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Liu J, Zheng W, Wang W, Yang X, Huang Y, Cui P, Ma Z, Zeng X, Zhai R, Weng X, Wu W, Zhang X. Identification of AGO2 and PLEC genes polymorphisms in Hu sheep and their relationship with body size traits. Anim Biotechnol 2024; 35:2295926. [PMID: 38149679 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2295926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The body size traits are major traits in livestock, which intuitively displays the development of the animal's bones and muscles. This study used PCR amplification, Sanger sequencing, KASPar genotyping, and quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) to analyze the Single-nucleotide polymorphism and expression characteristics of Argonaute RISC catalytic component 2 (AGO2) and Plectin (PLEC) genes in Hu sheep. Two intron mutations were found in Hu sheep, which were AGO2 g.51700 A > C and PLEC g.23157 C > T, respectively. Through association analysis of two mutation sites and body size traits, it was found that AGO2 g.51700 A > C mainly affects the chest and cannon circumference of Hu sheep of while PLEC g.23157 C mainly affects body height and body length. The combined genotypes of AGO2 and PLEC genes with body size traits showed SNPs at the AGO2 g.51700 A > C and PLEC g.23157 C > T loci significantly improved the body size traits of Hu sheep. In addition, the AGO2 gene has the highest expression levels in the heart, rumen, and tail fat, and the PLEC gene is highly expressed in the heart. These two loci can provide new research ideas for improving the body size traits of Hu sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Zheng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry Quality Standards, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaobin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongliang Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Panpan Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zongwu Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiwen Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiuxiu Weng
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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2
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Maqbool M, Hussain MS, Bisht AS, Kumari A, Kamran A, Sultana A, Kumar R, Khan Y, Gupta G. Connecting the dots: LncRNAs in the KRAS pathway and cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 262:155570. [PMID: 39226802 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as important participants in several biological functions, particularly their complex interactions with the KRAS pathway, which provide insights into the significant roles lncRNAs play in cancer development. The KRAS pathway, a central signaling cascade crucial for cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation, stands out as a key therapeutic target due to its aberrant activation in many human cancers. Recent investigations have unveiled a myriad of lncRNAs, such as H19, ANRIL, and MEG3, intricately modulating the KRAS pathway, influencing both its activation and repression through various mechanisms, including epigenetic modifications, transcriptional regulation, and post-transcriptional control. These lncRNAs function as fine-tuners, delicately orchestrating the balance required for normal cellular function. Their dysregulation has been linked to the development and progression of multiple malignancies, including lung, pancreatic, and colorectal carcinomas, which frequently harbor KRAS mutations. This scrutiny delves into the functional diversity of specific lncRNAs within the KRAS pathway, elucidating their molecular mechanisms and downstream effects on cancer phenotypes. Additionally, it underscores the diagnostic and prognostic potential of these lncRNAs as indicators for cancer detection and assessment. The complex regulatory network that lncRNAs construct within the context of the KRAS pathway offers important insights for the creation of focused therapeutic approaches, opening new possibilities for precision medicine in oncology. However, challenges such as the dual roles of lncRNAs in different cancer types and the difficulty in therapeutically targeting these molecules highlight the ongoing debates and need for further research. As ongoing studies unveil the complexities of lncRNA-mediated KRAS pathway modulation, the potential for innovative cancer interventions becomes increasingly promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir Maqbool
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Md Sadique Hussain
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India.
| | - Ajay Singh Bisht
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Patel Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001, India
| | - Alka Kumari
- University institute of pharmacy, Chandigarh University, Gharaun, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Almaz Kamran
- HIMT College of Pharmacy, Plot No. 08, Knowledge Park - 1, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Ayesha Sultana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya University, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Yumna Khan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (Health Division), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25000, Pakistan
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Centre for Research Impact & Outcome-Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India; Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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3
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Lin MC, Kuo WH, Chen SY, Hsu JY, Lu LY, Wang CC, Chen YJ, Tsai JS, Li HJ. Ago2/CAV1 interaction potentiates metastasis via controlling Ago2 localization and miRNA action. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:2441-2478. [PMID: 38649663 PMCID: PMC11094075 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ago2 differentially regulates oncogenic and tumor-suppressive miRNAs in cancer cells. This discrepancy suggests a secondary event regulating Ago2/miRNA action in a context-dependent manner. We show here that a positive charge of Ago2 K212, that is preserved by SIR2-mediated Ago2 deacetylation in cancer cells, is responsible for the direct interaction between Ago2 and Caveolin-1 (CAV1). Through this interaction, CAV1 sequesters Ago2 on the plasma membranes and regulates miRNA-mediated translational repression in a compartment-dependent manner. Ago2/CAV1 interaction plays a role in miRNA-mediated mRNA suppression and in miRNA release via extracellular vesicles (EVs) from tumors into the circulation, which can be used as a biomarker of tumor progression. Increased Ago2/CAV1 interaction with tumor progression promotes aggressive cancer behaviors, including metastasis. Ago2/CAV1 interaction acts as a secondary event in miRNA-mediated suppression and increases the complexity of miRNA actions in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chieh Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Kuo
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100229, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yin Chen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ya Hsu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Lu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chi Wang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100229, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Shiuan Tsai
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Jung Li
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan.
- Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402, Taiwan.
