorants declined. Neural activity in the olfactory bulb and tubercle of older mice was consistently altered when attraction to pleasant odorants was impaired while maintained when the odorants kept their attractivity. Finally, in a self-stimulation paradigm, optogenetic stimulation of the olfactory bulb remained rewarding in older mice even without ventral tegmental area's response to the stimulation. Aging degrades behavioral and neural responses to some pleasant odorants but rewarding properties of olfactory bulb stimulation persisted, providing new insights into developing novel olfactory training strategies to elicit motivation even when the dopaminergic system is altered as observed in normal and/or neurodegenerative aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Chalençon
- CNRS, UMR 5292, France; INSERM, U1028, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and neuropathology of olfactory perception Team, University Lyon1, F-69000, France
| | - Maëllie Midroit
- CNRS, UMR 5292, France; INSERM, U1028, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and neuropathology of olfactory perception Team, University Lyon1, F-69000, France
| | - Anna Athanassi
- CNRS, UMR 5292, France; INSERM, U1028, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and neuropathology of olfactory perception Team, University Lyon1, F-69000, France
| | - Marc Thevenet
- CNRS, UMR 5292, France; INSERM, U1028, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and neuropathology of olfactory perception Team, University Lyon1, F-69000, France
| | - Marine Breton
- CNRS, UMR 5292, France; INSERM, U1028, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and neuropathology of olfactory perception Team, University Lyon1, F-69000, France
| | - Jérémy Forest
- CNRS, UMR 5292, France; INSERM, U1028, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and neuropathology of olfactory perception Team, University Lyon1, F-69000, France
| | - Marion Richard
- CNRS, UMR 5292, France; INSERM, U1028, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and neuropathology of olfactory perception Team, University Lyon1, F-69000, France
| | - Anne Didier
- CNRS, UMR 5292, France; INSERM, U1028, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and neuropathology of olfactory perception Team, University Lyon1, F-69000, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| | - Nathalie Mandairon
- CNRS, UMR 5292, France; INSERM, U1028, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and neuropathology of olfactory perception Team, University Lyon1, F-69000, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sakelaris B, Riecke H. Adult Neurogenesis Reconciles Flexibility and Stability of Olfactory Perceptual Memory. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.03.583153. [PMID: 38737721 PMCID: PMC11087939 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.03.583153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
In brain regions featuring ongoing plasticity, the task of quickly encoding new information without overwriting old memories presents a significant challenge. In the rodent olfactory bulb, which is renowned for substantial structural plasticity driven by adult neurogenesis and persistent turnover of dendritic spines, we show that such plasticity is vital to overcoming this flexibility-stability dilemma. To do so, we develop a computational model for structural plasticity in the olfactory bulb and show that the maturation of adult-born neurons facilitates the abilities to learn quickly and forget slowly. Particularly important to achieve this goal are the transient enhancement of the plasticity, excitability, and susceptibility to apoptosis that characterizes young neurons. The model captures many experimental observations and makes a number of testable predictions. Overall, it identifies memory consolidation as an important role of adult neurogenesis in olfaction and exemplifies how the brain can maintain stable memories despite ongoing extensive plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bennet Sakelaris
- Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hermann Riecke
- Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ferreira A, Constantinescu VS, Malvaut S, Saghatelyan A, Hardy SV. Distinct forms of structural plasticity of adult-born interneuron spines in the mouse olfactory bulb induced by different odor learning paradigms. Commun Biol 2024; 7:420. [PMID: 38582915 PMCID: PMC10998910 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The morpho-functional properties of neural networks constantly adapt in response to environmental stimuli. The olfactory bulb is particularly prone to constant reshaping of neural networks because of ongoing neurogenesis. It remains unclear whether the complexity of distinct odor-induced learning paradigms and sensory stimulation induces different forms of structural plasticity. In the present study, we automatically reconstructed spines in 3D from confocal images and performed unsupervised clustering based on morphometric features. We show that while sensory deprivation decreased the spine density of adult-born neurons without affecting the morphometric properties of these spines, simple and complex odor learning paradigms triggered distinct forms of structural plasticity. A simple odor learning task affected the morphometric properties of the spines, whereas a complex odor learning task induced changes in spine density. Our work reveals distinct forms of structural plasticity in the olfactory bulb tailored to the complexity of odor-learning paradigms and sensory inputs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Ferreira
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Bioinformatics, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Vlad-Stefan Constantinescu
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sarah Malvaut
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Armen Saghatelyan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Simon V Hardy
