1
|
Yuan Y, Zhang K, Wu Q, Burokur SN, Genevet P. Reaching the efficiency limit of arbitrary polarization transformation with non-orthogonal metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6682. [PMID: 39107269 PMCID: PMC11303807 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Polarization transformation is at the foundation of modern applications in photonics and quantum optics. Notwithstanding their applicative interests, basic theoretical and experimental efforts are still needed to exploit the full potential of polarization optics. Here, we reveal that the coherent superposition of two non-orthogonal eigen-states of Jones matrix can improve drastically the efficiency of arbitrary polarization transformation with respect to classical orthogonal polarization optics. By exploiting metasurface with stacking and twisted configuration, we have implemented a powerful configuration, termed "non-orthogonal metasurfaces", and have experimentally demonstrated arbitrary input-output polarization modulation reaching nearly 100% transmission efficiency in a broadband and angle-insensitive manner. Additionally, we have proposed a routing methodology to project independent phase holograms with quadruplex circular polarization components. Our results outline a powerful paradigm to achieve extremely efficient polarization optics, and polarization multiplexing for communication and information encryption at microwave and optical frequencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueyi Yuan
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Kuang Zhang
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China.
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China
| | | | - Patrice Genevet
- Physics department, Colorado School of Mines, 1523 Illinois, St, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zeng J, Zhang J, Dong Y, Wang J. Full-Dimensional Geometric-Phase Spatial Light Metamodulation. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 38949164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Full-dimensional spatial light modulation requires simultaneous, arbitrary, and independent manipulation of the spatial phase, amplitude, and polarization. This is crucial for leveraging the complete physical dimension resources of light. However, full-dimensional metamodulation can be challenging due to the need for multiple independent control factors. To address this challenge, here we propose parallel-tasking metasurfaces to enable full-dimensional spatial light metamodulation based fully on the geometric-phase concept. Indeed, the meta-atoms are divided into several subphases, each of which serves as an independent control factor to manipulate light phase, amplitude, and polarization through geometric phase, interference, and orthogonal polarization superposition, respectively. Therefore, the macroscopic group of meta-atoms leads to metasurfaces that can achieve broadband full-dimensional spatial light metamodulation, as demonstrated by various types of structured light generation. This approach paves the way to future wide applications of light manipulation enabled by full-dimensional spatial light metamodulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Zeng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 Hubei, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan, 430074 Hubei, China
| | - Jinrun Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 Hubei, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan, 430074 Hubei, China
| | - Yajuan Dong
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 Hubei, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan, 430074 Hubei, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 Hubei, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan, 430074 Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou W, Zhu S, Zhang Z, Zhu R, Chen B, Zhao J, Wei X, Lu H, Zheng B. Time-varying metasurface driven broadband radar jamming and deceptions. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:17911-17921. [PMID: 38858959 DOI: 10.1364/oe.521602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Conventional radar jamming and deception systems typically necessitate the custom design of complex circuits and algorithms to transmit an additional radio signal toward a detector. Consequently, they are often cumbersome, energy-intensive, and difficult to operate in broadband electromagnetic environment. With the ongoing trend of miniaturization of various devices and the improvement of radar system performance, traditional techniques no longer meet the requirements for broadband, seamless integration, and energy efficiency. Time-varying metasurfaces, capable of manipulating electromagnetic parameters in both temporal and spatial domains, have thus inspired many contemporary research studies to revisit established fields. In this paper, we introduce a time-varying metasurface driven radar jamming and deception system (TVM-RJD), which can perfectly overcome the aforementioned intrinsic challenges. Leveraging a programmable bias voltage, the TVM-RJD can alter the spectrum distribution of incident waves, thereby deceiving radar into making erroneous judgments about the target's location. Experimental outcomes affirm that the accuracy deviation of the TVM-RJD system is less than 0.368 meters, while achieving a remarkable frequency conversion efficiency of up to 96.67%. The TVM-RJD heralds the expansion into a wider application of electromagnetic spatiotemporal manipulation, paving the way for advancements in electromagnetic illusion, radar invisibility, etc.