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4
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Yuan S, Almagro J, Fuchs E. Beyond genetics: driving cancer with the tumour microenvironment behind the wheel. Nat Rev Cancer 2024; 24:274-286. [PMID: 38347101 PMCID: PMC11077468 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Cancer has long been viewed as a genetic disease of cumulative mutations. This notion is fuelled by studies showing that ageing tissues are often riddled with clones of complex oncogenic backgrounds coexisting in seeming harmony with their normal tissue counterparts. Equally puzzling, however, is how cancer cells harbouring high mutational burden contribute to normal, tumour-free mice when allowed to develop within the confines of healthy embryos. Conversely, recent evidence suggests that adult tissue cells expressing only one or a few oncogenes can, in some contexts, generate tumours exhibiting many of the features of a malignant, invasive cancer. These disparate observations are difficult to reconcile without invoking environmental cues triggering epigenetic changes that can either dampen or drive malignant transformation. In this Review, we focus on how certain oncogenes can launch a two-way dialogue of miscommunication between a stem cell and its environment that can rewire downstream events non-genetically and skew the morphogenetic course of the tissue. We review the cells and molecules of and the physical forces acting in the resulting tumour microenvironments that can profoundly affect the behaviours of transformed cells. Finally, we discuss possible explanations for the remarkable diversity in the relative importance of mutational burden versus tumour microenvironment and its clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Yuan
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jorge Almagro
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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5
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Hussain MS, Moglad E, Afzal M, Bansal P, Kaur H, Deorari M, Ali H, Shahwan M, Hassan Almalki W, Kazmi I, Alzarea SI, Singh SK, Dua K, Gupta G. Circular RNAs in the KRAS pathway: Emerging players in cancer progression. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 256:155259. [PMID: 38503004 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been recognized as key components in the intricate regulatory network of the KRAS pathway across various cancers. The KRAS pathway, a central signalling cascade crucial in tumorigenesis, has gained substantial emphasis as a possible therapeutic target. CircRNAs, a subgroup of non-coding RNAs known for their closed circular arrangement, play diverse roles in gene regulation, contributing to the intricate landscape of cancer biology. This review consolidates existing knowledge on circRNAs within the framework of the KRAS pathway, emphasizing their multifaceted functions in cancer progression. Notable circRNAs, such as Circ_GLG1 and circITGA7, have been identified as pivotal regulators in colorectal cancer (CRC), influencing KRAS expression and the Ras signaling pathway. Aside from their significance in gene regulation, circRNAs contribute to immune evasion, apoptosis, and drug tolerance within KRAS-driven cancers, adding complexity to the intricate interplay. While our comprehension of circRNAs in the KRAS pathway is evolving, challenges such as the diverse landscape of KRAS mutant tumors and the necessity for synergistic combination therapies persist. Integrating cutting-edge technologies, including deep learning-based prediction methods, holds the potential for unveiling disease-associated circRNAs and identifying novel therapeutic targets. Sustained research efforts are crucial to comprehensively unravel the molecular mechanisms governing the intricate interplay between circRNAs and the KRAS pathway, offering insights that could potentially revolutionize cancer diagnostics and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sadique Hussain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India
| | - Ehssan Moglad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pooja Bansal
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560069, India; Department of Allied Healthcare and Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303012, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Uttar Pradesh 247341, India; Department of Health & Allied Sciences, Arka Jain University, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand 831001, India
| | - Mahamedha Deorari
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Haider Ali
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India; Department of Pharmacology, Kyrgyz State Medical College, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami I Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248007, India.
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6
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Tripathi P, Kumari R, Pathak R. Drugging the undruggable: Advances in targeting KRAS signaling in solid tumors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 385:1-39. [PMID: 38663957 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Cancer remains the leading cause of global mortality, prompting a paradigm shift in its treatment and outcomes with the advent of targeted therapies. Among the most prevalent mutations in RAS-driven cancers, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutations account for approximately 86% of cases worldwide, particularly in lung, pancreatic, and colon cancers, contributing to poor prognosis and reduced overall survival. Despite numerous efforts to understand the biology of KRAS mutants and their pivotal role in cancer development, the lack of well-defined drug-binding pockets has deemed KRAS an "undruggable" therapeutic target, presenting significant challenges for researchers and clinicians alike. Through significant biochemical and technological advances, the last decade has witnessed promising breakthroughs in targeted therapies for KRAS-mutated lung, colon, and pancreatic cancers, marking a critical turning point in the field. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the characteristics of KRAS mutations across various solid tumors, highlighting ongoing cutting-edge research on the immune microenvironment, the development of KRAS-driven mice models, and the recent progress in the exploration of specific KRAS mutant-targeted therapeutic approaches. By comprehensive understanding of the intricacies of KRAS signaling in solid tumors and the latest therapeutic developments, this chapter will shed light on the potential for novel therapeutic strategies to combat KRAS-driven tumors and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajna Tripathi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rajni Kumari
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Rajiv Pathak
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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7
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Hasibuan PAZ, Keliat JM, Lubis MF, Nasution A. The ethyl acetate extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaf ameliorates gemcitabine effect against migration and invasion of PANC-1 cells via down-regulation the VEGF, COX 2, and RAS/MEK pathways. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:101872. [PMID: 38111670 PMCID: PMC10727942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals diagnosed with cancer often turn to the use of herbal remedies with the intention of treating and ameliorating the condition, impeding the progression of metastasis, enhancing immune function, mitigating stress, and inducing relaxation. Recently, medicinal plants were combined with conventional chemotherapy to decrease the side effects and increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy. This study showed the effectiveness of gemcitabine (Gem) was significantly increased after being used together with ethyl acetate extract obtained from Vernonia amygdalina (Eav) leaves. The combination doses of Eav and Gem were determined based on cytotoxic activity using the MTT assay method. The anticancer effect of this combination was identified by several parameters including the apoptosis effect, anti-migration, and anti-invasion activities of PANC-1 cells. Furthermore, this effect was explained via protein expression evaluation using immunohistochemical and flow cytometry. The Eav has a better Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC50) than Gem of 21.19 ± 0.64 µg/mL and 164.78 ± 1.40 µg/mL. The combination of Eav and Gem at IC50 (1:1) has the strongest activity than Eav and Gem alone at 500.00 µg/mL. The anti-cancer effect of this combination showed significantly increased levels of apoptosis, particularly in the early phase of 17.46 ± 0.35 % (p < 0.0001) than Eav and Gem alone of 7.76 ± 0.25 % and 7.06 ± 0.20 %. A similar impact was evaluated in the migration and invasion of PANC-1 cells after the combination treatment. The % relative migration and cell invasion were significantly decreased compared to the control group and Eav or Gem alone by 21.49 ± 0.96 % and 125.25 ± 5.25 cells, respectively (p < 0.0001). This study found that signature molecules of VEGF, COX2, RAS, and MEK were down-regulated after treatment. Our study suggested that the Eav ameliorates the Gem effect against PANC-1 cells through apoptosis, migration, and invasion influence via RAS/MEK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane Melita Keliat
