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Overall SA, Hartmann SJ, Luu-Nguyen QH, Judge P, Pinotsi D, Marti L, Sigurdsson ST, Wender PA, Barnes AB. Topological Heterogeneity of Protein Kinase C Modulators in Human T-Cells Resolved with In-Cell Dynamic Nuclear Polarization NMR Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:27362-27372. [PMID: 39322225 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Phorbol ester analogs are a promising class of anticancer therapeutics and HIV latency reversing agents that interact with cellular membranes to recruit and activate protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms. However, it is unclear how these esters interact with membranes and how this might correlate with the biological activity of different phorbol ester analogs. Here, we have employed dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) NMR to characterize phorbol esters in a native cellular context. The enhanced NMR sensitivity afforded by DNP and cryogenic operation reveals topological heterogeneity of 13C-21,22-phorbol-myristate-acetate (PMA) within T cells utilizing 13C-13C correlation and double quantum filtered NMR spectroscopy. We demonstrate the detection of therapeutically relevant amounts of PMA in T cells down to an upper limit of ∼60.0 pmol per million cells and identify PMA to be primarily localized in cellular membranes. Furthermore, we observe distinct 13C-21,22-PMA chemical shifts under DNP conditions in cells compared to model membrane samples and homogenized cell membranes, that cannot be accounted for by differences in conformation. We provide evidence for distinct membrane topologies of 13C-21,22-PMA in cell membranes that are consistent with shallow binding modes. This is the first of its kind in-cell DNP characterization of small molecules dissolved in the membranes of living cells, establishing in-cell DNP-NMR as an important method for the characterization of drug-membrane interactions within the context of the complex heterogeneous environment of intact cellular membranes. This work sets the stage for the identification of the in-cell structural interactions that govern the biological activity of phorbol esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Overall
- Institute of Molecular Physical Science, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sina J Hartmann
- Institute of Molecular Physical Science, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Quang H Luu-Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Patrick Judge
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, & Structural Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Dorothea Pinotsi
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lea Marti
- Institute of Molecular Physical Science, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Alexander B Barnes
- Institute of Molecular Physical Science, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Kou YY, Liu J, Chang YT, Liu LY, Sun F, Li YL, Leng JR, Lin HW, Yang F. Marine derived macrolide bryostatin 4 inhibits the TGF-β signaling pathway against acute erythroleukemia. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024; 47:1863-1878. [PMID: 39083211 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-024-00968-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/11/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute erythroleukemia (AEL) is a rare and highly aggressive subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with an extremely poor prognosis when treated with available drugs. Therefore, new investigational agents capable of inducing remission are urgently required. METHODS Bioinformatics analysis, western blot and qRT-PCR were used to reveal the potential biological mechanism of bryostatin 4 (B4), an antineoplastic macrolide derived from the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina. Then, in vivo experiments were conducted to evaluate the role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling in the progression of AEL. RESULTS Our results revealed that the proliferation of K562 cells and TF-1 cells was significantly inhibited by B4 at IC50 values of 37 nM and 52 nM, respectively. B4 inhibited TGF-β signaling and its downstream pathway targets, particularly the phosphorylation of Smad2, Smad3, Ras, C-RAF, ERK1/2, and MEK. B4 also played an important role in cell invasion and migration in K562 cells and TF-1 cells by reducing the protein levels of the mesenchymal cell marker vimentin. Moreover, Flow cytometry and western blot analyses demonstrated that B4 induced apoptosis and initiated G0/G1 phase arrest by modulating mitochondrial dysfunction and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) expression. CONCLUSION These findings indicated that B4 could inhibit the proliferation, migration, invasion, and TGF-β signaling pathways of AEL cells, thus suggesting that B4 possesses therapeutic potential as a treatment for AEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yu Kou
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Center for Marine Drugs, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Center for Marine Drugs, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yung-Ting Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Center for Marine Drugs, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Li-Yun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Center for Marine Drugs, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Fan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Center for Marine Drugs, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yi-Lin Li
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jia-Rong Leng
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Center for Marine Drugs, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Hou-Wen Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Center for Marine Drugs, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Center for Marine Drugs, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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3
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Cao X, Huang S, Wagner MM, Cho YT, Chiu DC, Wartchow KM, Lazarian A, McIntire LB, Smolka MB, Baskin JM. A phosphorylation-controlled switch confers cell cycle-dependent protein relocalization. Nat Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41556-024-01495-8. [PMID: 39209962 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01495-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Tools for acute manipulation of protein localization enable elucidation of spatiotemporally defined functions, but their reliance on exogenous triggers can interfere with cell physiology. This limitation is particularly apparent for studying mitosis, whose highly choreographed events are sensitive to perturbations. Here we exploit the serendipitous discovery of a phosphorylation-controlled, cell cycle-dependent localization change of the adaptor protein PLEKHA5 to develop a system for mitosis-specific protein recruitment to the plasma membrane that requires no exogenous stimulus. Mitosis-enabled anchor-away/recruiter system comprises an engineered, 15 kDa module derived from PLEKHA5 capable of recruiting functional protein cargoes to the plasma membrane during mitosis, either through direct fusion or via GFP-GFP nanobody interaction. Applications of the mitosis-enabled anchor-away/recruiter system include both knock sideways to rapidly extract proteins from their native localizations during mitosis and conditional recruitment of lipid-metabolizing enzymes for mitosis-selective editing of plasma membrane lipid content, without the need for exogenous triggers or perturbative synchronization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofu Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shiying Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Mateusz M Wagner
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yuan-Ting Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Din-Chi Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Artur Lazarian
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Marcus B Smolka
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy M Baskin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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4
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Chou TC, Maggirwar NS, Marsden MD. HIV Persistence, Latency, and Cure Approaches: Where Are We Now? Viruses 2024; 16:1163. [PMID: 39066325 PMCID: PMC11281696 DOI: 10.3390/v16071163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The latent reservoir remains a major roadblock to curing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Currently available antiretroviral therapy (ART) can suppress active HIV replication, reduce viral loads to undetectable levels, and halt disease progression. However, antiretroviral drugs are unable to target cells that are latently infected with HIV, which can seed viral rebound if ART is stopped. Consequently, a major focus of the field is to study the latent viral reservoir and develop safe and effective methods to eliminate it. Here, we provide an overview of the major mechanisms governing the establishment and maintenance of HIV latency, the key challenges posed by latent reservoirs, small animal models utilized to study HIV latency, and contemporary cure approaches. We also discuss ongoing efforts to apply these approaches in combination, with the goal of achieving a safe, effective, and scalable cure for HIV that can be extended to the tens of millions of people with HIV worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa C. Chou
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (T.C.C.); (N.S.M.)
