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Epel B, Viswakarma N, Sundramoorthy SV, Pawar NJ, Kotecha M. Oxygen Imaging of a Rabbit Tumor Using a Human-Sized Pulse Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imager. Mol Imaging Biol 2024; 26:403-410. [PMID: 37715089 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01852-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Spatial heterogeneity in tumor hypoxia is one of the most important factors regulating tumor growth, development, aggressiveness, metastasis, and affecting treatment outcome. Most solid tumors are known to have hypoxia or low oxygen levels (pO2 ≤10 torr). Electron paramagnetic resonance oxygen imaging (EPROI) is an emerging oxygen mapping technology. EPROI utilizes the linear relationship between the relaxation rates of the injectable OX071 trityl spin probe and the partial oxygen pressure (pO2). However, most of the EPROI studies have been limited to mouse models of solid tumors because of the instrument-size limitations. The purpose of this work was to develop a human-sized 9-mT (250 MHz resonance frequency, 60 cm bore size) pulse EPROI instrument and evaluate its performance with rabbit VX-2 tumor oxygen imaging. METHODS A New Zealand white rabbit with a 3.2-cm VX-2 tumor in the calf muscle was imaged using the human-sized EPROI instrument and a 2.25-in. ID volume coil. The animal received a ~8-min intravenous injection of OX071 (5.2 mL total volume at 72 mM concentration) and, after 75 min, an intratumoral injection (120 μL total at 5 mM OX071 concentration) and underwent EPROI. At the end of the experiments, MRI was performed using a preclinical 9.4-T MRI system to outline the tumor boundaries. RESULTS For the first time, a human-sized pulse EPROI instrument with a 60-cm bore size/250-MHz frequency was built and evaluated using rabbit tumor oxygen imaging. For the first time, the systemic IV injection of the oxygen-sensitive trityl OX071 spin probe was used for an animal of this size. The resulting EPROI image from the IV injection showed complete tumor coverage. The image obtained after intratumoral injection showed localized coverage in the upper lobe of the tumor, demonstrating the need for improved intratumoral injection protocol. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the performance of the world's first human-sized pulse EPROI instrument. It also demonstrates that the EPROI of larger animals can be performed using the systemic injection of a manageable amount of the spin probe. This brings EPROI one step closer to clinical applications in cancer therapies. Oxygen imaging is a platform technology, and the instrument and techniques developed here will also be useful for other clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Epel
- O2M Technologies, LLC, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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Wang H, Ma H, Gan N, Qin K, Song Z, Lv A, Wang K, Ye W, Yao X, Zhou C, Wang X, Zhou Z, Yang S, Yang L, Bo C, Shi H, Huo F, Li G, Huang W, An Z. Abnormal thermally-stimulated dynamic organic phosphorescence. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2134. [PMID: 38459008 PMCID: PMC10923930 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45811-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynamic luminescence behavior by external stimuli, such as light, thermal field, electricity, mechanical force, etc., endows the materials with great promise in optoelectronic applications. Upon thermal stimulus, the emission is inevitably quenched due to intensive non-radiative transition, especially for phosphorescence at high temperature. Herein, we report an abnormal thermally-stimulated phosphorescence behavior in a series of organic phosphors. As temperature changes from 198 to 343 K, the phosphorescence at around 479 nm gradually enhances for the model phosphor, of which the phosphorescent colors are tuned from yellow to cyan-blue. Furthermore, we demonstrate the potential applications of such dynamic emission for smart dyes and colorful afterglow displays. Our results would initiate the exploration of dynamic high-temperature phosphorescence for applications in smart optoelectronics. This finding not only contributes to an in-depth understanding of the thermally-stimulated phosphorescence, but also paves the way toward the development of smart materials for applications in optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huili Ma
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Gan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Kai Qin
- College of Electrical Engineering and Control Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhicheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Anqi Lv
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenpeng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaokang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chifeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Zixing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shilin Yang
- College of Electrical Engineering and Control Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lirong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cuimei Bo
- College of Electrical Engineering and Control Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huifang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengwei Huo
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gongqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhongfu An
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
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Kishimoto S, Devasahayam N, Chandramouli GVR, Murugesan R, Otowa Y, Yamashita K, Yamamoto K, Brender JR, Krishna MC. Evaluation of a deuterated triarylmethyl spin probe for in vivo R 2 ∗-based EPR oximetric imaging with enhanced dynamic range. Magn Reson Med 2024; 91:413-423. [PMID: 37676121 PMCID: PMC10841161 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we compared two triarylmethyl (TAM) spin probes, Ox071 and Ox063 for their efficacy in measuring tissue oxygen levels under hypoxic and normoxic conditions by R2 *-based EPR oximetry. METHODS The R2 * dependencies on the spin probe concentration and oxygen level were calibrated using deoxygenated 1, 2, 5, and 10 mM standard solutions and 2 mM solutions saturated at 0%, 2%, 5%, 10%, and 21% of oxygen. For the hypoxic model, in vivo imaging of a MIA PaCa-2 tumor implanted in the hind leg of a mouse was performed on successive days by R2 *-based EPR oximetry using either Ox071 or Ox063. For the normoxic model, renal imaging of healthy athymic mice was performed using both spin probes. The 3D images were reconstructed by single point imaging and multi-gradient technique was used to determine R2 * maps. RESULTS The signal intensities of Ox071 were approximately three times greater than that of Ox063 in the entire partial pressure of oxygen (pO2 ) range investigated. The histograms of the tumor pO2 images were skewed for both spin probes, and Ox071 showed more frequency counts at pO2 > 32 mm Hg. In the normoxic kidney model, there was a clear delineation between the high pO2 cortex and the low pO2 medulla regions. The histogram of high-resolution kidney oximetry image using Ox071 was nearly symmetrical and frequency counts were seen up to 55 mm Hg, which were missed in Ox063 imaging. CONCLUSION As an oximetric probe, Ox071 has clear advantages over Ox063 in terms of sensitivity and the pO2 dynamic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kishimoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Ramachandran Murugesan
- Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yasunori Otowa
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kota Yamashita
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kazutoshi Yamamoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Brender
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Murali C Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Chang B, Chen J, Bao J, Sun T, Cheng Z. Molecularly Engineered Room-Temperature Phosphorescence for Biomedical Application: From the Visible toward Second Near-Infrared Window. Chem Rev 2023; 123:13966-14037. [PMID: 37991875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorescence, characterized by luminescent lifetimes significantly longer than that of biological autofluorescence under ambient environment, is of great value for biomedical applications. Academic evidence of fluorescence imaging indicates that virtually all imaging metrics (sensitivity, resolution, and penetration depths) are improved when progressing into longer wavelength regions, especially the recently reported second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) window. Although the emission wavelength of probes does matter, it is not clear whether the guideline of "the longer the wavelength, the better the imaging effect" is still suitable for developing phosphorescent probes. For tissue-specific bioimaging, long-lived probes, even if they emit visible phosphorescence, enable accurate visualization of large deep tissues. For studies dealing with bioimaging of tiny biological architectures or dynamic physiopathological activities, the prerequisite is rigorous planning of long-wavelength phosphorescence, being aware of the cooperative contribution of long wavelengths and long lifetimes for improving the spatiotemporal resolution, penetration depth, and sensitivity of bioimaging. In this Review, emerging molecular engineering methods of room-temperature phosphorescence are discussed through the lens of photophysical mechanisms. We highlight the roles of phosphorescence with emission from visible to NIR-II windows toward bioapplications. To appreciate such advances, challenges and prospects in rapidly growing studies of room-temperature phosphorescence are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baisong Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jiasheng Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Taolei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264000, China