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Analysis, Faculty of Vocational, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Fauzan Lubis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
| | - Annisa Nasution
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
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8
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Deschênes-Simard X, Malleshaiah M, Ferbeyre G. Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases: One Pathway, Multiple Fates. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:95. [PMID: 38201521 PMCID: PMC10778234 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted aspects of ERK signaling and the intricate mechanisms underlying distinct cellular fates. ERK1 and ERK2 (ERK) govern proliferation, transformation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, differentiation, senescence, or cell death, contingent upon activation strength, duration, and context. The biochemical mechanisms underlying these outcomes are inadequately understood, shaped by signaling feedback and the spatial localization of ERK activation. Generally, ERK activation aligns with the Goldilocks principle in cell fate determination. Inadequate or excessive ERK activity hinders cell proliferation, while balanced activation promotes both cell proliferation and survival. Unraveling the intricacies of how the degree of ERK activation dictates cell fate requires deciphering mechanisms encompassing protein stability, transcription factors downstream of ERK, and the chromatin landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Deschênes-Simard
- Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Mohan Malleshaiah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Gerardo Ferbeyre
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
- Montreal Cancer Institute, CR-CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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9
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Seyhan AA. Circulating microRNAs as Potential Biomarkers in Pancreatic Cancer-Advances and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13340. [PMID: 37686149 PMCID: PMC10488102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent unmet need for robust and reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of response to specific treatments of many aggressive and deadly cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, and liquid biopsy-based miRNA profiling has the potential for this. MiRNAs are a subset of non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of a multitude of genes post-transcriptionally and thus are potential diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers and have also emerged as potential therapeutics. Because miRNAs are involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of their target mRNAs via repressing gene expression, defects in miRNA biogenesis pathway and miRNA expression perturb the expression of a multitude of oncogenic or tumor-suppressive genes that are involved in the pathogenesis of various cancers. As such, numerous miRNAs have been identified to be downregulated or upregulated in many cancers, functioning as either oncomes or oncosuppressor miRs. Moreover, dysregulation of miRNA biogenesis pathways can also change miRNA expression and function in cancer. Profiling of dysregulated miRNAs in pancreatic cancer has been shown to correlate with disease diagnosis, indicate optimal treatment options and predict response to a specific therapy. Specific miRNA signatures can track the stages of pancreatic cancer and hold potential as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive markers, as well as therapeutics such as miRNA mimics and miRNA inhibitors (antagomirs). Furthermore, identified specific miRNAs and genes they regulate in pancreatic cancer along with downstream pathways can be used as potential therapeutic targets. However, a limited understanding and validation of the specific roles of miRNAs, lack of tissue specificity, methodological, technical, or analytical reproducibility, harmonization of miRNA isolation and quantification methods, the use of standard operating procedures, and the availability of automated and standardized assays to improve reproducibility between independent studies limit bench-to-bedside translation of the miRNA biomarkers for clinical applications. Here I review recent findings on miRNAs in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis and their potential as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila A. Seyhan
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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10
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Shui B, Beyett TS, Chen Z, Li X, La Rocca G, Gazlay WM, Eck MJ, Lau KS, Ventura A, Haigis KM. Oncogenic K-Ras suppresses global miRNA function. Mol Cell 2023; 83:2509-2523.e13. [PMID: 37402366 PMCID: PMC10527862 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
K-Ras frequently acquires gain-of-function mutations (K-RasG12D being the most common) that trigger significant transcriptomic and proteomic changes to drive tumorigenesis. Nevertheless, oncogenic K-Ras-induced dysregulation of post-transcriptional regulators such as microRNAs (miRNAs) during oncogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we report that K-RasG12D promotes global suppression of miRNA activity, resulting in the upregulation of hundreds of targets. We constructed a comprehensive profile of physiological miRNA targets in mouse colonic epithelium and tumors expressing K-RasG12D using Halo-enhanced Argonaute pull-down. Combining this with parallel datasets of chromatin accessibility, transcriptome, and proteome, we uncovered that K-RasG12D suppressed the expression of Csnk1a1 and Csnk2a1, subsequently decreasing Ago2 phosphorylation at Ser825/829/832/835. Hypo-phosphorylated Ago2 increased binding to mRNAs while reducing its activity to repress miRNA targets. Our findings connect a potent regulatory mechanism of global miRNA activity to K-Ras in a pathophysiological context and provide a mechanistic link between oncogenic K-Ras and the post-transcriptional upregulation of miRNA targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Shui
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tyler S Beyett
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhengyi Chen
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gaspare La Rocca
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - William M Gazlay
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Michael J Eck
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ken S Lau
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrea Ventura
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kevin M Haigis
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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11
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Ekeuku SO, Etim EP, Pang KL, Chin KY, Mai CW. Vitamin E in the management of pancreatic cancer: A scoping review. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 15:943-958. [PMID: 37389119 PMCID: PMC10302993 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v15.i6.943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Research investigating effective management strategies for pancreatic cancer is ongoing. Vitamin E, consisting of both tocopherol and tocotrienol, has demonstrated debatable effects on pancreatic cancer cells. Therefore, this scoping review aims to summarize the effects of vitamin E on pancreatic cancer. In October 2022, a literature search was conducted using PubMed and Scopus since their inception. Original studies on the effects of vitamin E on pancreatic cancer, including cell cultures, animal models and human clinical trials, were considered for this review. The literature search found 75 articles on this topic, but only 24 articles met the inclusion criteria. The available evidence showed that vitamin E modulated proliferation, cell death, angiogenesis, metastasis and inflammation in pancreatic cancer cells. However, the safety and bioavailability concerns remain to be answered with more extensive preclinical and clinical studies. More in-depth analysis is necessary to investigate further the role of vitamin E in the management of pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Ogechi Ekeuku
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Effiong Paul Etim
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Lun Pang
- Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia, Iskandar Puteri 79200, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Chun-Wai Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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12