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Bioinformatics, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Su X, Kovalchuk Y, Mojtahedi N, Kamari F, Claassen M, Garaschuk O. Neuronal silence as a prosurvival factor for adult-born olfactory bulb interneurons. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1182-1195. [PMID: 37116486 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult-born cells, arriving daily into the rodent olfactory bulb, either integrate into the neural circuitry or get eliminated. However, whether these two populations differ in their morphological or functional properties remains unclear. Using longitudinal in vivo two-photon imaging, we monitored dendritic morphogenesis, odor-evoked responsiveness, ongoing Ca2+ signaling, and survival/death of adult-born juxtaglomerular neurons (abJGNs). We found that the maturation of abJGNs is accompanied by a significant reduction in dendritic complexity, with surviving and subsequently eliminated cells showing similar degrees of dendritic remodeling. Surprisingly, ∼63% of eliminated abJGNs acquired odor responsiveness before death, with amplitudes and time courses of odor-evoked responses similar to those recorded in surviving cells. However, the subsequently eliminated cell population exhibited significantly higher ongoing Ca2+ signals, with a difference visible even 10 days before death. Quantitative supervised machine learning analysis revealed a relationship between the abJGNs' activity and survival probability, with low neuronal activity being supportive for survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yury Kovalchuk
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nima Mojtahedi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farzin Kamari
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Claassen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olga Garaschuk
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Meng JH, Riecke H. Structural spine plasticity: Learning and forgetting of odor-specific subnetworks in the olfactory bulb. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010338. [PMID: 36279303 PMCID: PMC9632792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning to discriminate between different sensory stimuli is essential for survival. In rodents, the olfactory bulb, which contributes to odor discrimination via pattern separation, exhibits extensive structural synaptic plasticity involving the formation and removal of synaptic spines, even in adult animals. The network connectivity resulting from this plasticity is still poorly understood. To gain insight into this connectivity we present here a computational model for the structural plasticity of the reciprocal synapses between the dominant population of excitatory principal neurons and inhibitory interneurons. It incorporates the observed modulation of spine stability by odor exposure. The model captures the striking experimental observation that the exposure to odors does not always enhance their discriminability: while training with similar odors enhanced their discriminability, training with dissimilar odors actually reduced the discriminability of the training stimuli. Strikingly, this differential learning does not require the activity-dependence of the spine stability and occurs also in a model with purely random spine dynamics in which the spine density is changed homogeneously, e.g., due to a global signal. However, the experimentally observed odor-specific reduction in the response of principal cells as a result of extended odor exposure and the concurrent disinhibition of a subset of principal cells arise only in the activity-dependent model. Moreover, this model predicts the experimentally testable recovery of odor response through weak but not through strong odor re-exposure and the forgetting of odors via exposure to interfering odors. Combined with the experimental observations, the computational model provides strong support for the prediction that odor exposure leads to the formation of odor-specific subnetworks in the olfactory bulb. A key feature of the brain is its ability to learn through the plasticity of its network. The olfactory bulb in the olfactory system is a remarkable brain area whose anatomical structure evolves substantially still in adult animals by establishing new synaptic connections and removing existing ones. We present a computational model for this process and employ it to interpret recent experimental results. By comparing the results of our model with those of a random control model we identify various experimental observations that lend strong support to the notion that the network of the olfactory bulb comprises learned, odor-specific subnetworks. Moreover, our model explains the recent observation that the learning of odors does not always improve their discriminability and provides testable predictions for the recovery of odor response after repeated odor exposure and for when the learning of new odors interferes with retaining the memory of familiar odors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Hongyu Meng
- Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hermann Riecke
- Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
12 months is a pivotal age for olfactory perceptual learning and its underlying neuronal plasticity in aging mice. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 114:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
7
|
Ai JQ, Luo R, Tu T, Yang C, Jiang J, Zhang B, Bi R, Tu E, Yao YG, Yan XX. Doublecortin-Expressing Neurons in Chinese Tree Shrew Forebrain Exhibit Mixed Rodent and Primate-Like Topographic Characteristics. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:727883. [PMID: 34602987 PMCID: PMC8481370 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.727883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Doublecortin (DCX) is transiently expressed in new-born neurons in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ) related to adult neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb (OB) and hippocampal formation. DCX immunoreactive (DCX+) immature neurons also occur in the cerebral cortex primarily over layer II and the amygdala around the paralaminar nucleus (PLN) in various mammals, with interspecies differences pointing to phylogenic variation. The tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) are phylogenetically closer to primates than to rodents. Little is known about DCX+ neurons in the brain of this species. In the present study, we characterized DCX immunoreactivity (IR) in the forebrain of Chinese tree shrews aged from 2 months- to 6 years-old (n = 18). DCX+ cells were present in the OB, SVZ, SGZ, the piriform cortex over layer II, and the amygdala around the PLN. The numerical densities of DCX+ neurons were reduced in all above neuroanatomical regions with age, particularly dramatic in the DG in the 5–6 years-old animals. Thus, DCX+ neurons are present in the two established neurogenic sites (SVZ and SGZ) in the Chinese tree shrew as seen in other mammals. DCX+ cortical neurons in this animal exhibit a topographic pattern comparable to that in mice and rats, while these immature neurons are also present in the amygdala, concentrating around the PLN as seen in primates and some nonprimate mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Ai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Rongcan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunan Province, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Tian Tu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Rui Bi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunan Province, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ewen Tu