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Sokol O, Durante M. Carbon Ions for Hypoxic Tumors: Are We Making the Most of Them? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4494. [PMID: 37760464 PMCID: PMC10526811 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, which is associated with abnormal vessel growth, is a characteristic feature of many solid tumors that increases their metastatic potential and resistance to radiotherapy. Carbon-ion radiation therapy, either alone or in combination with other treatments, is one of the most promising treatments for hypoxic tumors because the oxygen enhancement ratio decreases with increasing particle LET. Nevertheless, current clinical practice does not yet fully benefit from the use of carbon ions to tackle hypoxia. Here, we provide an overview of the existing experimental and clinical evidence supporting the efficacy of C-ion radiotherapy in overcoming hypoxia-induced radioresistance, followed by a discussion of the strategies proposed to enhance it, including different approaches to maximize LET in the tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sokol
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforchung, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany;
| | - Marco Durante
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforchung, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany;
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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Samandarsangari M, Kozina DO, Sokolov VV, Komarova AD, Shirmanova MV, Kritchenkov IS, Tunik SP. Biocompatible Phosphorescent O 2 Sensors Based on Ir(III) Complexes for In Vivo Hypoxia Imaging. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:680. [PMID: 37504079 PMCID: PMC10377268 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we obtained three new phosphorescent iridium complexes (Ir1-Ir3) of general stoichiometry [Ir(N^C)2(N^N)]Cl decorated with oligo(ethylene glycol) fragments to make them water-soluble and biocompatible, as well as to protect them from aggregation with biomolecules such as albumin. The major photophysical characteristics of these phosphorescent complexes are determined by the nature of two cyclometallating ligands (N^C) based on 2-pyridine-benzothiophene, since quantum chemical calculations revealed that the electronic transitions responsible for the excitation and emission are localized mainly at these fragments. However, the use of various diimine ligands (N^N) proved to affect the quantum yield of phosphorescence and allowed for changing the complexes' sensitivity to oxygen, due to the variations in the steric accessibility of the chromophore center for O2 molecules. It was also found that the N^N ligands made it possible to tune the biocompatibility of the resulting compounds. The wavelengths of the Ir1-Ir3 emission maxima fell in the range of 630-650 nm, the quantum yields reached 17% (Ir1) in a deaerated solution, and sensitivity to molecular oxygen, estimated as the ratio of emission lifetime in deaerated and aerated water solutions, displayed the highest value, 8.2, for Ir1. The obtained complexes featured low toxicity, good water solubility and the absence of a significant effect of biological environment components on the parameters of their emission. Of the studied compounds, Ir1 and Ir2 were chosen for in vitro and in vivo biological experiments to estimate oxygen concentration in cell lines and tumors. These sensors have demonstrated their effectiveness for mapping the distribution of oxygen and for monitoring hypoxia in the biological objects studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Samandarsangari
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria O Kozina
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Victor V Sokolov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia D Komarova
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhskiy Research Medical University, Minin and Pozharsky Sq. 10/1, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Av., 23, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Marina V Shirmanova
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhskiy Research Medical University, Minin and Pozharsky Sq. 10/1, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ilya S Kritchenkov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey P Tunik
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Zhong J, Frood R, McWilliam A, Davey A, Shortall J, Swinton M, Hulson O, West CM, Buckley D, Brown S, Choudhury A, Hoskin P, Henry A, Scarsbrook A. Prediction of prostate tumour hypoxia using pre-treatment MRI-derived radiomics: preliminary findings. LA RADIOLOGIA MEDICA 2023; 128:765-774. [PMID: 37198374 PMCID: PMC10264289 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-023-01644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a machine learning (ML) model based on radiomic features (RF) extracted from whole prostate gland magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for prediction of tumour hypoxia pre-radiotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Consecutive patients with high-grade prostate cancer and pre-treatment MRI treated with radiotherapy between 01/12/2007 and 1/08/2013 at two cancer centres were included. Cancers were dichotomised as normoxic or hypoxic using a biopsy-based 32-gene hypoxia signature (Ragnum signature). Prostate segmentation was performed on axial T2-weighted (T2w) sequences using RayStation (v9.1). Histogram standardisation was applied prior to RF extraction. PyRadiomics (v3.0.1) was used to extract RFs for analysis. The cohort was split 80:20 into training and test sets. Six different ML classifiers for distinguishing hypoxia were trained and tuned using five different feature selection models and fivefold cross-validation with 20 repeats. The model with the highest mean validation area under the curve (AUC) receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was tested on the unseen set, and AUCs were compared via DeLong test with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS 195 patients were included with 97 (49.7%) having hypoxic tumours. The hypoxia prediction model with best performance was derived using ridge regression and had a test AUC of 0.69 (95% CI: 0.14). The test AUC for the clinical-only model was lower (0.57), but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.35). The five selected RFs included textural and wavelet-transformed features. CONCLUSION Whole prostate MRI-radiomics has the potential to non-invasively predict tumour hypoxia prior to radiotherapy which may be helpful for individualised treatment optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Zhong
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
- Department of Radiology, Leeds Cancer Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Russell Frood
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Radiology, Leeds Cancer Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Alan McWilliam
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Angela Davey
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Jane Shortall
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Martin Swinton
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Oliver Hulson
- Department of Radiology, Leeds Cancer Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Catharine M West
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Buckley
- Biomedical Imaging, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sarah Brown
- Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research (LICTR), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ananya Choudhury
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Peter Hoskin
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Ann Henry
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leeds Cancer Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Andrew Scarsbrook
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Radiology, Leeds Cancer Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