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Jiang Q, Zhang D, Liu J, Liang C, Yang R, Zhang C, Wu J, Lin J, Ye T, Ding L, Li J, Gao S, Li B, Ye Q. HPIP is an essential scaffolding protein running through the EGFR-RAS-ERK pathway and drives tumorigenesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade1155. [PMID: 37294756 PMCID: PMC10256163 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The EGFR-RAS-ERK pathway plays a key role in cancer development and progression. However, the integral assembly of EGFR-RAS-ERK signaling complexes from the upstream component EGFR to the downstream component ERK is largely unknown. Here, we show that hematopoietic PBX-interacting protein (HPIP) interacts with all classical components of the EGFR-RAS-ERK pathway and forms at least two complexes with overlapping components. Experiments of HPIP knockout or knockdown and chemical inhibition of HPIP expression showed that HPIP is required for EGFR-RAS-ERK signaling complex formation, EGFR-RAS-ERK signaling activation, and EGFR-RAS-ERK signaling-mediated promotion of aerobic glycolysis as well as cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. HPIP expression is correlated with EGFR-RAS-ERK signaling activation and predicts worse clinical outcomes in patients with lung cancer. These results provide insights into EGFR-RAS-ERK signaling complex formation and EGFR-RAS-ERK signaling regulation and suggest that HPIP may be a promising therapeutic target for cancer with dysregulated EGFR-RAS-ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Jiang
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Bejing 100850, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Deyu Zhang
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Bejing 100850, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Bejing 100850, China
- Department of Hematology, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Chaoyang Liang
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Bejing 100850, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ronghui Yang
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Outpatient Department, Jingnan Medical Area, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Bejing 100850, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Tianxing Ye
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Bejing 100850, China
| | - Lihua Ding
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Bejing 100850, China
| | - Jianbin Li
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Bejing 100850, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Binghui Li
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qinong Ye
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Bejing 100850, China
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13
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Bortoletto AS, Parchem RJ. KRAS Hijacks the miRNA Regulatory Pathway in Cancer. Cancer Res 2023; 83:1563-1572. [PMID: 36946612 PMCID: PMC10183808 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Extensive studies have focused on the misregulation of individual miRNAs in cancer. More recently, mutations in the miRNA biogenesis and processing machinery have been implicated in several malignancies. Such mutations can lead to global miRNA misregulation, which may promote many of the well-known hallmarks of cancer. Interestingly, recent evidence also suggests that oncogenic Kristen rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutations act in part by modulating the activity of members of the miRNA regulatory pathway. Here, we highlight the vital role mutations in the miRNA core machinery play in promoting malignant transformation. Furthermore, we discuss how mutant KRAS can simultaneously impact multiple steps of miRNA processing and function to promote tumorigenesis. Although the ability of KRAS to hijack the miRNA regulatory pathway adds a layer of complexity to its oncogenic nature, it also provides a potential therapeutic avenue that has yet to be exploited in the clinic. Moreover, concurrent targeting of mutant KRAS and members of the miRNA core machinery represents a potential strategy for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina S. Bortoletto
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ronald J. Parchem
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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14
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Holani R, Rathnayaka C, Blyth GA, Babbar A, Lahiri P, Young D, Dufour A, Hollenberg MD, McKay DM, Cobo ER. Cathelicidins Induce Toll-Interacting Protein Synthesis to Prevent Apoptosis in Colonic Epithelium. J Innate Immun 2022; 15:204-221. [PMID: 36116427 PMCID: PMC10643900 DOI: 10.1159/000526121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidin peptides secreted by leukocytes and epithelial cells are microbicidal but also regulate pathogen sensing via toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the colon by mechanisms that are not fully understood. Herein, analyses with the attaching/effacing pathogen Citrobacter rodentium model of colitis in cathelicidin-deficient (Camp-/-) mice, and colonic epithelia demonstrate that cathelicidins prevent apoptosis by sustaining post-transcriptional synthesis of a TLR adapter, toll-interacting protein (TOLLIP). Cathelicidins induced phosphorylation-activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-kinase, which phosphorylated-inactivated miRNA-activating enzyme Argonaute 2 (AGO2), thus reducing availability of the TOLLIP repressor miRNA-31. Cathelicidins promoted stability of TOLLIP protein via a proteosome-dependent pathway. This cathelicidin-induced TOLLIP upregulation prevented apoptosis in the colonic epithelium by reducing levels of caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 in response to the proinflammatory cytokines, interferon-γ (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Further, Camp-/- colonic epithelial cells were more susceptible to apoptosis during C. rodentium infection than wild-type cells. This antiapoptotic effect of cathelicidins, maintaining epithelial TOLLIP protein in the gut, provides insight into cathelicidin's ability to regulate TLR signaling and prevent exacerbated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Holani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chathurika Rathnayaka
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Graham A.D. Blyth
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anshu Babbar
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Priyoshi Lahiri
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel Young
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Morley D. Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derek M. McKay
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eduardo R. Cobo
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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15
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Bonczek O, Wang L, Gnanasundram SV, Chen S, Haronikova L, Zavadil-Kokas F, Vojtesek B. DNA and RNA Binding Proteins: From Motifs to Roles in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169329. [PMID: 36012592 PMCID: PMC9408909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA and RNA binding proteins (DRBPs) are a broad class of molecules that regulate numerous cellular processes across all living organisms, creating intricate dynamic multilevel networks to control nucleotide metabolism and gene expression. These interactions are highly regulated, and dysregulation contributes to the development of a variety of diseases, including cancer. An increasing number of proteins with DNA and/or RNA binding activities have been identified in recent years, and it is important to understand how their activities are related to the molecular mechanisms of cancer. In addition, many of these proteins have overlapping functions, and it is therefore essential to analyze not only the loss of function of individual factors, but also to group abnormalities into specific types of activities in regard to particular cancer types. In this review, we summarize the classes of DNA-binding, RNA-binding, and DRBPs, drawing particular attention to the similarities and differences between these protein classes. We also perform a cross-search analysis of relevant protein databases, together with our own pipeline, to identify DRBPs involved in cancer. We discuss the most common DRBPs and how they are related to specific cancers, reviewing their biochemical, molecular biological, and cellular properties to highlight their functions and potential as targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Bonczek
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute (MMCI), Zluty Kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umea University, 90187 Umea, Sweden
- Correspondence: (O.B.); (B.V.)
| | - Lixiao Wang
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umea University, 90187 Umea, Sweden
| | | | - Sa Chen
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umea University, 90187 Umea, Sweden
| | - Lucia Haronikova
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute (MMCI), Zluty Kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Zavadil-Kokas
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute (MMCI), Zluty Kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute (MMCI), Zluty Kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (O.B.); (B.V.)