| | - Nishad S. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (T.C.C.); (N.S.M.)
| | - Matthew D. Marsden
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (T.C.C.); (N.S.M.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
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5
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Shanmukha S, Godfrey WH, Gharibani P, Lee JJ, Guo Y, Deng X, Wender PA, Kornberg MD, Kim PM. TPPB modulates PKC activity to attenuate neuroinflammation and ameliorate experimental multiple sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1373557. [PMID: 38841204 PMCID: PMC11150779 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1373557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) plays a key role in modulating the activities of the innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). A delicate balance between pro-inflammatory and regenerative activities by microglia and CNS-associated macrophages is necessary for the proper functioning of the CNS. Thus, a maladaptive activation of these CNS innate immune cells results in neurodegeneration and demyelination associated with various neurologic disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease. Prior studies have demonstrated that modulation of PKC activity by bryostatin-1 (bryo-1) and its analogs (bryologs) attenuates the pro-inflammatory processes by microglia/CNS macrophages and alleviates the neurologic symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an MS animal model. Here, we demonstrate that (2S,5S)-(E,E)-8-(5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2,4-pentadienoylamino)benzolactam (TPPB), a structurally distinct PKC modulator, has a similar effect to bryo-1 on CNS innate immune cells both in vitro and in vivo, attenuating neuroinflammation and resulting in CNS regeneration and repair. This study identifies a new structural class of PKC modulators, which can therapeutically target CNS innate immunity as a strategy to treat neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Shanmukha
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wesley H. Godfrey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Payam Gharibani
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Judy J. Lee
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Xiaojing Deng
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Michael D. Kornberg
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul M. Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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6
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Shanmukha S, Godfrey WH, Gharibani P, Lee JJ, Guo Y, Deng X, Wender PA, Kornberg MD, Kim PM. TPPB modulates PKC activity to attenuate neuroinflammation and ameliorate experimental multiple sclerosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.02.578637. [PMID: 38370818 PMCID: PMC10871289 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.02.578637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) plays a key role in modulating the activities of the innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). A delicate balance between pro-inflammatory and regenerative activities by microglia and CNS-associated macrophages is necessary for the proper functioning of the CNS. Thus, a maladaptive activation of these CNS innate immune cells results in neurodegeneration and demyelination associated with various neurologic disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease. Prior studies have demonstrated that modulation of PKC activity by bryostatin-1 (bryo-1) and its analogs (bryologs) attenuates the pro-inflammatory processes by microglia/CNS macrophages and alleviates the neurologic symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an MS animal model. Here, we demonstrate that (2S,5S)-(E,E)-8-(5-(4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2,4-pentadienoylamino)benzolactam (TPPB), a structurally distinct PKC modulator, has a similar effect to bryo-1 on CNS innate immune cells both in vitro and in vivo, attenuating neuroinflammation and resulting in CNS regeneration and repair. This study identifies a new structural class of PKC modulators, which can therapeutically target CNS innate immunity as a strategy to treat neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Shanmukha
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Wesley H. Godfrey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Payam Gharibani
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Judy J. Lee
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Xiaojing Deng
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Departments of Chemistry and of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Michael D. Kornberg
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Paul M. Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
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7
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Silnitsky S, Rubin SJS, Zerihun M, Qvit N. An Update on Protein Kinases as Therapeutic Targets-Part I: Protein Kinase C Activation and Its Role in Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17600. [PMID: 38139428 PMCID: PMC10743896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases are one of the most significant drug targets in the human proteome, historically harnessed for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and a growing number of other conditions, including autoimmune and inflammatory processes. Since the approval of the first kinase inhibitors in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the field has grown exponentially, comprising 98 approved therapeutics to date, 37 of which were approved between 2016 and 2021. While many of these small-molecule protein kinase inhibitors that interact orthosterically with the protein kinase ATP binding pocket have been massively successful for oncological indications, their poor selectively for protein kinase isozymes have limited them due to toxicities in their application to other disease spaces. Thus, recent attention has turned to the use of alternative allosteric binding mechanisms and improved drug platforms such as modified peptides to design protein kinase modulators with enhanced selectivity and other pharmacological properties. Herein we review the role of different protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in cancer and cardiovascular disease, with particular attention to PKC-family inhibitors. We discuss translational examples and carefully consider the advantages and limitations of each compound (Part I). We also discuss the recent advances in the field of protein kinase modulators, leverage molecular docking to model inhibitor-kinase interactions, and propose mechanisms of action that will aid in the design of next-generation protein kinase modulators (Part II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shmuel Silnitsky
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, Safed 1311502, Israel; (S.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Samuel J. S. Rubin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Mulate Zerihun
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, Safed 1311502, Israel; (S.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Nir Qvit
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, Safed 1311502, Israel; (S.S.); (M.Z.)