- Department of Neurology, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunan Province, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,CSA Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hakanen J, Parmentier N, Sommacal L, Garcia-Sanchez D, Aittaleb M, Vertommen D, Zhou L, Ruiz-Reig N, Tissir F. The Celsr3-Kif2a axis directs neuronal migration in the postnatal brain. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 208:102177. [PMID: 34582949 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The tangential migration of immature neurons in the postnatal brain involves consecutive migration cycles and depends on constant remodeling of the cell cytoskeleton, particularly in the leading process (LP). Despite the identification of several proteins with permissive and empowering functions, the mechanisms that specify the direction of migration remain largely unknown. Here, we report that planar cell polarity protein Celsr3 orients neuroblasts migration from the subventricular zone (SVZ) to olfactory bulb (OB). In Celsr3-forebrain conditional knockout mice, neuroblasts loose directionality and few can reach the OB. Celsr3-deficient neuroblasts exhibit aberrant branching of LP, de novo LP formation, and decreased growth rate of microtubules (MT). Mechanistically, we show that Celsr3 interacts physically with Kif2a, a MT depolymerizing protein and that conditional inactivation of Kif2a in the forebrain recapitulates the Celsr3 knockout phenotype. Our findings provide evidence that Celsr3 and Kif2a cooperatively specify the directionality of neuroblasts tangential migration in the postnatal brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janne Hakanen
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Parmentier
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leonie Sommacal
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dario Garcia-Sanchez
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Aittaleb
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Didier Vertommen
- Université catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, Massprot Platform, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Libing Zhou
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Nuria Ruiz-Reig
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium; College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The Participation of Microglia in Neurogenesis: A Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050658. [PMID: 34070012 PMCID: PMC8157831 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis was one of the most important discoveries of the last century, helping us to better understand brain function. Researchers recently discovered that microglia play an important role in this process. However, various questions remain concerning where, at what stage, and what types of microglia participate. In this review, we demonstrate that certain pools of microglia are determinant cells in different phases of the generation of new neurons. This sheds light on how cells cooperate in order to fine tune brain organization. It also provides us with a better understanding of distinct neuronal pathologies.
Collapse
|
10
|
Tucić M, Stamenković V, Andjus P. The Extracellular Matrix Glycoprotein Tenascin C and Adult Neurogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:674199. [PMID: 33996833 PMCID: PMC8117239 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.674199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenascin C (TnC) is a glycoprotein highly expressed in the extracellular matrix (ECM) during development and in the adult central nervous system (CNS) in regions of active neurogenesis, where neuron development is a tightly regulated process orchestrated by extracellular matrix components. In addition, newborn cells also communicate with glial cells, astrocytes and microglia, indicating the importance of signal integration in adult neurogenesis. Although TnC has been recognized as an important molecule in the regulation of cell proliferation and migration, complete regulatory pathways still need to be elucidated. In this review we discuss the formation of new neurons in the adult hippocampus and the olfactory system with specific reference to TnC and its regulating functions in this process. Better understanding of the ECM signaling in the niche of the CNS will have significant implications for regenerative therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milena Tucić
- Center for Laser Microscopy, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry "Jean Giaja", Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vera Stamenković
- Center for Laser Microscopy, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry "Jean Giaja", Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Pavle Andjus
- Center for Laser Microscopy, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry "Jean Giaja", Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Didier A, Mandairon N. [Short-term availability of adult-born neurons for memory encoding]. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 36:706-708. [PMID: 32821045 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Didier
- Centre de Recherche en Neuroscience de Lyon - Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292 - UCBL - Équipe Neuroplasticité et neuropathologie de la perception olfactive, Centre hospitalier Le Vinatier - Bâtiment 462 - Neurocampus, 95 boulevard Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Mandairon
- Centre de Recherche en Neuroscience de Lyon - Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292 - UCBL - Équipe Neuroplasticité et neuropathologie de la perception olfactive, Centre hospitalier Le Vinatier - Bâtiment 462 - Neurocampus, 95 boulevard Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|