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16
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Siebenaler RF, Chugh S, Waninger JJ, Dommeti VL, Kenum C, Mody M, Gautam A, Patel N, Chu A, Bawa P, Hon J, Smith RD, Carlson H, Cao X, Tesmer JJG, Shankar S, Chinnaiyan AM. Argonaute 2 modulates EGFR-RAS signaling to promote mutant HRAS and NRAS-driven malignancies. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac084. [PMID: 35923912 PMCID: PMC9338400 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Activating mutations in RAS GTPases drive nearly 30% of all human cancers. Our prior work described an essential role for Argonaute 2 (AGO2), of the RNA-induced silencing complex, in mutant KRAS-driven cancers. Here, we identified a novel endogenous interaction between AGO2 and RAS in both wild-type (WT) and mutant HRAS/NRAS cells. This interaction was regulated through EGFR-mediated phosphorylation of Y393-AGO2, and utilizing molecular dynamic simulation, we identified a conformational change in pY393-AGO2 protein structure leading to disruption of the RAS binding site. Knockdown of AGO2 led to a profound decrease in proliferation of mutant HRAS/NRAS-driven cell lines but not WT RAS cells. These cells demonstrated oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) as evidenced by β-galactosidase staining and induction of multiple downstream senescence effectors. Mechanistically, we discovered that the senescent phenotype was mediated via induction of reactive oxygen species. Intriguingly, we further identified that loss of AGO2 promoted a novel feed forward pathway leading to inhibition of the PTP1B phosphatase and activation of EGFR-MAPK signaling, consequently resulting in OIS. Taken together, our study demonstrates that the EGFR-AGO2-RAS signaling axis is essential for maintaining mutant HRAS and NRAS-driven malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jessica J Waninger
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Vijaya L Dommeti
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Carson Kenum
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Malay Mody
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Anudeeta Gautam
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nidhi Patel
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alec Chu
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Pushpinder Bawa
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jennifer Hon
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Heather Carlson
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xuhong Cao
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sunita Shankar
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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17
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Wang B, Wu HH, Abuetabh Y, Leng S, Davidge ST, Flores ER, Eisenstat DD, Leng R. p63, a key regulator of Ago2, links to the microRNA-144 cluster. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:397. [PMID: 35459267 PMCID: PMC9033807 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract As a key component of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), Argonaute2 (Ago2) exhibits a dual function regulatory role in tumor progression. However, the mechanistic basis of differential regulation remains elusive. p63 is a homolog of the tumor suppressor p53. p63 isoforms play a critical role in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Herein, we show that p63 isoforms physically interact with and stabilize Ago2. Expression of p63 isoforms increases the levels of Ago2 protein, while depletion of p63 isoforms by shRNA decreases Ago2 protein levels. p63 strongly guides Ago2 dual functions in vitro and in vivo. Ectopic expression of the miR-144/451 cluster increases p63 protein levels; TAp63 transactivates the miR-144/451 cluster, forming a positive feedback loop. Notably, miR-144 activates p63 by directly targeting Itch, an E3 ligase of p63. Ectopic expression of miR-144 induces apoptosis in H1299 cells. miR-144 enhances TAp63 tumor suppressor function and inhibits cell invasion. Our findings uncover a novel function of p63 linking the miRNA-144 cluster and the Ago2 pathway. Facts and questions Identification of Ago2 as a p63 target. Ago2 exhibits a dual function regulatory role in tumor progression; however, the molecular mechanism of Ago2 regulation remains unknown. p63 strongly guides Ago2 dual functions in vitro and in vivo. Unraveling a novel function of p63 links the miRNA-144 cluster and the Ago2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benfan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - H Helena Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Yasser Abuetabh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Sarah Leng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Sandra T Davidge
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology & Physiology, 232 Heritage Medical Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Elsa R Flores
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - David D Eisenstat
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Ave., University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, 11405 - 87 Ave., Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Roger Leng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada.
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18
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Pan S, Chen R. Pathological implication of protein post-translational modifications in cancer. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 86:101097. [PMID: 35400524 PMCID: PMC9378605 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) profoundly influence protein functions and play crucial roles in essentially all cell biological processes. The diverse realm of PTMs and their crosstalk is linked to many critical signaling events involved in neoplastic transformation, carcinogenesis and metastasis. The pathological roles of various PTMs are implicated in all aspects of cancer hallmark functions, cancer metabolism and regulation of tumor microenvironment. Study of PTMs has become an important area in cancer research to understand cancer biology and discover novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. With a limited scope, this review attempts to discuss some PTMs of high frequency with recognized importance in cancer biology, including phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, palmitoylation and ubiquitination, as well as their implications in clinical applications. These protein modifications are among the most abundant PTMs and profoundly implicated in carcinogenesis.