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8
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Chen ZH, Lin YL, Chen SQ, Yang XY. Identification of necroptosis-related lncRNAs for prognosis prediction and screening of potential drugs in patients with colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 15:1951-1973. [DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v15.i11.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor recurrence and metastasis lead to a poor prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC). Necroptosis is closely related to the tumor microenvironment (TME) and affects tumor recurrence and metastasis. We aimed to stratify CRC patients according to necroptosis-related long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which can be used to not only evaluate prognosis and improve precision medicine in clinical practice but also screen potential immunotherapy drugs.
AIM To stratify CRC patients according to necroptosis-related lncRNAs (NRLs), which can be used to not only evaluate prognosis and improve precision medicine in clinical practice but also screen potential immunotherapy drugs.
METHODS LncRNA expression profiles were collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas. NRLs were identified by coexpression analysis. Cox regression analysis identified a NRL signature. Then, the value of this signature was comprehensively and multidimensionally evaluated, and its reliability for CRC prognosis prediction was assessed with clinical CRC data and compared with that of six other lncRNA signatures. Gene set enrichment analysis, TME analysis and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) prediction were also performed according to the risk score (RS) of the signature.
RESULTS An 8-lncRNA signature significantly associated with overall survival (OS) was constructed, and its reliability was validated with clinical CRC data. Most of the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) values for 1-, 3- and 5-year OS for this signature were higher than those for the other six lncRNA signatures. OS, disease-specific survival and the progression-free interval were all significantly poorer in the high-risk group. The RS of the signature showed good concordance with the predicted prognosis, with AUCs for 1-, 3- and 5-year OS of 0.79, 0.81 and 0.77, respectively. Additionally, the calibration plots for this signature combined with clinical factors showed that this combination could effectively improve the ability to predict OS. The RS was correlated with tumor stage, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. Most of the enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology terms were tumor metastasis-related pathways in the high-risk group; these patients showed greater infiltration of immunosuppressive cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts, hematopoietic stem cells and M2 macrophages, but less infiltration of infiltrating antitumor effector immune cells, such as cluster of differentiation 8+ T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs). We explored additional potential immune checkpoint genes and potential immunotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic drugs with relatively low IC50 values.
CONCLUSION We identified an NRL signature with strong fidelity that could stably predict prognosis and might be an indicator of the TME of CRC. Furthermore, additional potential immunotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic drugs were explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian Province, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350212, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yi-Lin Lin
- Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Shao-Qin Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian Province, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350212, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Yang
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian Province, China
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Gharibani P, Abramson E, Shanmukha S, Smith MD, Godfrey WH, Lee JJ, Hu J, Baydyuk M, Dorion MF, Deng X, Guo Y, Hwang S, Huang JK, Calabresi PA, Kornberg MD, Kim PM. PKC modulator bryostatin-1 therapeutically targets CNS innate immunity to attenuate neuroinflammation and promote remyelination. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.28.555084. [PMID: 37693473 PMCID: PMC10491095 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.28.555084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS), microglia and macrophages within the central nervous system (CNS) play an important role in determining the balance between myelin repair and demyelination/neurodegeneration. Phagocytic and regenerative functions of these CNS innate immune cells support remyelination, whereas chronic and maladaptive inflammatory activation promotes lesion expansion and disability, particularly in the progressive forms of MS. No currently approved drugs convincingly target microglia and macrophages within the CNS, contributing to the critical lack of therapies promoting remyelination and slowing progression in MS. Here, we found that the protein kinase C (PKC)-modulating drug bryostatin-1 (bryo-1), a CNS-penetrant compound with an established human safety profile, produces a shift in microglia and CNS macrophage transcriptional programs from pro-inflammatory to regenerative phenotypes, both in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of microglia with bryo-1 prevented the activation of neurotoxic astrocytes while stimulating scavenger pathways, phagocytosis, and secretion of factors that promote oligodendrocyte differentiation. In line with these findings, systemic treatment with bryo-1 augmented remyelination following a focal demyelinating injury in vivo. Our results demonstrate the potential of bryo-1 and functionally related PKC modulators as myelin regenerative and neuroprotective agents in MS and other neurologic diseases through therapeutic targeting of microglia and CNS-associated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Gharibani
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Efrat Abramson
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Shruthi Shanmukha
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Matthew D. Smith
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Wesley H. Godfrey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Judy J. Lee
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Jingwen Hu
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University; Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Maryna Baydyuk
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University; Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Marie-France Dorion
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University; Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Xiaojing Deng
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Soonmyung Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Jeffrey K. Huang
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University; Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Peter A. Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Michael D. Kornberg