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Liew H, Mein S, Tessonnier T, Abdollahi A, Debus J, Dokic I, Mairani A. Do We Preserve Tumor Control Probability (TCP) in FLASH Radiotherapy? A Model-Based Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5118. [PMID: 36982185 PMCID: PMC10049554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Reports of concurrent sparing of normal tissue and iso-effective treatment of tumors at ultra-high dose-rates (uHDR) have fueled the growing field of FLASH radiotherapy. However, iso-effectiveness in tumors is often deduced from the absence of a significant difference in their growth kinetics. In a model-based analysis, we investigate the meaningfulness of these indications for the clinical treatment outcome. The predictions of a previously benchmarked model of uHDR sparing in the "UNIfied and VERSatile bio response Engine" (UNIVERSE) are combined with existing models of tumor volume kinetics as well as tumor control probability (TCP) and compared to experimental data. The potential TCP of FLASH radiotherapy is investigated by varying the assumed dose-rate, fractionation schemes and oxygen concentration in the target. The developed framework describes the reported tumor growth kinetics appropriately, indicating that sparing effects could be present in the tumor but might be too small to be detected with the number of animals used. The TCP predictions show the possibility of substantial loss of treatment efficacy for FLASH radiotherapy depending on several variables, including the fractionation scheme, oxygen level, and DNA repair kinetics. The possible loss of TCP should be seriously considered when assessing the clinical viability of FLASH treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Liew
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stewart Mein
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6303, USA
| | - Thomas Tessonnier
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amir Abdollahi
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Debus
- Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), University Hospital Heidelberg, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ivana Dokic
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Mairani
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Medical Physics Unit, National Centre of Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO), 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Wen Y, Zhang S, Yuan W, Feng W, Li F. Afterglow/Fluorescence Dual-Emissive Ratiometric Oxygen Probe for Tumor Hypoxia Imaging. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2478-2486. [PMID: 36649320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature of many diseases such as solid tumors. The measurement and imaging of oxygen (O2) are extremely important for disease diagnosis and therapy evaluation. In this work, the afterglow/fluorescence dual-emissive ratiometric O2 probe based on a photochemical reaction-based afterglow system is reported. The afterglow is highly sensitive to O2 because the O2 content is directly related to the 1O2 yield and eventually affects the afterglow intensity. The O2-insensitive fluorescence of an emitter can serve as an internal reference. As the O2 concentration changes from 0.08 to 18.5 mg L-1, the ratio value shows a remarkable 53-fold increase. Compared with the intensity of a single peak, the ratiometric signal can eliminate the interference of the probe concentration to achieve higher accuracy. This afterglow/fluorescence dual-emissive ratiometric O2 probe is successfully applied to hypoxia imaging in tumor-bearing mice, which may further promote the development of O2 sensing in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wen
- Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
| | - Sidi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Chemistry & Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
| | - Fuyou Li
- Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
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10
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Chong SH, Ong YH, El Khatib M, Allu SR, Parthasarathy AB, Greenberg JH, Yodh AG, Vinogradov SA. Real-time tracking of brain oxygen gradients and blood flow during functional activation. NEUROPHOTONICS 2022; 9:045006. [PMID: 36457848 PMCID: PMC9704417 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.9.4.045006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Significance Cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen ( CMRO 2 ) consumption is a key physiological variable that characterizes brain metabolism in a steady state and during functional activation. Aim We aim to develop a minimally invasive optical technique for real-time measurement of CMRO 2 concurrently with cerebral blood flow (CBF). Approach We used a pair of macromolecular phosphorescent probes with nonoverlapping optical spectra, which were localized in the intra- and extravascular compartments of the brain tissue, thus providing a readout of oxygen gradients between these two compartments. In parallel, we measured CBF using laser speckle contrast imaging. Results The method enables computation and tracking of CMRO 2 during functional activation with high temporal resolution ( ∼ 7 Hz ). In contrast to other approaches, our assessment of CMRO 2 does not require measurements of CBF or hemoglobin oxygen saturation. Conclusions The independent records of intravascular and extravascular partial pressures of oxygen, CBF, and CMRO 2 provide information about the physiological events that accompany neuronal activation, creating opportunities for dynamic quantification of brain metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Chong
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Yi Hong Ong
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Radiation Oncology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Mirna El Khatib
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Srinivasa Rao Allu
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Ashwin B. Parthasarathy
- University of South Florida, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Joel H. Greenberg
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Neurology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Arjun G. Yodh
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Sergei A. Vinogradov
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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11
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Petusseau AF, Bruza P, Pogue BW. Protoporphyrin IX delayed fluorescence imaging: a modality for hypoxia-based surgical guidance. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:106005. [PMID: 36217225 PMCID: PMC9549807 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.10.106005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hypoxia imaging for surgical guidance has never been possible, yet it is well known that most tumors have microregional chronic and/or cycling hypoxia present as well as chaotic blood flow. The ability to image oxygen partial pressure (pO2) is therefore a unique control of tissue metabolism and can be used in a range of disease applications to understand the complex biochemistry of oxygen supply and consumption. AIM Delayed fluorescence (DF) from the endogenous molecule protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) has been shown to be a truly unique reporter of the local oxygen partial pressure in tissue. PpIX is endogenously synthesized by mitochondria in most tissues, and the particular property of DF emission is directly related to low microenvironmental oxygen concentration. Here, it is shown that PpIX has a unique emission in hypoxic tumor tissue regions, which is measured as a DF signal in the red to near-infrared spectrum. APPROACH A time-gated imaging system was used for PpIX DF for wide field direct mapping of pO2 changes. Acquiring both prompt and DF in a rapid sequential cycle allowed for imaging oxygenation in a way that was insensitive to the PpIX concentration. By choosing adequate parameters, the video rate acquisition of pO2 images could be achieved, providing real-time tissue metabolic information. RESULTS In this report, we show the first demonstration of imaging hypoxia signals from PpIX in a pancreatic cancer model, exhibiting >5X contrast relative to surrounding normal oxygenated tissues. Additionally, tissue palpation amplifies the signal and provides intuitive temporal contrast based upon neoangiogenic blood flow differences. CONCLUSIONS PpIX DF provides a mechanism for tumor contrast that could easily be translated to human use as an intrinsic contrast mechanism for oncologic surgical guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur F. Petusseau
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering and Dartmouth Cancer Center, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Petr Bruza
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering and Dartmouth Cancer Center, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Department of Medical Physics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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12