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19
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Dong XD, Zhang M, Cai CY, Teng QX, Wang JQ, Fu YG, Cui Q, Patel K, Wang DT, Chen ZS. Overexpression of ABCB1 Associated With the Resistance to the KRAS-G12C Specific Inhibitor ARS-1620 in Cancer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:843829. [PMID: 35281897 PMCID: PMC8905313 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.843829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The KRAS-G12C inhibitor ARS-1620, is a novel specific covalent inhibitor of KRAS-G12C, possessing a strong targeting inhibitory effect on KRAS-G12C mutant tumors. Overexpression of ATP-binding cassette super-family B member 1 (ABCB1/P-gp) is one of the pivotal factors contributing to multidrug resistance (MDR), and its association with KRAS mutations has been extensively studied. However, the investigations about the connection between the inhibitors of mutant KRAS and the level of ABC transporters are still missing. In this study, we investigated the potential drug resistance mechanism of ARS-1620 associated with ABCB1. The desensitization effect of ARS-1620 was remarkably intensified in both drug-induced ABCB1-overexpressing cancer cells and ABCB1-transfected cells as confirmed by cell viability assay results. This desensitization of ARS-1620 could be completely reversed when co-treated with an ABCB1 reversal agent. In mechanism-based studies, [3H] -paclitaxel accumulation assay revealed that ARS-1620 could be competitively pumped out by ABCB1. Additionally, it was found that ARS-1620 remarkably stimulated ATPase activity of ABCB1, and the HPLC drug accumulation assay displayed that ARS-1620 was actively transported out of ABCB1-overexpressing cancer cells. ARS-1620 acquired a high docking score in computer molecular docking analysis, implying ARS-1620 could intensely interact with ABCB1 transporters. Taken all together, these data indicated that ARS-1620 is a substrate for ABCB1, and the potential influence of ARS-1620-related cancer therapy on ABCB1-overexpressing cancer cells should be considered in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Duo Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao-Yun Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Qiu-Xu Teng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Jing-Quan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Yi-Ge Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Qingbin Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States.,School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ketankumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Dong-Tao Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
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20
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Waninger JJ, Beyett TS, Gadkari VV, Siebenaler RF, Kenum C, Shankar S, Ruotolo BT, Chinnaiyan AM, Tesmer JJ. Biochemical characterization of the interaction between KRAS and Argonaute 2. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 29:101191. [PMID: 34988297 PMCID: PMC8695255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in KRAS result in a constitutively active, GTP-bound form that in turn activates many proliferative pathways. However, because of its compact and simple architecture, directly targeting KRAS with small molecule drugs has been challenging. Another approach is to identify targetable proteins that interact with KRAS. Argonaute 2 (AGO2) was recently identified as a protein that facilitates RAS-driven oncogenesis. Whereas previous studies described the in vivo effect of AGO2 on cancer progression in cells harboring mutated KRAS, here we sought to examine their direct interaction using purified proteins. We show that full length AGO2 co-immunoprecipitates with KRAS using purified components, however, a complex between FL AGO2 and KRAS could not be isolated. We also generated a smaller N-terminal fragment of AGO2 (NtAGO2) which is believed to represent the primary binding site of KRAS. A complex with NtAGO2 could be detected via ion-mobility mass spectrometry and size exclusion chromatography. However, the data suggest that the interaction of KRAS with purified AGO2 (NtAGO2 or FL AGO2) is weak and likely requires additional cellular components or proteo-forms of AGO2 that are not readily available in our purified assay systems. Future studies are needed to determine what conformation or modifications of AGO2 are necessary to enrich KRAS association and regulate its activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J. Waninger
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Medical Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tyler S. Beyett
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Varun V. Gadkari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ronald F. Siebenaler
- Department of Medical Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carson Kenum
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sunita Shankar
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Arul M. Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John J.G. Tesmer
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, Indiana, USA
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21
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Tang H, Xue Y, Li B, Xu X, Zhang F, Guo J, Li Q, Yuan T, Chen Y, Pan Y, Ping Y, Li D. Membrane-camouflaged supramolecular nanoparticles for co-delivery of chemotherapeutic and molecular-targeted drugs with siRNA against patient-derived pancreatic carcinoma. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3410-3426. [PMID: 35967289 PMCID: PMC9366227 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide. The combination of the first-line standard agent gemcitabine (GEM) with the molecular-targeted drug erlotinib (Er) has emerged as a promising strategy for pancreatic cancer treatment. However, the clinical benefit from this combination is still far from satisfactory due to the unfavorable drug antagonism and the fibrotic tumor microenvironment. Herein, we propose a membrane-camouflaged dual stimuli-responsive delivery system for the co-delivery of GEM and Er into pancreatic cancer cells and tissues to block the antagonism, as well as reshapes profibrotic tumor microenvironment via simultaneous delivery of small interference RNA (siRNA) for synergistic pancreatic cancer treatment. This “all-in-one” delivery system exhibits sensitive GSH and pH-dependent drug release profiles and enhances the inhibitory effects on the proliferation and migration of tumor cells in vitro. Excitingly, the systemic injection of such a biomimetic drug co-delivery system not only resulted in superior inhibitory effects against orthotopic pancreatic tumor and patient-derived tumor (PDX), but also greatly extended the survival rate of tumor-bearing mice. Our findings provide a promising therapeutic strategy against pancreatic cancer through the enhanced synergistic effect of target therapy, chemotherapy and anti-fibrotic therapy, which represents an appealing way for pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanan Xue
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bowen Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fu Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jiajing Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qijun Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tingting Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yubin Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuan Ping
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Da Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Corresponding authors.
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22
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Yang YP, Lee ACL, Lin LT, Chen YW, Huang PI, Ma HI, Chen YC, Lo WL, Lan YT, Fang WL, Wang CY, Liu YY, Hsu PK, Lin WC, Li CP, Chen MT, Chien CS, Wang ML. Strategic Decoy Peptides Interfere with MSI1/AGO2 Interaction to Elicit Tumor Suppression Effects. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030505. [PMID: 35158774 PMCID: PMC8833744 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Peptide drugs that can specifically target undesirable protein–protein interactions that lead to oncogenic developments have emerged as the next era of future medicine for cancers. To combat GBM tumor progression, our study offers an alternative therapeutic strategy via targeting the protein–protein interaction between MSI1 and AGO2 with synthetic peptides identified from the C-terminus of MSI1 in peptide arrays. Our present data revealed for the first time that peptidic disruption to the MSI1/AGO2 complex known for promoting cancer stemness and progression could lead to encouraging therapeutic efficacy at both in vitro and in vivo levels. The significantly suppressed tumor growth and prolonged survival rates in PDX tumor models by decoy peptides evidently provided a new rationale for stratifying patients with MSI1/AGO2-targeted therapeutics. Abstract Peptide drugs that target protein–protein interactions have attracted mounting research efforts towards clinical developments over the past decades. Increasing reports have indicated that expression of Musashi 1 (MSI1) is tightly correlated to high grade of cancers as well as enrichment of cancer stem cells. Treatment failure in malignant tumors glioblastoma multiform (GBM) had also been correlated to CSC-regulating properties of MSI1. It is thus imperative to develop new therapeutics that could effectively improve current regimens used in clinics. MSI1 and AGO2 are two emerging oncogenic molecules that both contribute to GBM tumorigenesis through mRNA regulation of targets involved in apoptosis and cell cycle. In this study, we designed peptide arrays covering the C-terminus of MSI1 and identified two peptides (Pep#11 and Pep#26) that could specifically interfere with the binding with AGO2. Our Biacore analyses ascertained binding between the identified peptides and AGO2. Recombinant reporter system Gaussian luciferase and fluorescent bioconjugate techniques were employed to determine biological functions and pharmacokinetic characteristics of these two peptides. Our data suggested that Pep#11 and Pep#26 could function as decoy peptides by mimicking the interaction function of MSI1 with its binding partner AGO2 in vitro and in vivo. Further experiments using GMB animal models corroborated the ability of Pep#11 and Pep#26 in disrupting MSI1/AGO2 interaction and consequently anti-tumorigenicity and prolonged survival rates. These striking therapeutic efficacies orchestrated by the synthetic peptides were attributed to the decoy function to C-terminal MSI1, especially in malignant brain tumors and glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-P.Y.); (A.C.-L.L.); (Y.-C.C.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-W.C.); (P.-I.H.); (W.-L.L.); (Y.-T.L.); (W.-L.F.); (C.-Y.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (P.-K.H.); (C.-P.L.); (M.-T.C.)