Collapse
|
4
|
Yin Y, Jiang Q, Wang H, Liu J, Xie Y, Wang Q, Wang Y, Huang L. Multi-Dimensional Multiplexed Metasurface Holography by Inverse Design. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312303. [PMID: 38372628 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Multi-dimensional multiplexed metasurface holography extends holographic information capacity and promises revolutionary advancements for vivid imaging, information storage, and encryption. However, achieving multifunctional metasurface holography by forward design method is still difficult because it relies heavily on Jones matrix engineering, which places high demands on physical knowledge and processing technology. To break these limitations and simplify the design process, here, an end-to-end inverse design framework is proposed. By directly linking the metasurface to the reconstructed images and employing a loss function to guide the update of metasurface, the calculation of hologram can be omitted; thus, greatly simplifying the design process. In addition, the requirements on the completeness of meta-library can also be significantly reduced, allowing multi-channel hologram to be achieved using meta-atoms with only two degrees of freedom, which is very friendly to processing. By exploiting the proposed method, metasurface hologram containing up to 12 channels of multi-wavelength, multi-plane, and multi-polarization is designed and experimentally demonstrated, which exhibits the state-of-the-art information multiplexing capacity of the metasurface composed of simple meta-atoms. This method is conducive to promoting the intelligent design of multifunctional meta-devices, and it is expected to eventually accelerate the application of meta-devices in colorful display, imaging, storage and other fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongyao Yin
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qiang Jiang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianghong Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yiyang Xie
- Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Qiuhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yongtian Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lingling Huang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ouyang X, Du K, Zeng Y, Song Q, Xiao S. Nanostructure-based orbital angular momentum encryption and multiplexing. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38616650 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00547c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The orthogonality among the OAM modes provides a new degree of freedom for optical multiplexing communications. So far, traditional Dammann gratings and spatial light modulators (SLMs) have been widely used to generate OAM beams by modulating electromagnetic waves at each pixel. However, such architectures suffer from limitations in terms of having a resolution of only a few microns and the bulkiness of the entire optical system. With the rapid development of the electromagnetic theory and advanced nanofabrication methods, artificial nanostructures, especially optical metasurfaces, have been introduced which greatly shrink the size of OAM multiplexing devices while increasing the level of integration. This review focuses on the study of encryption, multiplexing and demultiplexing of OAM beams based on nanostructure platforms. After introducing the focusing characteristics of OAM beams, the interaction mechanism between OAM beams and nanostructures is discussed. The physical phenomena of helical dichroism response and spatial separation of OAM beams achieved through nanostructures, setting the stage for OAM encryption and multiplexing, are reviewed. Afterward, the further advancements and potential applications of nanophotonics-based OAM multiplexing are deliberated. Finally, the challenges of conventional design methods and dynamic tunable techniques for nanostructure-based OAM multiplexing technology are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ouyang
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Kang Du
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Yixuan Zeng
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Qinghai Song
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
- Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Shumin Xiao
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
- Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu H, Ye J, Xu P, Wu L, Xu Y, Qin Y. Vectorial holography over a multimode fiber. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:1798-1801. [PMID: 38560866 DOI: 10.1364/ol.513636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Vectorial holography through a strongly scattering medium can facilitate various applications in optics and photonics. However, the realization of vectorial holography with arbitrary distribution of optical intensity is still limited because of experimental noise during the calibration of vectorial transmission matrix (TM) and reconstruction noise during the retrieval of input wavefront for a given holographic target. Herein, we propose and experimentally demonstrate the vectorial holography with arbitrary distribution of optical intensity over a multimode fiber (MMF) using the Tikhonov regularization. By optimizing the noise factor, the performance of vectorial holography over an MMF is improved compared with the conjugate transpose and inverse TM methods. Our results might shed new light on the optical communication and detection mediated by MMFs.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ding Z, Su W, Ye L, Zhou Y, Li W, Zou J, Tang B, Yao H. Thermal controlled multi-functional metasurface for freely switching of absorption, reflection, and transmission. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:8460-8468. [PMID: 38410887 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05689a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their substantial electromagnetic (EM) wave manipulation capabilities. However, most previously documented metasurfaces have been limited to controlling just a single EM wave mode, encompassing transmission, reflection, or absorption. Such limitations have impeded the broader applications of metasurfaces. To address this issue, this study introduces a multi-functional metasurface (MFM) in the utilization of Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST), vanadium dioxide (VO2), and graphene. This novel design enables real-time control over the transmission, absorption, and reflection of EM waves as necessitated through thermal control, allowing for seamless transitions from complete transmission to complete reflection. Furthermore, this configuration achieves extensive broadband perfect absorption, spanning up to 1.83 THz. The optical response mechanism of this MFM across distinct operational modes is meticulously analyzed through electric field distribution. Remarkably, this proposed MFM exhibits polarization insensitivity and maintains good optical performance even under conditions of wide-angle incidence. With the ability to switch to different operating modes according to the needs of different environments, the proposed MFM has the potential to be used in a wide range of scenarios, including radar stealth, wireless communications, and military search.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Ding
- College of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211100, China.