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Paul M. Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
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10
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Samec M, Mazurakova A, Lucansky V, Koklesova L, Pecova R, Pec M, Golubnitschaja O, Al-Ishaq RK, Caprnda M, Gaspar L, Prosecky R, Gazdikova K, Adamek M, Büsselberg D, Kruzliak P, Kubatka P. Flavonoids attenuate cancer metabolism by modulating Lipid metabolism, amino acids, ketone bodies and redox state mediated by Nrf2. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 949:175655. [PMID: 36921709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells is a common hallmark of malignant transformation. The preference for aerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation in tumors is a well-studied phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. Importantly, metabolic transformation of cancer cells also involves alterations in signaling cascades contributing to lipid metabolism, amino acid flux and synthesis, and utilization of ketone bodies. Also, redox regulation interacts with metabolic reprogramming during malignant transformation. Flavonoids, widely distributed phytochemicals in plants, exert various beneficial effects on human health through modulating molecular cascades altered in the pathological cancer phenotype. Recent evidence has identified numerous flavonoids as modulators of critical components of cancer metabolism and associated pathways interacting with metabolic cascades such as redox balance. Flavonoids affect lipid metabolism by regulating fatty acid synthase, redox balance by modulating nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity, or amino acid flux and synthesis by phosphoglycerate mutase 1. Here, we discuss recent preclinical evidence evaluating the impact of flavonoids on cancer metabolism, focusing on lipid and amino acid metabolic cascades, redox balance, and ketone bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Samec
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Alena Mazurakova
- Department of Anatomy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Vincent Lucansky
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Koklesova
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Renata Pecova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Martin Pec
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- Predictive, Preventive, Personalised (3P) Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Martin Caprnda
- 1(st) Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ludovit Gaspar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Robert Prosecky
- 2(nd) Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne´s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Gazdikova
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Professional Health Studies, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Mariusz Adamek
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Peter Kruzliak
- 2(nd) Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne´s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia.
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11
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Zhang H, Tian Y, Yuan X, Xie F, Yu S, Cai J, Sun B, Shan C, Zhang W. Site-directed late-stage diversification of macrocyclic nannocystins facilitating anticancer SAR and mode of action studies. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:299-312. [PMID: 36846368 PMCID: PMC9945860 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00393g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nannocystins are a family of 21-membered cyclodepsipeptides with excellent anticancer activity. However, their macrocyclic architecture poses a significant challenge to structure modification. Herein, this issue is addressed by leveraging the strategy of post-macrocyclization diversification. In particular, a novel serine-incorporating nannocystin was designed so that its appending hydroxyl group could diversify into a wide variety of side chain analogues. Such effort facilitated not only structure-activity correlation at the subdomain of interest, but also the development of a macrocyclic coumarin-labeled fluorescence probe. Uptake experiments indicated good cell permeability of the probe, and endoplasmic reticulum was identified as its subcellular localization site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Tian
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoya Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Siqi Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayou Cai
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Changliang Shan
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Weicheng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University Tianjin People's Republic of China
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12
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Okuda S, Tsukano C, Irie K. Synthesis of Stereoisomeric Simplified Analogs of Alotaketals toward the Elucidation of the Structural Requirements of Protein Kinase C Isozyme-Selective Binding. Org Lett 2023; 25:805-809. [PMID: 36715604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A set of four stereoisomeric compounds were designed and synthesized as ligands of protein kinase C (PKC). The compounds were simplified analogs of the alotaketals, a class of natural products that were predicted to be ligands of PKC by computational screening. Bioassays revealed that the orientation of the alkyl side chain of the analogs was important for PKC binding and that the stereochemistry of the fused ring moiety influenced the PKC isozyme selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sogen Okuda
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tsukano
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Irie
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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13
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Wender PA, Luu-Nguyen QH, Sloane JL, Ranjan A. Trimethylene Methane Dianion Equivalent for the Asymmetric Consecutive Allylation of Aldehydes: Applications to Prins-Driven Macrocyclizations for the Synthesis of Bryostatin 1 and Analogues. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15925-15937. [PMID: 36378802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report a one-step (one-flask) generation and reaction of a bifunctional allylating reagent, a trimethylene methane dianion equivalent, that provides a route for the asymmetric 2-(trimethylsilylmethyl) allylation of aldehydes. The product of the first aldehyde allylation process is then set to engage in a second separate aldehyde allylation, providing an improved Prins macrocyclization strategy both for the scalable synthesis of bryostatin 1 and for the total synthesis of a new potent bryostatin analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Quang H Luu-Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jack L Sloane
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alok Ranjan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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14