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Wang K, Jiang M, Zhou J, Dong Y, Liu Y, Zong Q, Sandbhor P, Singh NDP, Yuan Y. Spatial specific delivery of combinational chemotherapeutics to combat intratumoral heterogeneity. J Control Release 2022; 348:1004-1015. [PMID: 35779654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced intratumoral heterogeneity poses a major challenge in tumor therapy due to the varying susceptibility to chemotherapy. Moreover, the spatial distribution patterns of hypoxic and normoxic tissues makes conventional combination therapy less effective. In this study, a tumor-acidity and bioorthogonal chemistry mediated in situ size transformable nanocarrier (NP@DOXDBCO plus iCPPAN3) was developed to spatially deliver two combinational chemotherapeutic drugs (doxorubicin (DOX) and PR104A) to combat hypoxia-induced intratumoral heterogeneity. DOX is highly toxic to tumor cells in normoxia state but less toxic in hypoxia state due to the hypoxia-induced chemoresistance. Meanwhile, PR104A is a hypoxia-activated prodrug has less toxic in normoxia state. Two nanocarriers, NP@DOXDBCO and iCPPAN3, can cross-link near the blood vessel extravasation sites through tumor acidity responsive bioorthogonal click chemistry to enhance the retention of DOX in tumor normoxia. Moreover, PR104A conjugated to the small-sized dendritic polyamidoamine (PAMAM) released under tumor acidity can penetrate deep tumor tissues for hypoxic tumor cell killing. Our study has demonstrated that this site-specific combination chemotherapy is better than the traditional combination chemotherapy. Therefore, spatial specific delivery of combinational therapeutics via in situ size transformable nanocarrier addresses the challenges of hypoxia induced intratumoral heterogeneity and provides insights into the combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou 511442, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Maolin Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou 511442, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jielian Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou 511442, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yansong Dong
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou 511442, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ye Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou 511442, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qingyu Zong
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou 511442, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Puja Sandbhor
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, 400076, India
| | - N D Pradeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Youyong Yuan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou 511442, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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13
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El Naqa I, Pogue BW, Zhang R, Oraiqat I, Parodi K. Image guidance for FLASH radiotherapy. Med Phys 2022; 49:4109-4122. [PMID: 35396707 PMCID: PMC9844128 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH-RT) is an emerging ultra-high dose (>40 Gy/s) delivery that promises to improve the therapeutic potential by limiting toxicities compared to conventional RT while maintaining similar tumor eradication efficacy. Image guidance is an essential component of modern RT that should be harnessed to meet the special emerging needs of FLASH-RT and its associated high risks in planning and delivering of such ultra-high doses in short period of times. Hence, this contribution will elaborate on the imaging requirements and possible solutions in the entire chain of FLASH-RT treatment, from the planning, through the setup and delivery with online in vivo imaging and dosimetry, up to the assessment of biological mechanisms and treatment response. In patient setup and delivery, higher temporal sampling than in conventional RT should ensure that the short treatment is delivered precisely to the targeted region. Additionally, conventional imaging tools such as cone-beam computed tomography will continue to play an important role in improving patient setup prior to delivery, while techniques based on magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography may be extremely valuable for either linear accelerator (Linac) or particle FLASH therapy, to monitor and track anatomical changes during delivery. In either planning or assessing outcomes, quantitative functional imaging could supplement conventional imaging for more accurate utilization of the biological window of the FLASH effect, selecting for or verifying things such as tissue oxygen and existing or transient hypoxia on the relevant timescales of FLASH-RT delivery. Perhaps most importantly at this time, these tools might help improve the understanding of the biological mechanisms of FLASH-RT response in tumor and normal tissues. The high dose deposition of FLASH provides an opportunity to utilize pulse-to-pulse imaging tools such as Cherenkov or radiation acoustic emission imaging. These could provide individual pulse mapping or assessing the 3D dose delivery superficially or at tissue depth, respectively. In summary, the most promising components of modern RT should be used for safer application of FLASH-RT, and new promising developments could be advanced to cope with its novel demands but also exploit new opportunities in connection with the unique nature of pulsed delivery at unprecedented dose rates, opening a new era of biological image guidance and ultrafast, pulse-based in vivo dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issam El Naqa
- Department of Machine Learning, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA,Corresponding Author:
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Rongxiao Zhang
- Giesel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Ibrahim Oraiqat
- Department of Machine Learning, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Katia Parodi
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, Garching 85748, Germany
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Abstract
Malignant tumors rank as a leading cause of death worldwide. Accurate diagnosis and advanced treatment options are crucial to win battle against tumors. In recent years, Cherenkov luminescence (CL) has shown its technical advantages and clinical transformation potential in many important fields, particularly in tumor diagnosis and treatment, such as tumor detection in vivo, surgical navigation, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and the evaluation of therapeutic effect. In this review, we summarize the advances in CL for tumor diagnosis and treatment. We first describe the physical principles of CL and discuss the imaging techniques used in tumor diagnosis, including CL imaging, CL endoscope, and CL tomography. Then we present a broad overview of the current status of surgical resection, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and tumor microenvironment monitoring using CL. Finally, we shed light on the challenges and possible solutions for tumor diagnosis and therapy using CL.
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15
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Khatib ME, Van Slyke AL, Velalopoulou A, Kim MM, Shoniyozov K, Allu SR, Diffenderfer EE, Busch TM, Wiersma RD, Koch CJ, Vinogradov SA. Ultrafast Tracking of Oxygen Dynamics during Proton FLASH. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022; 113:624-634. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Godet I, Doctorman S, Wu F, Gilkes DM. Detection of Hypoxia in Cancer Models: Significance, Challenges, and Advances. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040686. [PMID: 35203334 PMCID: PMC8869817 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid proliferation of cancer cells combined with deficient vessels cause regions of nutrient and O2 deprivation in solid tumors. Some cancer cells can adapt to these extreme hypoxic conditions and persist to promote cancer progression. Intratumoral hypoxia has been consistently associated with a worse patient prognosis. In vitro, 3D models of spheroids or organoids can recapitulate spontaneous O2 gradients in solid tumors. Likewise, in vivo murine models of cancer reproduce the physiological levels of hypoxia that have been measured in human tumors. Given the potential clinical importance of hypoxia in cancer progression, there is an increasing need to design methods to measure O2 concentrations. O2 levels can be directly measured with needle-type probes, both optical and electrochemical. Alternatively, indirect, noninvasive approaches have been optimized, and include immunolabeling endogenous or exogenous markers. Fluorescent, phosphorescent, and luminescent reporters have also been employed experimentally to provide dynamic measurements of O2 in live cells or tumors. In medical imaging, modalities such as MRI and PET are often the method of choice. This review provides a comparative overview of the main methods utilized to detect hypoxia in cell culture and preclinical models of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Godet
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA;
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.D.); (F.W.)
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Steven Doctorman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.D.); (F.W.)
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.D.); (F.W.)
| | - Daniele M. Gilkes
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA;
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.D.); (F.W.)