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Andy Chi-Lung Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-P.Y.); (A.C.-L.L.); (Y.-C.C.)
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Ting Lin
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Yi-Wei Chen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-W.C.); (P.-I.H.); (W.-L.L.); (Y.-T.L.); (W.-L.F.); (C.-Y.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (P.-K.H.); (C.-P.L.); (M.-T.C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Pin-I Huang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-W.C.); (P.-I.H.); (W.-L.L.); (Y.-T.L.); (W.-L.F.); (C.-Y.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (P.-K.H.); (C.-P.L.); (M.-T.C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-I Ma
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-P.Y.); (A.C.-L.L.); (Y.-C.C.)
| | - Wen-Liang Lo
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-W.C.); (P.-I.H.); (W.-L.L.); (Y.-T.L.); (W.-L.F.); (C.-Y.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (P.-K.H.); (C.-P.L.); (M.-T.C.)
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Tzu Lan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-W.C.); (P.-I.H.); (W.-L.L.); (Y.-T.L.); (W.-L.F.); (C.-Y.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (P.-K.H.); (C.-P.L.); (M.-T.C.)
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Liang Fang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-W.C.); (P.-I.H.); (W.-L.L.); (Y.-T.L.); (W.-L.F.); (C.-Y.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (P.-K.H.); (C.-P.L.); (M.-T.C.)
- Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ying Wang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-W.C.); (P.-I.H.); (W.-L.L.); (Y.-T.L.); (W.-L.F.); (C.-Y.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (P.-K.H.); (C.-P.L.); (M.-T.C.)
- Division of Trauma, Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Education and Health, University of Taipei, Taipei 111, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Yang Liu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-W.C.); (P.-I.H.); (W.-L.L.); (Y.-T.L.); (W.-L.F.); (C.-Y.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (P.-K.H.); (C.-P.L.); (M.-T.C.)
- Chest Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Po-Kuei Hsu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-W.C.); (P.-I.H.); (W.-L.L.); (Y.-T.L.); (W.-L.F.); (C.-Y.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (P.-K.H.); (C.-P.L.); (M.-T.C.)
- Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Pin Li
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-W.C.); (P.-I.H.); (W.-L.L.); (Y.-T.L.); (W.-L.F.); (C.-Y.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (P.-K.H.); (C.-P.L.); (M.-T.C.)
- Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Teh Chen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-W.C.); (P.-I.H.); (W.-L.L.); (Y.-T.L.); (W.-L.F.); (C.-Y.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (P.-K.H.); (C.-P.L.); (M.-T.C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Shiu Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-P.Y.); (A.C.-L.L.); (Y.-C.C.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-W.C.); (P.-I.H.); (W.-L.L.); (Y.-T.L.); (W.-L.F.); (C.-Y.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (P.-K.H.); (C.-P.L.); (M.-T.C.)
- Correspondence: (C.-S.C.); (M.-L.W.); Tel.: +886-2-5568-1156 (M.-L.W.); Fax: +886-2-2875-7435 (M.-L.W.)
| | - Mong-Lien Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-P.Y.); (A.C.-L.L.); (Y.-C.C.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-W.C.); (P.-I.H.); (W.-L.L.); (Y.-T.L.); (W.-L.F.); (C.-Y.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (P.-K.H.); (C.-P.L.); (M.-T.C.)
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-S.C.); (M.-L.W.); Tel.: +886-2-5568-1156 (M.-L.W.); Fax: +886-2-2875-7435 (M.-L.W.)
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Shui B, La Rocca G, Ventura A, Haigis KM. Interplay between K-RAS and miRNAs. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:384-396. [PMID: 35093302 PMCID: PMC9035052 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
K-RAS is frequently mutated in cancers, and its overactivation can lead to oncogene-induced senescence (OIS), a barrier to cellular transformation. Feedback onto K-RAS limits its signaling to avoid senescence while achieving the appropriate level of activation that promotes proliferation and survival. Such regulation could be mediated by miRNAs, as aberrant RAS signaling and miRNA activity coexist in several cancers, with miRNAs acting both up- and downstream of K-RAS. Several miRNAs both regulate and are regulated by K-RAS, suggesting a noncoding RNA-based feedback mechanism. Functional interactions between K-RAS and the miRNA machinery have also begun to unfold. This review comprehensively surveys the state of knowledge connecting K-RAS to miRNA function and proposes a model for the regulation of K-RAS signaling by noncoding RNAs.