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Choi SI, Yin J. Prospective approaches to enhancing CAR T cell therapy for glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1008751. [PMID: 36275671 PMCID: PMC9582117 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1008751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor. The poor clinical outcome and overall ineffectiveness of current standard treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, highlight the urgent need for alternative tumor-specific therapies for GBM. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is a revolutionary therapeutic strategy for hematological malignancies, but the optimal potency of CAR T cell therapy for solid tumors, especially GBM, has not been achieved. Although CAR T cell therapeutic strategies for GBM have been assessed in clinical trials, the current antitumor activity of CAR T cells remains insufficient. In this review, we present our perspective on genetically modifying CAR constructs, overcoming T cell dysfunctions, and developing additional treatments that can improve CAR T cell effectiveness, such as functionality, persistence, and infiltration into tumor sites. Effectively improved CAR T cells may offer patients with GBM new treatment opportunities, and this review is intended to provide a comprehensive overview for researchers to develop potent CAR T cells using genetic engineering or combinatorial preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Il Choi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-Nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jinlong Yin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-Nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Jinlong Yin,
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15
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Yu L, Jin Y, Song M, Zhao Y, Zhang H. When Natural Compounds Meet Nanotechnology: Nature-Inspired Nanomedicines for Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081589. [PMID: 36015215 PMCID: PMC9412684 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent significant strides of natural compounds in immunomodulation have highlighted their great potential against cancer. Despite many attempts being made for cancer immunotherapy, the biomedical application of natural compounds encounters a bottleneck because of their unclear mechanisms, low solubility and bioavailability, and limited efficacy. Herein, we summarize the immune regulatory mechanisms of different natural compounds at each step of the cancer-immunity cycle and highlight their anti-tumor potential and current limitations. We then propose and present various drug delivery strategies based on nanotechnology, including traditional nanoparticles (NPs)-based delivery strategies (lipid-based NPs, micelles, and polysaccharide/peptide/protein-based NPs) and novel delivery strategies (cell-derived NPs and carrier-free NPs), thus providing solutions to break through existing bottlenecks. Furthermore, representative applications of nature-inspired nanomedicines are also emphasized in detail with the advantages and disadvantages discussed. Finally, the challenges and prospects of natural compounds for cancer immunotherapy are provided, hopefully, to facilitate their far-reaching development toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Yu
- People’s Hospital of Qianxinan Buyi and Miao Minority Autonomous Prefecture, Xingyi 562400, China;
| | - Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (Y.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Mingjie Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (Y.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Yu Zhao
- People’s Hospital of Qianxinan Buyi and Miao Minority Autonomous Prefecture, Xingyi 562400, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Huaqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (Y.J.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (H.Z.)
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16
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Katti SS, Krieger IV, Ann J, Lee J, Sacchettini JC, Igumenova TI. Structural anatomy of Protein Kinase C C1 domain interactions with diacylglycerol and other agonists. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2695. [PMID: 35577811 PMCID: PMC9110374 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol (DAG) is a versatile lipid whose 1,2-sn-stereoisomer serves both as second messenger in signal transduction pathways that control vital cellular processes, and as metabolic precursor for downstream signaling lipids such as phosphatidic acid. Effector proteins translocate to available DAG pools in the membranes by using conserved homology 1 (C1) domains as DAG-sensing modules. Yet, how C1 domains recognize and capture DAG in the complex environment of a biological membrane has remained unresolved for the 40 years since the discovery of Protein Kinase C (PKC) as the first member of the DAG effector cohort. Herein, we report the high-resolution crystal structures of a C1 domain (C1B from PKCδ) complexed to DAG and to each of four potent PKC agonists that produce different biological readouts and that command intense therapeutic interest. This structural information details the mechanisms of stereospecific recognition of DAG by the C1 domains, the functional properties of the lipid-binding site, and the identities of the key residues required for the recognition and capture of DAG and exogenous agonists. Moreover, the structures of the five C1 domain complexes provide the high-resolution guides for the design of agents that modulate the activities of DAG effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S. Katti
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840 USA
| | - Inna V. Krieger
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840 USA
| | - Jihyae Ann
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeewoo Lee
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - James C. Sacchettini
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840 USA
| | - Tatyana I. Igumenova
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840 USA
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17
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Cooke M, Kazanietz MG. Overarching roles of diacylglycerol signaling in cancer development and antitumor immunity. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabo0264. [PMID: 35412850 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abo0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol (DAG) is a lipid second messenger that is generated in response to extracellular stimuli and channels intracellular signals that affect mammalian cell proliferation, survival, and motility. DAG exerts a myriad of biological functions through protein kinase C (PKC) and other effectors, such as protein kinase D (PKD) isozymes and small GTPase-regulating proteins (such as RasGRPs). Imbalances in the fine-tuned homeostasis between DAG generation by phospholipase C (PLC) enzymes and termination by DAG kinases (DGKs), as well as dysregulation in the activity or abundance of DAG effectors, have been widely associated with tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. DAG is also a key orchestrator of T cell function and thus plays a major role in tumor immunosurveillance. In addition, DAG pathways shape the tumor ecosystem by arbitrating the complex, dynamic interaction between cancer cells and the immune landscape, hence representing powerful modifiers of immune checkpoint and adoptive T cell-directed immunotherapy. Exploiting the wide spectrum of DAG signals from an integrated perspective could underscore meaningful advances in targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Cooke