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Correspondence:
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17
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Zeng Y, Chang P, Ma J, Li K, Zhang C, Guo Y, Li H, Zhu Q, Liu H, Wang W, Chen Y, Chen D, Cao X, Zhan Y. DNA Origami-Anthraquinone Hybrid Nanostructures for In Vivo Quantitative Monitoring of the Progression of Tumor Hypoxia Affected by Chemotherapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:6387-6403. [PMID: 35077131 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a well-known feature of malignant solid tumors. To explain the misinterpretation of tumor hypoxia variation during chemotherapy, we developed a DNA origami-based theranostic nanoplatform with an intercalated anticancer anthraquinone as both the chemotherapeutic drug and the photoacoustic contrast agent. The size distribution of the DNA origami nanostructure is 44.5 ± 2.3 nm, whereas the encapsulation efficiency of the drug is 90.7 ± 1.0%, and the drug loading content is 92.2 ± 0.1%. The controlled cumulative release rates were measured in vitro, showing an acidic environment induced rapid drug release. The values of free energy of binding between the drugs and the DNA double helix were calculated through molecular simulations. The cell viability assay was used to characterize cytotoxicity, and fluorescence confocal cell imaging illustrates the biodistribution of the probe in vitro. Photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging were used to indicate drug delivery, release, and biodistribution to predict the drug's chemotherapeutic effect in vivo, whereas the photoacoustic signals were compared with those of deoxygenated/oxygenated hemoglobin to represent the tissue hypoxia/normoxia maps during the chemotherapeutic process and indicate alleviated tumor hypoxia. Staining of tissue sections taken from organs and tumors was used to verify the results of photoacoustic imaging. Our results suggest that photoacoustic imaging can visualize this DNA origami-based theranostic nanoplatform and reveal the mechanisms of chemotherapy on tumor hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Peng Chang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Ma
- Radiology Department, Ninth Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Intelligent Process, School of Automation, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an 710121, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Hanrui Li
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Qingxia Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Huifang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Dan Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Xu Cao
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Yonghua Zhan
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
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18
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Chelushkin PS, Shakirova JR, Kritchenkov IS, Baigildin VA, Tunik SP. Phosphorescent NIR emitters for biomedicine: applications, advances and challenges. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:1257-1280. [PMID: 34878463 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03077a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Application of NIR (near-infrared) emitting transition metal complexes in biomedicine is a rapidly developing area of research. Emission of this class of compounds in the "optical transparency windows" of biological tissues and the intrinsic sensitivity of their phosphorescence to oxygen resulted in the preparation of several commercial oxygen sensors capable of deep (up to whole-body) and quantitative mapping of oxygen gradients suitable for in vivo experimental studies. In addition to this achievement, the last decade has also witnessed the increased growth of successful alternative applications of NIR phosphors that include (i) site-specific in vitro and in vivo visualization of sophisticated biological models ranging from 3D cell cultures to intact animals; (ii) sensing of various biologically relevant analytes, such as pH, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, RedOx agents, etc.; (iii) and several therapeutic applications such as photodynamic (PDT), photothermal (PTT), and photoactivated cancer (PACT) therapies as well as their combinations with other therapeutic and imaging modalities to yield new variants of combined therapies and theranostics. Nevertheless, emerging applications of these compounds in experimental biomedicine and their implementation as therapeutic agents practically applicable in PDT, PTT, and PACT face challenges related to a critically important improvement of their photophysical and physico-chemical characteristics. This review outlines the current state of the art and achievements of the last decade and stresses the most promising trends, major development prospects, and challenges in the design of NIR phosphors suitable for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel S Chelushkin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Julia R Shakirova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Ilya S Kritchenkov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Vadim A Baigildin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Sergey P Tunik
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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19
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Bochkarev LN, Parshina YP, Gracheva YV, Kovylina TA, Lermontova SA, Klapshina LG, Konev AN, Lopatin MA, Lukina MM, Komarova AD, Shcheslavskiy VI, Shirmanova MV. Red Light-Emitting Water-Soluble Luminescent Iridium-Containing Polynorbornenes: Synthesis, Characterization and Oxygen Sensing Properties in Biological Tissues In Vivo. Molecules 2021; 26:6349. [PMID: 34770757 PMCID: PMC8587708 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New water-soluble polynorbornenes P1-P4 containing oligoether, amino acid groups and luminophoric complexes of iridium(III) were synthesized by ring-opening metathesis polymerization. The polymeric products in organic solvents and in water demonstrate intense photoluminescence in the red spectral region. The polymers P1 and P3 with 1-phenylisoquinoline cyclometalating ligands in iridium fragments reveal 4-6 fold higher emission quantum yields in solutions than those of P2 and P4 that contain iridium complexes with 1-(thien-2-yl)isoquinoline cyclometalating ligands. The emission parameters of P1-P4 in degassed solutions essentially differ from those in the aerated solutions showing oxygen-dependent quenching of phosphorescence. Biological testing of P1 and P3 demonstrates that the polymers do not penetrate into live cultured cancer cells and normal skin fibroblasts and do not possess cytotoxicity within the concentrations and time ranges reasonable for biological studies. In vivo, the polymers display longer phosphorescence lifetimes in mouse tumors than in muscle, as measured using phosphorescence lifetime imaging (PLIM), which correlates with tumor hypoxia. Therefore, preliminary evaluation of the synthesized polymers shows their suitability for noninvasive in vivo assessments of oxygen levels in biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid N. Bochkarev
- Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina, 49, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (Y.P.P.); (Y.V.G.); (T.A.K.); (S.A.L.); (L.G.K.); (A.N.K.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Yulia P. Parshina
- Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina, 49, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (Y.P.P.); (Y.V.G.); (T.A.K.); (S.A.L.); (L.G.K.); (A.N.K.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Yana V. Gracheva
- Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina, 49, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (Y.P.P.); (Y.V.G.); (T.A.K.); (S.A.L.); (L.G.K.); (A.N.K.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Tatyana A. Kovylina
- Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina, 49, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (Y.P.P.); (Y.V.G.); (T.A.K.); (S.A.L.); (L.G.K.); (A.N.K.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Svetlana A. Lermontova
- Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina, 49, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (Y.P.P.); (Y.V.G.); (T.A.K.); (S.A.L.); (L.G.K.); (A.N.K.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Larisa G. Klapshina
- Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina, 49, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (Y.P.P.); (Y.V.G.); (T.A.K.); (S.A.L.); (L.G.K.); (A.N.K.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Aleksey N. Konev
- Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina, 49, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (Y.P.P.); (Y.V.G.); (T.A.K.); (S.A.L.); (L.G.K.); (A.N.K.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Mikhail A. Lopatin
- Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina, 49, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (Y.P.P.); (Y.V.G.); (T.A.K.); (S.A.L.); (L.G.K.); (A.N.K.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Maria M. Lukina
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Minin and Pozharsky Sq. 10/1, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.M.L.); (A.D.K.); (V.I.S.); (M.V.S.)
| | - Anastasia D. Komarova
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Minin and Pozharsky Sq. 10/1, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.M.L.); (A.D.K.); (V.I.S.); (M.V.S.)
| | - Vladislav I. Shcheslavskiy
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Minin and Pozharsky Sq. 10/1, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.M.L.); (A.D.K.); (V.I.S.); (M.V.S.)
- Becker&Hickl GmbH, Nunsdorfer Ring 7-9, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina V. Shirmanova
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Minin and Pozharsky Sq. 10/1, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.M.L.); (A.D.K.); (V.I.S.); (M.V.S.)