| | - Wei Su
- College of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211100, China.
| | - Lipengan Ye
- College of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211100, China.
| | - Yuanhang Zhou
- College of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211100, China.
| | - Wenlong Li
- College of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211100, China.
| | - Jianfei Zou
- College of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211100, China.
| | - Bin Tang
- School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Hongbing Yao
- College of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sun X, Zhang X, Cheng B, Liu C, Zhu J. Mixed-state ptychography for quantitative optical properties measurement of vector beam. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:7207-7219. [PMID: 38439408 DOI: 10.1364/oe.516428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in ptychography have extended to anisotropic specimens, but vectorial reconstruction of probes owing to polarization aliasing remains a challenge. A polarization-sensitive ptychography that enables full optical property measurement of vector light is proposed. An optimized reconstruction strategy, first calibrating the propagation direction and then performing faithful retrieval, is established. This method avoids multiple image acquisitions with various polarizer configurations and significantly improves the measurement accuracy by correlating the intensity and position of different polarization components. The capability of the proposed method to quantify anisotropic parameters of optical materials and polarization properties of vector probe is demonstrated by experiment.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ivanic B, Barolak J, Car C, Clarke C, Goldberger D, Goeckeritz J, Meier A, Adams DE. At-focus scanning ptychography for high resolution imaging with a wide field of view. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:6555-6566. [PMID: 38439355 DOI: 10.1364/oe.511788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
From manufacturing to medicine, there is a demand for phase-resolved, high resolution imaging of large samples. Here we present at-focus scanning ptychography (AFSP), a novel ptychographic metrology station designed for high resolution imaging over a large field of view. AFSP builds on scanning ptychography, but samples remain stationary during the imaging process, allowing for in-situ imaging. We demonstrate a resolution of 44.19μm, present images of spherical and freeform optics with a FOV of over 4cm, and validate the fidelity of the AFSP system by comparing it to established commercial instruments. AFSP's comparable performance underscores its credibility as a valuable addition to quantitative phase imaging technologies.
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang Z, Huang PS, Lin YT, Qin H, Chen J, Han S, Huang W, Deng ZL, Li B, Zúñiga-Pérez J, Genevet P, Wu PC, Song Q. Asymmetric Full-Color Vectorial Meta-holograms Empowered by Pairs of Exceptional Points. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:844-851. [PMID: 38190513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Holography holds tremendous promise in applications such as immersive virtual reality and optical communications. With the emergence of optical metasurfaces, planar optical components that have the remarkable ability to precisely manipulate the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light on the subwavelength scale have expanded the potential applications of holography. However, the realization of metasurface-based full-color vectorial holography remains particularly challenging. Here, we report a general approach utilizing a modified Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm to achieve spatially aligned full-color display and incorporating wavelength information with an image compensation strategy. We combine the Pancharatnam-Berry phase and pairs of exceptional points to address the issue of redundant twin images that generally appear for the two orthogonal circular polarizations and to enable full polarization control of the vectorial field. Our results enable the realization of an asymmetric full-color vectorial meta-hologram, paving the way for the development of full-color display, complex beam generation, and secure data storage applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijin Yang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Po-Sheng Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tsung Lin
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Haoye Qin
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sanyang Han
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of NanoTech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zi-Lan Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bo Li
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jesús Zúñiga-Pérez
- Université Cote d'Azur, CNRS, CRHEA, Rue Bernard Gregory, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
- Majulab, International Research Laboratory IRL 3654, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Sorbonne Université, National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 117543
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Patrice Genevet
- Université Cote d'Azur, CNRS, CRHEA, Rue Bernard Gregory, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
- Physics Department, Colorado School of Mines, 1523 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Pin Chieh Wu
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Center for Quantum Frontiers of Research & Technology (QFort), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Meta-nanoPhotonics Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Qinghua Song