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24
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Venkat S, Alahmari AA, Feigin ME. Drivers of Gene Expression Dysregulation in Pancreatic Cancer. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:594-605. [PMID: 33618999 PMCID: PMC8217125 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a devastating disease with a poor prognosis. The functional consequences of common genetic aberrations and their roles in treatment strategies have been extensively reviewed. In addition to these genomic aberrations, consideration of non-genetic drivers of altered oncogene expression is essential to account for the diversity in PDAC phenotypes. In this review we seek to assess our current understanding of mechanisms of gene expression dysregulation. We focus on four drivers of gene expression dysregulation, including mutations, transcription factors, epigenetic regulators, and RNA stability/isoform regulation, in the context of PDAC pathogenesis. Recent studies provide much-needed insight into the role of gene expression dysregulation in dissecting tumor heterogeneity and stratifying patients for the development of personalized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Venkat
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Abdulrahman A Alahmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael E Feigin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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25
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Zheng M, Huo J, Gu X, Wang Y, Wu C, Zhang Q, Wang W, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhou X, Chen L, Zhou Y, Li H. Rational Design and Synthesis of Novel Dual PROTACs for Simultaneous Degradation of EGFR and PARP. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7839-7852. [PMID: 34038131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the success of dual-targeting drugs, especially bispecific antibodies, we propose to combine the concept of proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) and dual targeting to design and synthesize dual PROTAC molecules with the function of degrading two completely different types of targets simultaneously. A library of novel dual-targeting PROTAC molecules has been rationally designed and prepared. A convergent synthetic strategy has been utilized to achieve high synthetic efficiency. These dual PROTAC structures are characterized using trifunctional natural amino acids as star-type core linkers to connect two independent inhibitors and E3 ligands together. In this study, gefitinib, olaparib, and CRBN or VHL E3 ligands were used as substrates to synthesize novel dual PROTACs. They successfully degraded both the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) simultaneously in cancer cells. Being the first successful example of dual PROTACs, this technique will greatly widen the range of application of the PROTAC method and open up a new field for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhu Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji-Rongcheng Center for Biomedicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Junfeng Huo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji-Rongcheng Center for Biomedicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaoxia Gu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji-Rongcheng Center for Biomedicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Canrong Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji-Rongcheng Center for Biomedicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qingzhe Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji-Rongcheng Center for Biomedicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Wang Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji-Rongcheng Center for Biomedicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xuechen Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji-Rongcheng Center for Biomedicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yirong Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji-Rongcheng Center for Biomedicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hua Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji-Rongcheng Center for Biomedicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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26
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Tien JCY, Chugh S, Goodrum AE, Cheng Y, Mannan R, Zhang Y, Wang L, Dommeti VL, Wang X, Xu A, Hon J, Kenum C, Su F, Wang R, Cao X, Shankar S, Chinnaiyan AM. AGO2 promotes tumor progression in KRAS-driven mouse models of non-small cell lung cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2026104118. [PMID: 33972443 PMCID: PMC8157917 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026104118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the deadliest malignancy in the United States. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of cases and is frequently driven by activating mutations in the gene encoding the KRAS GTPase (e.g., KRASG12D). Our previous work demonstrated that Argonaute 2 (AGO2)-a component of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)-physically interacts with RAS and promotes its downstream signaling. We therefore hypothesized that AGO2 could promote KRASG12D-dependent NSCLC in vivo. To test the hypothesis, we evaluated the impact of Ago2 knockout in the KPC (LSL-KrasG12D/+;p53f/f;Cre) mouse model of NSCLC. In KPC mice, intratracheal delivery of adenoviral Cre drives lung-specific expression of a stop-floxed KRASG12D allele and biallelic ablation of p53 Simultaneous biallelic ablation of floxed Ago2 inhibited KPC lung nodule growth while reducing proliferative index and improving pathological grade. We next applied the KPHetC model, in which the Clara cell-specific CCSP-driven Cre activates KRASG12D and ablates a single p53 allele. In these mice, Ago2 ablation also reduced tumor size and grade. In both models, Ago2 knockout inhibited ERK phosphorylation (pERK) in tumor cells, indicating impaired KRAS signaling. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of KPC nodules and nodule-derived organoids demonstrated impaired canonical KRAS signaling with Ago2 ablation. Strikingly, accumulation of pERK in KPC organoids depended on physical interaction of AGO2 and KRAS. Taken together, our data demonstrate a pathogenic role for AGO2 in KRAS-dependent NSCLC. Given the prevalence of this malignancy and current difficulties in therapeutically targeting KRAS signaling, our work may have future translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Ching-Yi Tien
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Seema Chugh
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Andrew E Goodrum
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Yunhui Cheng
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Rahul Mannan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Lisha Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Vijaya L Dommeti
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Alice Xu
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jennifer Hon
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Carson Kenum
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Fengyun Su
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Rui Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Xuhong Cao
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Sunita Shankar
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Jin S, Zhan J, Zhou Y. Argonaute proteins: structures and their endonuclease activity. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4837-4849. [PMID: 34117606 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06476-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Argonaute proteins are highly conserved and widely expressed in almost all organisms. They not only play a critical role in the biogenesis of small RNAs but also defend against invading nucleic acids via small RNA or DNA-mediated gene silencing pathways. One functional mechanism of Argonaute proteins is acting as a nucleic-acid-guided endonuclease, which can cleave targets complementary to DNA or RNA guides. The cleavage then leads to translational silencing directly or indirectly by recruiting additional silencing proteins. Here, we summarized the latest research progress in structural and biological studies of Argonaute proteins and pointed out their potential applications in the field of gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Jin
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jian Zhan
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yaoqi Zhou
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Institute for Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Nowak I, Sarshad AA. Argonaute Proteins Take Center Stage in Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040788. [PMID: 33668654 PMCID: PMC7918559 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The dysregulation of RNA interference (RNAi) has often been observed in cancers, where the main focus of research has been on the small RNA molecules directing RNAi. In this review, we focus on the activity of Argonaute proteins, central components of RNAi, in tumorigenesis, and also highlight their potential applications in grading tumors and anti-cancer therapies. Abstract Argonaute proteins (AGOs) play crucial roles in RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) formation and activity. AGOs loaded with small RNA molecules (miRNA or siRNA) either catalyze endoribonucleolytic cleavage of target RNAs or recruit factors responsible for translational silencing and target destabilization. miRNAs are well characterized and broadly studied in tumorigenesis; nevertheless, the functions of the AGOs in cancers have lagged behind. Here, we discuss the current state of knowledge on the role of AGOs in tumorigenesis, highlighting canonical and non-canonical functions of AGOs in cancer cells, as well as the biomarker potential of AGO expression in different of tumor types. Furthermore, we point to the possible application of the AGOs in development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Nowak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aishe A. Sarshad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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