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Wang L, He X, Yu J. Prior Compensation Algorithm for Cerenkov Luminescence Tomography From Single-View Measurements. Front Oncol 2021; 11:749889. [PMID: 34631587 PMCID: PMC8495210 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.749889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence tomography (CLT) has attracted much attention because of the wide clinically-used probes and three-dimensional (3D) quantification ability. However, due to the serious morbidity of 3D optical imaging, the reconstructed images of CLT are not appreciable, especially when single-view measurements are used. Single-view CLT improves the efficiency of data acquisition. It is much consistent with the actual imaging environment of using commercial imaging system, but bringing the problem that the reconstructed results will be closer to the animal surface on the side where the single-view image is collected. To avoid this problem to the greatest extent possible, we proposed a prior compensation algorithm for CLT reconstruction based on depth calibration strategy. This method takes full account of the fact that the attenuation of light in the tissue will depend heavily on the depth of the light source as well as the distance between the light source and the detection plane. Based on this consideration, a depth calibration matrix was designed to calibrate the attenuation between the surface light flux and the density of the internal light source. The feature of the algorithm was that the depth calibration matrix directly acts on the system matrix of CLT reconstruction, rather than modifying the regularization penalty items. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm were evaluated with a numerical simulation and a mouse-based experiment, whose results illustrated that it located the radiation sources accurately by using single-view measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- School of Information Sciences and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,School of Computer Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaowei He
- School of Information Sciences and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingjing Yu
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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21
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Pétusseau AF, Bruza P, Pogue BW. Survey of X-ray induced Cherenkov excited fluorophores with potential for human use. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2021; 62:833-840. [PMID: 34247250 PMCID: PMC8438248 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
X-ray induced molecular luminescence (XML) is a phenomenon that can be utilized for clinical, deep-tissue functional imaging of tailored molecular probes. In this study, a survey of common or clinically approved fluorophores was carried out for their megavoltage X-ray induced excitation and emission characteristics. We find that direct scintillation effects and Cherenkov generation are two possible ways to cause these molecules' excitation. To distinguish the contributions of each excitation mechanism, we exploited the dependency of Cherenkov radiation yield on X-ray energy. The probes were irradiated by constant dose of 6 MV and 18 MV X-ray radiation, and their relative emission intensities and spectra were quantified for each X-ray energy pair. From the ratios of XML, yield for 6 MV and 18 MV irradiation we found that the Cherenkov radiation dominated as an excitation mechanism, except for aluminum phthalocyanine, which exhibited substantial scintillation. The highest emission yields were detected from fluorescein, proflavin and aluminum phthalocyanine, in that order. XML yield was found to be affected by the emission quantum yield, overlap of the fluorescence excitation and Cherenkov emission spectra, scintillation yield. Considering all these factors and XML emission spectrum respective to tissue optical window, aluminum phthalocyanine offers the best XML yield for deep tissue use, while fluorescein and proflavine are most useful for subcutaneous or superficial use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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22
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Cao X, Zhang R, Esipova TV, Allu SR, Ashraf R, Rahman M, Gunn JR, Bruza P, Gladstone DJ, Williams BB, Swartz HM, Hoopes PJ, Vinogradov SA, Pogue BW. Quantification of Oxygen Depletion During FLASH Irradiation In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 111:240-248. [PMID: 33845146 PMCID: PMC8338745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Delivery of radiation at ultrahigh dose rates (UHDRs), known as FLASH, has recently been shown to preferentially spare normal tissues from radiation damage compared with tumor tissues. However, the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon remains unknown, with one of the most widely considered hypotheses being that the effect is related to substantial oxygen depletion upon FLASH, thereby altering the radiochemical damage during irradiation, leading to different radiation responses of normal and tumor cells. Testing of this hypothesis would be advanced by direct measurement of tissue oxygen in vivo during and after FLASH irradiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS Oxygen measurements were performed in vitro and in vivo using the phosphorescence quenching method and a water-soluble molecular probe Oxyphor 2P. The changes in oxygen per unit dose (G-values) were quantified in response to irradiation by 10 MeV electron beam at either UHDR reaching 300 Gy/s or conventional radiation therapy dose rates of 0.1 Gy/s. RESULTS In vitro experiments with 5% bovine serum albumin solutions at 23°C resulted in G-values for oxygen consumption of 0.19 to 0.21 mm Hg/Gy (0.34-0.37 μM/Gy) for conventional irradiation and 0.16 to 0.17 mm Hg/Gy (0.28-0.30 μM/Gy) for UHDR irradiation. In vivo, the total decrease in oxygen after a single fraction of 20 Gy FLASH irradiation was 2.3 ± 0.3 mm Hg in normal tissue and 1.0 ± 0.2 mm Hg in tumor tissue (P < .00001), whereas no decrease in oxygen was observed from a single fraction of 20 Gy applied in conventional mode. CONCLUSIONS Our observations suggest that oxygen depletion to radiologically relevant levels of hypoxia is unlikely to occur in bulk tissue under FLASH irradiation. For the same dose, FLASH irradiation induces less oxygen consumption than conventional irradiation in vitro, which may be related to the FLASH sparing effect. However, the difference in oxygen depletion between FLASH and conventional irradiation could not be quantified in vivo because measurements of oxygen depletion under conventional irradiation are hampered by resupply of oxygen from the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rongxiao Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire; Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Tatiana V Esipova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Chemistry, School or Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Srinivasa Rao Allu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Chemistry, School or Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ramish Ashraf
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Jason R Gunn
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - David J Gladstone
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire; Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Benjamin B Williams
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire; Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Harold M Swartz
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire; Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - P Jack Hoopes
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire; Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Sergei A Vinogradov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Chemistry, School or Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire; Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire.