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li SL, Chen ZY, Chen P, Hu W, Huang C, Li SS, Hu X, Lu YQ, Chen LJ. Geometric phase-encoded stimuli-responsive cholesteric liquid crystals for visualizing real-time remote monitoring: humidity sensing as a proof of concept. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:27. [PMID: 38263398 PMCID: PMC10805905 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Liquid crystals are a vital component of modern photonics, and recent studies have demonstrated the exceptional sensing properties of stimuli-responsive cholesteric liquid crystals. However, existing cholesteric liquid crystal-based sensors often rely on the naked eye perceptibility of structural color or the measurement of wavelength changes by spectrometric tools, which limits their practical applications. Therefore, developing a platform that produces recognizable sensing signals is critical. In this study, we present a visual sensing platform based on geometric phase encoding of stimuli-responsive cholesteric liquid crystal polymers that generates real-time visual patterns, rather than frequency changes. To demonstrate this platform's effectiveness, we used a humidity-responsive cholesteric liquid crystal polymer film encoded with a q-plate pattern, which revealed that humidity causes a shape change in the vortex beam reflected from the encoded cholesteric liquid crystal polymers. Moreover, we developed a prototype platform towards remote humidity monitoring benefiting from the high directionality and long-range transmission properties of laser beams carrying orbital angular momentum. Our approach provides a novel sensing platform for cholesteric liquid crystals-based sensors that offers promising practical applications. The ability to generate recognizable sensing signals through visual patterns offers a new level of practicality in the sensing field with stimuli-responsive cholesteric liquid crystals. This platform might have significant implications for a broad readership and will be of interest to researchers working in the field of photonics and sensing technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Long Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhao-Yi Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Hu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaohong Huang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Technology and Applications, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Sen-Sen Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Technology and Applications, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Xuejia Hu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Technology and Applications, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Yan-Qing Lu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lu-Jian Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Technology and Applications, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Isnard E, Héron S, Lanteri S, Elsawy M. Advancing wavefront shaping with resonant nonlocal metasurfaces: beyond the limitations of lookup tables. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1555. [PMID: 38238406 PMCID: PMC10796368 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51898-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Resonant metasurfaces are of paramount importance in addressing the growing demand for reduced thickness and complexity, while ensuring high optical efficiency. This becomes particularly crucial in overcoming fabrication challenges associated with high aspect ratio structures, thereby enabling seamless integration of metasurfaces with electronic components at an advanced level. However, traditional design approaches relying on lookup tables and local field approximations often fail to achieve optimal performance, especially for nonlocal resonant metasurfaces. In this study, we investigate the use of statistical learning optimization techniques for nonlocal resonant metasurfaces, with a specific emphasis on the role of near-field coupling in wavefront shaping beyond single unit cell simulations. Our study achieves significant advancements in the design theoretical conception of resonant metasurfaces. For transmission-based metasurfaces, a beam steering design outperforms the classical design by achieving an impressive efficiency of 80% compared to the previous 23%. Additionally, our optimized extended depth-of-focus (EDOF) metalens yields a remarkable five-fold increase in focal depth, a four-fold enhancement in focusing power compared to conventional designs and an optical resolution superior to 600 cycle/mm across the focus region. Moreover, our study demonstrates remarkable performance with a wavelength-selected beam steering metagrating in reflection, achieving exceptional efficiency surpassing 85%. This far outperforms classical gradient phase distribution approaches, emphasizing the immense potential for groundbreaking applications in the field of resonant metasurfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Isnard
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, CNRS, LJAD, 06902, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
- THALES Research and Technology, 1 Avenue Augustin Fresnel, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Sébastien Héron
- THALES Research and Technology, 1 Avenue Augustin Fresnel, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Stéphane Lanteri
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, CNRS, LJAD, 06902, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Mahmoud Elsawy
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, CNRS, LJAD, 06902, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang Z, Huang PS, Lin YT, Qin H, Zúñiga-Pérez J, Shi Y, Wang Z, Cheng X, Tang MC, Han S, Kanté B, Li B, Wu PC, Genevet P, Song Q. Creating pairs of exceptional points for arbitrary polarization control: asymmetric vectorial wavefront modulation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:232. [PMID: 38177166 PMCID: PMC10766979 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44428-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Exceptional points (EPs) can achieve intriguing asymmetric control in non-Hermitian systems due to the degeneracy of eigenstates. Here, we present a general method that extends this specific asymmetric response of EP photonic systems to address any arbitrary fully-polarized light. By rotating the meta-structures at EP, Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase can be exclusively encoded on one of the circular polarization-conversion channels. To address any arbitrary wavefront, we superpose the optical signals originating from two orthogonally polarized -yet degenerate- EP eigenmodes. The construction of such orthogonal EP eigenstates pairs is achieved by applying mirror-symmetry to the nanostructure geometry flipping thereby the EP eigenmode handedness from left to right circular polarization. Non-Hermitian reflective PB metasurfaces designed using such EP superposition enable arbitrary, yet unidirectional, vectorial wavefront shaping devices. Our results open new avenues for topological wave control and illustrate the capabilities of topological photonics to distinctively operate on arbitrary polarization-state with enhanced performances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijin Yang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Po-Sheng Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tsung Lin