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
| | - Marcelo G Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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18
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Sinclear CK, Maruyama J, Nagashima S, Arimoto‐Matsuzaki K, Kuleape JA, Iwasa H, Nishina H, Hata Y. Protein kinase Cα activation switches YAP1 from TEAD-mediated signaling to p73-mediated signaling. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:1305-1320. [PMID: 35102644 PMCID: PMC8990296 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) interacts with TEAD transcription factor in the nucleus and upregulates TEAD-target genes. YAP1 is phosphorylated by large tumor suppressor (LATS) kinases, the core kinases of the Hippo pathway, at 5 serine residues and is sequestered and degraded in the cytoplasm. In human cancers with the dysfunction of the Hippo pathway, YAP1 becomes hyperactive and confers malignant properties to cancer cells. We have observed that cold shock induces protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated phosphorylation of YAP1. PKC phosphorylates YAP1 at 3 serine residues among LATS-mediate phosphorylation sites. Importantly, PKC activation recruits YAP1 to the cytoplasm even in LATS-depleted cancer cells and reduces the cooperation with TEAD. PKC activation induces promyelocytic leukemia protein-mediated SUMOylation of YAP1. SUMOylated YAP1 remains in the nucleus, binds to p73, and promotes p73-target gene transcription. Bryostatin, a natural anti-neoplastic reagent that activates PKC, induces YAP1/p73-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells. Bryostatin reverses malignant transformation caused by the depletion of LATS kinases. Therefore, bryostatin and other reagents that activate PKC are expected to control cancers with the dysfunction of the Hippo pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Kwame Sinclear
- Department of Medical BiochemistryGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Junichi Maruyama
- Laboratory for Integrated Cellular SystemsRIKEN Center for Integrative Medical SciencesYokohamaJapan
| | - Shunta Nagashima
- Department of Medical BiochemistryGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Kyoko Arimoto‐Matsuzaki
- Department of Medical BiochemistryGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Joshua Agbemefa Kuleape
- Department of Medical BiochemistryGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroaki Iwasa
- Department of Molecular BiologySchool of MedicineInternational University of Health and WelfareNaritaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Nishina
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative BiologyMedical Research InstituteTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yutaka Hata
- Department of Medical BiochemistryGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan,Center for Brain Integration ResearchTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
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19
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Karvouni M, Vidal-Manrique M, Lundqvist A, Alici E. Engineered NK Cells Against Cancer and Their Potential Applications Beyond. Front Immunol 2022; 13:825979. [PMID: 35242135 PMCID: PMC8887605 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.825979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy is an innovative therapeutic concept where viable cells are implanted, infused, or grafted into a patient to treat impaired or malignant tissues. The term was first introduced circa the 19th century and has since resulted in multiple breakthroughs in different fields of medicine, such as neurology, cardiology, and oncology. Lately, cell and gene therapy are merging to provide cell products with additional or enhanced properties. In this context, adoptive transfer of genetically modified cytotoxic lymphocytes has emerged as a novel treatment option for cancer patients. To this day, five cell therapy products have been FDA approved, four of which for CD19-positive malignancies and one for B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-positive malignancies. These are personalized immunotherapies where patient T cells are engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) with the aim to redirect the cells against tumor-specific antigens. CAR-T cell therapies show impressive objective response rates in clinical trials that, in certain instances, may reach up to 80%. However, the life-threatening side effects associated with T cell toxicity and the manufacturing difficulties of developing personalized therapies hamper their widespread use. Recent literature suggests that Natural Killer (NK) cells, may provide a safer alternative and an 'off-the-shelf' treatment option thanks to their potent antitumor properties and relatively short lifespan. Here, we will discuss the potential of NK cells in CAR-based therapies focusing on the applications of CAR-NK cells in cancer therapy and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karvouni
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine-Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcos Vidal-Manrique
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine-Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lundqvist
- Department of Oncology‐Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evren Alici
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine-Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Targeting PKC in microglia to promote remyelination and repair in the CNS. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 62:103-108. [PMID: 34965482 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Microglia and CNS-infiltrating macrophages play significant roles in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Prolonged and dysregulated inflammatory responses by these innate immune cells can have deleterious effects on the surrounding CNS microenvironment, which can worsen neurodegeneration and demyelination. However, although chronic activation of pro-inflammatory microglia is maladaptive, other functional microglial subtypes play beneficial roles during CNS repair and regeneration. Therefore, there is a tremendous interest in understanding the underlying mechanism of the activation of these reparative/regenerative microglia. In this review, we focus on the potential role of PKC, a downstream signaling molecule of TREM2 and PLCγ2, and PKC modulators in promoting the activation of reparative/regenerative microglial subtypes as a novel therapy for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.