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Yang Y, Zhang T, Xing D. Single 808 nm near-infrared-triggered multifunctional upconverting phototheranostic nanocomposite for imaging-guided high-efficiency treatment of tumors. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202100134. [PMID: 34115430 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional phototheranostic nanocomposites are promising for early diagnosis and precision therapy of cancer. Aim to enhance their accuracy and efficiency, in this study, we develop a single-laser excited activatable phototheranostic nanocomposite (UCNPs-D-MQ): 808 nm-excited upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) as the matrix programmed assembly with amphipathic compound DSPE-PEG-COOH, a near-infrared absorbing polymer DPP and the pro-photosensitizer MBQB. Upon endocytosed by cancer cells and excited by the 808 nm laser, UCNPs-D-MQ could produce high-yield reactive oxygen species (ROS) as the results of singlet oxygen generation from transferring to methylene blue, GSH depletion and ROS generation from photoactivation. It was proven both in vitro and in vivo that the nanocomposites exhibits remarkable therapeutic efficacy as well as minimal photodamage to normal cells. These results reveal UCNPs-D-MQ as a robust theranostic agent for tumor phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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24
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Liew H, Mein S, Dokic I, Haberer T, Debus J, Abdollahi A, Mairani A. Deciphering Time-Dependent DNA Damage Complexity, Repair, and Oxygen Tension: A Mechanistic Model for FLASH-Dose-Rate Radiation Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 110:574-586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zhen X, Qu R, Chen W, Wu W, Jiang X. The development of phosphorescent probes for in vitro and in vivo bioimaging. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:285-300. [PMID: 32756681 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00819b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorescence is a process that slowly releases the photoexcitation energy after the removal of the excitation source. Although transition metal complexes and purely organic room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials show excellent phosphorescence property, their applications in in vitro and in vivo bioimaging are limited due to their poor solubility in water. To overcome this issue, phosphorescent materials are modified with amphiphilic or hydrophilic polymers to endow them with biocompatibility. This review focuses on recent advances in the development of phosphorescent probes for in vitro and in vivo bioimaging. The photophysical mechanism and the design principles of transition metal complexes and purely organic RTP materials for the stabilization of the triplet excited state for enhanced phosphorescence are first discussed. Then, the applications in in vitro and in vivo bioimaging using transition metal complexes including iridium(iii) complexes, platinum(ii) complexes, rhodium(i) complexes, and purely organic RTP materials are summarized. Finally, the current challenges and perspectives for these emerging materials in bioimaging are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhen
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, and Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
| | - Rui Qu
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, and Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
| | - Weizhi Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, and Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, and Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
| | - Xiqun Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, and Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
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Tumor Hypoxia as a Barrier in Cancer Therapy: Why Levels Matter. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030499. [PMID: 33525508 PMCID: PMC7866096 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors and associated with poor outcome in most cancer types and treatment modalities, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery and, most likely, immunotherapy. Emerging strategies, such as proton therapy and combination therapies with radiation and hypoxia targeted drugs, provide new opportunities to overcome the hypoxia barrier and improve therapeutic outcome. Hypoxia is heterogeneously distributed both between and within tumors and shows large variations across patients not only in prevalence, but importantly, also in level. To best exploit the emerging strategies, a better understanding of how individual hypoxia levels from mild to severe affect tumor biology is vital. Here, we discuss our current knowledge on this topic and how we should proceed to gain more insight into the field. Abstract Hypoxia arises in tumor regions with insufficient oxygen supply and is a major barrier in cancer treatment. The distribution of hypoxia levels is highly heterogeneous, ranging from mild, almost non-hypoxic, to severe and anoxic levels. The individual hypoxia levels induce a variety of biological responses that impair the treatment effect. A stronger focus on hypoxia levels rather than the absence or presence of hypoxia in our investigations will help development of improved strategies to treat patients with hypoxic tumors. Current knowledge on how hypoxia levels are sensed by cancer cells and mediate cellular responses that promote treatment resistance is comprehensive. Recently, it has become evident that hypoxia also has an important, more unexplored role in the interaction between cancer cells, stroma and immune cells, influencing the composition and structure of the tumor microenvironment. Establishment of how such processes depend on the hypoxia level requires more advanced tumor models and methodology. In this review, we describe promising model systems and tools for investigations of hypoxia levels in tumors. We further present current knowledge and emerging research on cellular responses to individual levels, and discuss their impact in novel therapeutic approaches to overcome the hypoxia barrier.
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Pogue BW, Zhang R, Cao X, Jia JM, Petusseau A, Bruza P, Vinogradov SA. Review of in vivo optical molecular imaging and sensing from x-ray excitation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-200308VR. [PMID: 33386709 PMCID: PMC7778455 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.1.010902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Deep-tissue penetration by x-rays to induce optical responses of specific molecular reporters is a new way to sense and image features of tissue function in vivo. Advances in this field are emerging, as biocompatible probes are invented along with innovations in how to optimally utilize x-ray sources. AIM A comprehensive review is provided of the many tools and techniques developed for x-ray-induced optical molecular sensing, covering topics ranging from foundations of x-ray fluorescence imaging and x-ray tomography to the adaptation of these methods for sensing and imaging in vivo. APPROACH The ways in which x-rays can interact with molecules and lead to their optical luminescence are reviewed, including temporal methods based on gated acquisition and multipoint scanning for improved lateral or axial resolution. RESULTS While some known probes can generate light upon x-ray scintillation, there has been an emergent recognition that excitation of molecular probes by x-ray-induced Cherenkov light is also possible. Emission of Cherenkov radiation requires a threshold energy of x-rays in the high kV or MV range, but has the advantage of being able to excite a broad range of optical molecular probes. In comparison, most scintillating agents are more readily activated by lower keV x-ray energies but are composed of crystalline inorganic constituents, although some organic biocompatible agents have been designed as well. Methods to create high-resolution structured x-ray-optical images are now available, based upon unique scanning approaches and/or a priori knowledge of the scanned x-ray beam geometry. Further improvements in spatial resolution can be achieved by careful system design and algorithm optimization. Current applications of these hybrid x-ray-optical approaches include imaging of tissue oxygenation and pH as well as of certain fluorescent proteins. CONCLUSIONS Discovery of x-ray-excited reporters combined with optimized x-ray scan sequences can improve imaging resolution and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Rongxiao Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Xu Cao
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Jeremy Mengyu Jia
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Arthur Petusseau
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Sergei A. Vinogradov
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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Senchukova MA, Makarova EV, Kalinin EA, Tkachev VV, Zubareva EY. Modern concepts on the role of hypoxia in the development of tumor radioresistance. SIBERIAN JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.21294/1814-4861-2020-19-6-141-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to systematize and summarize modern ideas about the role of hypoxia in the development of tumor radioresistance.Material and Methods. PubMed, eLibrary and Springer databases were used to identify reviews published from 1953 to 2020, of which 57 were selected to write our review.Results. Radiation therapy is one of the most important components in cancer treatment. The major drawback of radiation therapy is the development radiation resistance in cancerous cells and secondary malignancies. The mechanisms of cancer radioresistance are very complicated and affected by many factors, of which hypoxia is the most important. Hypoxia is able to activate the mechanisms of angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and contribute to the formation of the pool of cancer stem cell, which are characterized by chemo- and radioresistance. In turn, the severity of hypoxia largely dependent on tumor blood flow. Moreover, not only the quantitative but also the qualitative characteristics of blood vessels can affect the development of tissue hypoxia in the tumor.Conclusion. A comprehensive assessment of the severity of hypoxia, as well as characteristics of angiogenesis and EMT can contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of development of cancer radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Senchukova
- Orenburg State Medical University;
Orenburg Regional Oncology Clinic
| | - E. V. Makarova
- Orenburg State Medical University;
Orenburg Regional Oncology Clinic
| | | | | | - E. Y. Zubareva
- Orenburg State Medical University;
Orenburg Regional Oncology Clinic
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Cao X, Jiang S, Gunn JR, Bruza P, Pogue BW. Single pixel hyperspectral Cherenkov-excited fluorescence imaging with LINAC X-ray sheet scanning and spectral unmixing. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6130-6133. [PMID: 33186932 DOI: 10.1364/ol.401286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cherenkov light induced from megavolt (MV) X-rays during external beam radiotherapy serves as an internal light source to excite phosphors or fluorophores within biological tissues for molecular imaging. The broad spectrum of Cherenkov light leads to significant spectral overlap with any luminescence emission and, to overcome this problem, a single pixel hyperspectral imaging methodology was demonstrated here by coupling the detection with light sheet scanning and filtered back projection reconstruction of hyperspectral images. Thin scanned sheets of MV X-rays produce Cherenkov light to illuminate the planes deep within the tissue-simulating media. A fluorescence probe was excited by Cherenkov light, and a complete hyperspectral sinogram of the data was obtained through translation and rotation of the beam. Hyperspectral 2D images finally were reconstructed. Through this approach of spectral unmixing, it was possible to resolve hyperspectral images of both the Cherenkov and resulting fluorescence intensity from molecular sensors.