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Haoye Qin
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jesús Zúñiga-Pérez
- Université Cote d'Azur, CNRS, CRHEA, Rue Bernard Gregory, Sophia Antipolis, 06560, Valbonne, France
- Majulab, International Research Laboratory IRL 3654, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Sorbonne Université, National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuzhi Shi
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhanshan Wang
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xinbin Cheng
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Man-Chung Tang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sanyang Han
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Boubacar Kanté
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Pin Chieh Wu
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
- Center for Quantum Frontiers of Research & Technology (QFort), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
- Meta-nanoPhotonics Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Patrice Genevet
- Université Cote d'Azur, CNRS, CRHEA, Rue Bernard Gregory, Sophia Antipolis, 06560, Valbonne, France.
- Physics Department, Colorado School of Mines, 1523 Illinois St., Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| | - Qinghua Song
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Qiu Y, Wang Z, Weng Z, Ren ZC, Wang XL, Ding J, Wang HT. Single-shot measurement of the Jones matrix for anisotropic media using four-channel digital polarization holography. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:7890-7894. [PMID: 38038080 DOI: 10.1364/ao.499016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic measurement of the Jones matrix is crucial in investigating polarization light fields, which have wide applications in biophysics, chemistry, and mineralogy. However, acquiring the four elements of the Jones matrix instantly is difficult, hindering the characterization of random media and transient processes. In this study, we propose a single-shot measurement method of the Jones matrix for anisotropic media called "four-channel digital polarization holography" (FC-DPH). The FC-DPH system is created by a slightly off-axis superposition of reference light waves, which are modulated by a spatial light modulator (SLM), and signal light waves that pass through a Ronchi grating. The SLM enables flexible adjustment of the spatial carrier frequency, which can be adapted to different anisotropic media. The four elements of the Jones matrix can be obtained from the interferogram through the inverse Fourier transform. Optical experiments on anisotropic objects validate the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ferrand P, Mitov M. Extending the capabilities of vectorial ptychography to circular-polarizing materials such as cholesteric liquid crystals. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:5081-5084. [PMID: 37773390 DOI: 10.1364/ol.498655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The problem of imaging materials with circular-polarization properties is discussed within the framework of vectorial ptychography. We demonstrate, both theoretically and numerically, that using linear polarizations to investigate such materials compromises the unicity of the solution provided by this computational method. To overcome this limitation, an improved measurement approach is proposed, which involves specific combinations of elliptical polarizations. The effectiveness of this strategy is demonstrated by numerical simulations and experimental measurements on cholesteric liquid crystal films, which possess unique polarization properties. With the help of Pauli matrices algebra, our results highlight the technique's ability to discern between the different types of circular polarizers, uniform vs. non-uniform, and determine their handedness.
Collapse
|
16
|
So S, Mun J, Park J, Rho J. Revisiting the Design Strategies for Metasurfaces: Fundamental Physics, Optimization, and Beyond. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2206399. [PMID: 36153791 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the capabilities of metasurfaces in light modulation with subwavelength thickness have been proven, and metasurfaces are expected to miniaturize conventional optical components and add various functionalities. Herein, various metasurface design strategies are reviewed thoroughly. First, the scalar diffraction theory is revisited to provide the basic principle of light propagation. Then, widely used design methods based on the unit-cell approach are discussed. The methods include a set of simplified steps, including the phase-map retrieval and meta-atom unit-cell design. Then, recently emerging metasurfaces that may not be accurately designed using unit-cell approach are introduced. Unconventional metasurfaces are examined where the conventional design methods fail and finally potential design methods for such metasurfaces are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunae So
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Mun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Park
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang Y, Zhang S, Liu M, Huo P, Tan L, Xu T. Compact meta-optics infrared camera based on a polarization-insensitive metalens with a large field of view. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:4709-4712. [PMID: 37656592 DOI: 10.1364/ol.499942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have recently emerged as a crucial tool because they achieve spherical-aberration-free focusing when exposed to normal incident light. Nevertheless, these metasurfaces often exhibit considerable coma when subjected to oblique incident light, thereby limiting their imaging field of view. In light of this, our study presents the design and an experimental demonstration of a polarization-insensitive, large-field-of-view metalens that uses a silicon metasurface. The metalens is specifically tailored to the long-wavelength infrared region and possesses a numerical aperture of 0.81, which is capable of focusing light at incident angles up to ±80°. Moreover, we successfully build a meta-optics camera by integrating the large field-of-view metalens on top of an image sensor, thus enabling wide-angle thermal imaging of practical scenes. This research provides new, to the best of our knowledge, insights for designing and realizing large-field-of-view optical systems and holds promise for applications in night vision imaging and security monitoring.