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21
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Necroptosis-Related lncRNAs: Predicting Prognosis and the Distinction between the Cold and Hot Tumors in Gastric Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:6718443. [PMID: 34790235 PMCID: PMC8592775 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6718443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background In the face of poor prognosis and immunotherapy failure of gastric cancer (GC), this project tried to find new potential biomarkers for predicting prognosis and precision medication to ameliorate the situation. Methods To form synthetic matrices, we retrieved stomach adenocarcinoma transcriptome data from Genotype-Tissue Expression Project (GTEx) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Necroptosis-related prognostic lncRNA was identified by coexpression analysis and univariate Cox regression. Then we performed the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) to construct the necroptosis-related lncRNA model. Next, the Kaplan–Meier analysis, time-dependent receiver operating characteristics (ROC), univariate Cox (uni-Cox) regression, multivariate Cox (multi-Cox) regression, nomogram, and calibration curves were made to verify and evaluate the model. Gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA), principal component analysis (PCA), immune analysis, and prediction of the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) in risk groups were also analyzed. For further discussing immunotherapy between the cold and hot tumors, we divided the entire set into two clusters based on necroptosis-related lncRNAs. Results We constructed a model with 16 necroptosis-related lncRNAs. In the model, we found the calibration plots showed a good concordance with the prognosis prediction. The area's 1-, 2-, and 3-year OS under the ROC curve (AUC) were 0.726, 0.763, and 0.770, respectively. Risk groups could be a guide of systemic treatment because of significantly different IC50 between risk groups. Above all, clusters could help distinguish between the cold and hot tumors effectively and contribute to precise mediation. Cluster 2 was identified as the hot tumor and more susceptible to immunotherapeutic drugs. Conclusion The results of this project supported that necroptosis-related lncRNAs could predict prognosis and help make a distinction between the cold and hot tumors for improving individual therapy in GC.
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22
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Park CH. Making Potent CAR T Cells Using Genetic Engineering and Synergistic Agents. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133236. [PMID: 34209505 PMCID: PMC8269169 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies are emerging as powerful weapons for the treatment of malignancies. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells have shown dramatic clinical results in patients with hematological malignancies. However, it is still challenging for CAR T cell therapy to be successful in several types of blood cancer and most solid tumors. Many attempts have been made to enhance the efficacy of CAR T cell therapy by modifying the CAR construct using combination agents, such as compounds, antibodies, or radiation. At present, technology to improve CAR T cell therapy is rapidly developing. In this review, we particularly emphasize the most recent studies utilizing genetic engineering and synergistic agents to improve CAR T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Hoon Park
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34114, Korea; ; Tel.: +82-42-860-7416; Fax: +82-42-861-4246
- Medicinal & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
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23
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Horowitz NB, Mohammad I, Moreno-Nieves UY, Koliesnik I, Tran Q, Sunwoo JB. Humanized Mouse Models for the Advancement of Innate Lymphoid Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:648580. [PMID: 33968039 PMCID: PMC8100438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.648580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a branch of the immune system that consists of diverse circulating and tissue-resident cells, which carry out functions including homeostasis and antitumor immunity. The development and behavior of human natural killer (NK) cells and other ILCs in the context of cancer is still incompletely understood. Since NK cells and Group 1 and 2 ILCs are known to be important for mediating antitumor immune responses, a clearer understanding of these processes is critical for improving cancer treatments and understanding tumor immunology as a whole. Unfortunately, there are some major differences in ILC differentiation and effector function pathways between humans and mice. To this end, mice bearing patient-derived xenografts or human cell line-derived tumors alongside human genes or human immune cells represent an excellent tool for studying these pathways in vivo. Recent advancements in humanized mice enable unparalleled insights into complex tumor-ILC interactions. In this review, we discuss ILC behavior in the context of cancer, the humanized mouse models that are most commonly employed in cancer research and their optimization for studying ILCs, current approaches to manipulating human ILCs for antitumor activity, and the relative utility of various mouse models for the development and assessment of these ILC-related immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina B Horowitz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine and School of Engineering, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Imran Mohammad
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Uriel Y Moreno-Nieves
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ievgen Koliesnik
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Quan Tran
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - John B Sunwoo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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24
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Abramson E, Hardman C, Shimizu AJ, Hwang S, Hester LD, Snyder SH, Wender PA, Kim PM, Kornberg MD. Designed PKC-targeting bryostatin analogs modulate innate immunity and neuroinflammation. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:537-545.e4. [PMID: 33472023 PMCID: PMC8052272 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation characterizes multiple neurologic diseases, including primary inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis and classical neurodegenerative diseases. Aberrant activation of the innate immune system contributes to disease progression, but drugs modulating innate immunity, particularly within the central nervous system (CNS), are lacking. The CNS-penetrant natural product bryostatin-1 attenuates neuroinflammation by targeting innate myeloid cells. Supplies of natural bryostatin-1 are limited, but a recent scalable good manufacturing practice (GMP) synthesis has enabled access to it and its analogs (bryologs), the latter providing a path to more efficacious, better tolerated, and more accessible agents. Here, we show that multiple synthetically accessible bryologs replicate the anti-inflammatory effects of bryostatin-1 on innate immune cells in vitro, and a lead bryolog attenuates neuroinflammation in vivo, actions mechanistically dependent on protein kinase C (PKC) binding. Our findings identify bryologs as promising drug candidates for targeting innate immunity in neuroinflammation and create a platform for evaluation of synthetic PKC modulators in neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Abramson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Clayton Hardman
- Departments of Chemistry and of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Akira J Shimizu
- Departments of Chemistry and of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Soonmyung Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Lynda D Hester
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Solomon H Snyder
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Paul A Wender
- Departments of Chemistry and of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul M Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Michael D Kornberg
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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25
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Katti S, Igumenova TI. Structural insights into C1-ligand interactions: Filling the gaps by in silico methods. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 79:100784. [PMID: 33526356 PMCID: PMC8867786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein Kinase C isoenzymes (PKCs) are the key mediators of the phosphoinositide signaling pathway, which involves regulated hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate to diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate. Dysregulation of PKCs is implicated in many human diseases making this class of enzymes an important therapeutic target. Specifically, the DAG-sensing cysteine-rich conserved homology-1 (C1) domains of PKCs have emerged as promising targets for pharmaceutical modulation. Despite significant progress, the rational design of the C1 modulators remains challenging due to difficulties associated with structure determination of the C1-ligand complexes. Given the dearth of experimental structural data, computationally derived models have been instrumental in providing atomistic insight into the interactions of the C1 domains with PKC agonists. In this review, we provide an overview of the in silico approaches for seven classes of C1 modulators and outline promising future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Katti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 300 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - Tatyana I Igumenova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 300 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX, 77843, United States.