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Cao X, Gunn JR, Allu SR, Bruza P, Jiang S, Vinogradov SA, Pogue BW. Implantable sensor for local Cherenkov-excited luminescence imaging of tumor pO2 during radiotherapy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:JBO-200229SSR. [PMID: 33236619 PMCID: PMC7685386 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.11.112704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The necessity to use exogenous probes for optical oxygen measurements in radiotherapy poses challenges for clinical applications. Options for implantable probe biotechnology need to be improved to alleviate toxicity concerns in human use and facilitate translation to clinical trial use. AIM To develop an implantable oxygen sensor containing a phosphorescent oxygen probe such that the overall administered dose of the probe would be below the Federal Drug Administration (FDA)-prescribed microdose level, and the sensor would provide local high-intensity signal for longitudinal measurements of tissue pO2. APPROACH PtG4, an oxygen quenched dendritic molecule, was mixed into an agarose matrix at 100 μM concentration, allowing for local injection into tumors at the total dose of 10 nmol per animal, forming a gel at the site of injection. Cherenkov-excited luminescence imaging (CELI) was used to acquire the phosphorescence and provide intratumoral pO2. RESULTS Although PtG4 does not form covalent bonds with agarose and gradually leaches out into the surrounding tissue, its retention time within the gel was sufficiently long to demonstrate the capability to measure intratumoral pO2 with the implantable gel sensors. The sensor's performance was first evaluated in vitro in tissue simulation phantoms, and then the sensor was used to measure changes in oxygen in MDA-MB-231 tumors during hypofractionated radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that implantable oxygen sensors in combination with CELI present a promising approach for quantifying oxygen changes during the course of radiation therapy and thus for evaluating the tumor response to radiation. By improving the design of the gel-probe composition in order to prevent leaching of the probe into the tissue, biosensors can be created that should allow longitudinal oxygen measurements in tumors by means of CELI while using FDA-compliant microdose levels of the probe and thus lowering toxicity concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuroimaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Address all correspondence to Xu Cao, ; Brian W. Pogue,
| | - Jason R. Gunn
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Srinivasa Rao Allu
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, School or Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Petr Bruza
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Sergei A. Vinogradov
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, School or Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
- Address all correspondence to Xu Cao, ; Brian W. Pogue,
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LaRochelle EPM, Pogue BW. Theoretical lateral and axial sensitivity limits and choices of molecular reporters for Cherenkov-excited luminescence in tissue during x-ray beam scanning. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:JBO-200235R. [PMID: 33185051 PMCID: PMC7658603 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.11.116004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Unlike fluorescence imaging utilizing an external excitation source, Cherenkov emissions and Cherenkov-excited luminescence occur within a medium when irradiated with high-energy x-rays. Methods to improve the understanding of the lateral spread and axial depth distribution of these emissions are needed as an initial step to improve the overall system resolution. METHODS Monte Carlo simulations were developed to investigate the lateral spread of thin sheets of high-energy sources and compared to experimental measurements of similar sources in water. Additional simulations of a multilayer skin model were used to investigate the limits of detection using both 6- and 18-MV x-ray sources with fluorescence excitation for inclusion depths up to 1 cm. RESULTS Simulations comparing the lateral spread of high-energy sources show approximately 100 × higher optical yield from electrons than photons, although electrons showed a larger penumbra in both the simulations and experimental measurements. Cherenkov excitation has a roughly inverse wavelength squared dependence in intensity but is largely redshifted in excitation through any distance of tissue. The calculated emission spectra in tissue were convolved with a database of luminescent compounds to produce a computational ranking of potential Cherenkov-excited luminescence molecular contrast agents. CONCLUSIONS Models of thin x-ray and electron sources were compared with experimental measurements, showing similar trends in energy and source type. Surface detection of Cherenkov-excited luminescence appears to be limited by the mean free path of the luminescence emission, where for the given simulation only 2% of the inclusion emissions reached the surface from a depth of 7 mm in a multilayer tissue model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
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Cao X, Allu SR, Jiang S, Gunn Bs JR, Yao PhD C, Xin PhD J, Bruza PhD P, Gladstone ScD DJ, Jarvis Md PhD LA, Tian PhD J, Swartz Md Msph PhD HM, Vinogradov PhD SA, Pogue PhD BW. High-Resolution pO 2 Imaging Improves Quantification of the Hypoxic Fraction in Tumors During Radiation Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020; 109:603-613. [PMID: 33002542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The extreme microscopic heterogeneity of tumors makes it difficult to characterize tumor hypoxia. We evaluated how changes in the spatial resolution of oxygen imaging could alter measures of tumor hypoxia and their correlation to radiation therapy response. METHODS AND MATERIALS Cherenkov-Excited Luminescence Imaging in combination with an oxygen probe, Oxyphor PtG4 was used to directly image tumor pO2 distributions with 0.2 mm spatial resolution at the time of radiation delivery. These pO2 images were analyzed with variations of reduced spatial resolution from 0.2 mm to 5 mm, to investigate the influence of how reduced imaging spatial resolution would affect the observed tumor hypoxia. As an in vivo validation test, mice bearing tumor xenografts were imaged for hypoxic fraction and median pO2 to examine the predictive link with tumor response to radiation therapy, while accounting for spatial resolution. RESULTS In transitioning from voxel sizes of 200 μm to 3 mm, the median pO2 values increased by a few mm Hg, and the hypoxic fraction decreased by more than 50%. When looking at radiation-responsive tumors, the median pO2 values changed just a few mm Hg as a result of treatment, and the hypoxic fractions changed by as much as 50%. This latter change, however, could only be seen when sampling was performed with high spatial resolution. Median pO2 or similar quantities obtained from low resolution measurements are commonly used in clinical practice, however these parameters are much less sensitive to changes in the tumor microenvironment than the tumor hypoxic fraction obtained from high-resolution oxygen images. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the hypothesis that for adequate measurements of the tumor response to radiation therapy, oxygen imaging with high spatial resolution is required to accurately characterize the hypoxic fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire; Xidian University, Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Srinivasa Rao Allu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Chemistry, School or Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Jason R Gunn Bs
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Cuiping Yao PhD
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire; Xi'an Jiaotong University, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Xin PhD
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire; Xi'an Jiaotong University, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Petr Bruza PhD
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - David J Gladstone ScD
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire; Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Lesley A Jarvis Md PhD
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire; Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Jie Tian PhD
- Xidian University, Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Sergei A Vinogradov PhD
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Chemistry, School or Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian W Pogue PhD
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
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