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26
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Chu Z, Tong R, Yang Y, Song X, Hu TB, Fan Y, Zhao C, Gao L, Song Z. Diverse synthesis of the C ring fragment of bryostatins via Zn/Cu-promoted conjugate addition of α-hydroxy iodide with enone. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Wender PA, Sloane JL, Luu-Nguyen QH, Ogawa Y, Shimizu AJ, Ryckbosch SM, Tyler JH, Hardman C. Function-Oriented Synthesis: Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Highly Simplified Bryostatin Analogues. J Org Chem 2020; 85:15116-15128. [PMID: 33200928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using a function-oriented synthesis strategy, we designed, synthesized, and evaluated the simplest bryostatin 1 analogues reported to date, in which bryostatin's A- and B-rings are replaced by a glutarate linker. These analogues, one without and one with a C26-methyl group, exhibit remarkably different protein kinase C (PKC) isoform affinities. The former exhibited bryostatin-like binding to several PKC isoforms with Ki's < 5 nM, while the latter exhibited PKC affinities that were up to ∼180-fold less potent. The analogue with bryostatin-like PKC affinities also exhibited bryostatin-like PKC translocation kinetics in vitro, indicating rapid cell permeation and engagement of its PKC target. This study exemplifies the power of function-oriented synthesis in reducing structural complexity by activity-informed design, thus enhancing synthetic accessibility, while still maintaining function (biological activity), collectively providing new leads for addressing the growing list of therapeutic indications exhibited by PKC modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jack L Sloane
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Quang H Luu-Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yasuyuki Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Akira J Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Steven M Ryckbosch
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jefferson H Tyler
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Clayton Hardman
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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28
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Speidel JT, Affandi T, Jones DNM, Ferrara SE, Reyland ME. Functional proteomic analysis reveals roles for PKCδ in regulation of cell survival and cell death: Implications for cancer pathogenesis and therapy. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 78:100757. [PMID: 33045516 PMCID: PMC8294469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein Kinase C-δ (PKCδ), regulates a broad group of biological functions and disease processes, including well-defined roles in immune function, cell survival and apoptosis. PKCδ primarily regulates apoptosis in normal tissues and non-transformed cells, and genetic disruption of the PRKCD gene in mice is protective in many diseases and tissue damage models. However pro-survival/pro-proliferative functions have also been described in some transformed cells and in mouse models of cancer. Recent evidence suggests that the contribution of PKCδ to specific cancers may depend in part on the oncogenic context of the tumor, consistent with its paradoxical role in cell survival and cell death. Here we will discuss what is currently known about biological functions of PKCδ and potential paradigms for PKCδ function in cancer. To further understand mechanisms of regulation by PKCδ, and to gain insight into the plasticity of PKCδ signaling, we have used functional proteomics to identify pathways that are dependent on PKCδ. Understanding how these distinct functions of PKCδ are regulated will be critical for the logical design of therapeutics to target this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T Speidel
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, USA
| | - Trisiani Affandi
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, USA
| | | | - Sarah E Ferrara
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mary E Reyland
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, USA.
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29
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The PKC universe keeps expanding: From cancer initiation to metastasis. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 78:100755. [PMID: 33017725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Classical and novel protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes (c/nPKCs), members of the PKC family that become activated by the lipid second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) and phorbol esters, exert a myriad of cellular effects that impact proliferative and motile cellular responses. While c/nPKCs have been indisputably associated with tumor promotion, their roles exceed by far their sole involvement as promoter kinases. Indeed, this original dogma has been subsequently redefined by the introduction of several new concepts: the identification of tumor suppressing roles for c/nPKCs, and their participation in early and late stages of carcinogenesis. This review dives deep into the intricate roles of c/nPKCs in cancer initiation as well as in the different stages of the metastatic cascade, with great emphasis in their involvement in cancer cell motility via regulation of small Rho GTPases, the production of extracellular matrix (ECM)-degrading proteases, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program required for the acquisition of highly invasive traits. Here, we highlight functional interplays between either PKCα or PKCε and mesenchymal features that may ultimately contribute to anticancer drug resistance in cellular and animal models. We also introduce the novel hypothesis that c/nPKCs may be implicated in the control of immune evasion through the regulation of immune checkpoint protein expression. In summary, dissecting the colossal complexity of c/nPKC signaling in the wide spectrum of cancer progression may bring new opportunities for the development of meaningful tools aiding for cancer prognosis and therapy.
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