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang M, Lin Y, Wang M, Yi JM, Gao X, Li DY, Liu JP, Cao B, Wang CH, Wang JF, Xu K. Double-sided asymmetric metasurfaces achieving sub-microscale focusing from a GaN green laser diode. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:20740-20749. [PMID: 37381190 DOI: 10.1364/oe.493257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
We proposed and demonstrated a highly efficient sub-microscale focusing from a GaN green laser diode (LD) integrated with double-sided asymmetric metasurfaces. The metasurfaces consist of two nanostructures in a GaN substrate: nanogratings on one side and a geometric phase based metalens on the other side. When it was integrated on the edge emission facet of a GaN green LD, linearly polarized emission was firstly converted to the circularly polarized state by the nanogratings functioning as a quarter-wave plate, the phase gradient was then controlled by the metalens on the exit side. In the end, the double-sided asymmetric metasurfaces achieve a sub micro-focusing from linearly polarized states. Experimental results show the full width at half maximum of the focused spot size is about 738 nm at the wavelength 520 nm and the focusing efficiency is about 72.8%. Our results lay a foundation for the multi-functional applications in optical tweezers, laser direct writing, visible light communication, and biological chip.
Collapse
|
19
|
So S, Kim J, Badloe T, Lee C, Yang Y, Kang H, Rho J. Multicolor and 3D Holography Generated by Inverse-Designed Single-Cell Metasurfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208520. [PMID: 36575136 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Metasurface-generated holography has emerged as a promising route for fully reproducing vivid scenes by manipulating the optical properties of light using ultra-compact devices. However, achieving multiple holographic images using a single metasurface is still difficult due to the capacity limit of a single meta-atom. In this work, an inverse design method based on gradient-descent optimization is presented to encode multiple pieces of holographic information into a single metasurface. The proposed method allows the inverse design of single-cell metasurfaces without the need for complex meta-atom design strategies, facilitating high-throughput fabrication using broadband low-loss materials. By exploiting the proposed design method, both multiplane red-green-blue (RGB) color and three-dimensional (3D) holograms are designed and experimentally demonstrated. Multiplane RGB color holograms with nine distinct holograms are achieved, which demonstrate the state-of-the-art data capacity of a phase-only metasurface. The first experimental demonstration of metasurface-generated 3D holograms with completely independent and distinct images in each plane is also presented. The current research findings provide a viable route for practical metasurface-generated holography by demonstrating the high-density holography produced by a single metasurface. It is expected to ultimately lead to optical storage, display, and full-color imaging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunae So
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electro-Mechanical Systems Engineering, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chihun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang H, He P, Ou K, Hu Y, Jiang Y, Ou X, Jia H, Xie Z, Yuan X, Duan H. Angular momentum holography via a minimalist metasurface for optical nested encryption. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:79. [PMID: 36977672 PMCID: PMC10050323 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces can perform high-performance multi-functional integration by manipulating the abundant physical dimensions of light, demonstrating great potential in high-capacity information technologies. The orbital angular momentum (OAM) and spin angular momentum (SAM) dimensions have been respectively explored as the independent carrier for information multiplexing. However, fully managing these two intrinsic properties in information multiplexing remains elusive. Here, we propose the concept of angular momentum (AM) holography which can fully synergize these two fundamental dimensions to act as the information carrier, via a single-layer, non-interleaved metasurface. The underlying mechanism relies on independently controlling the two spin eigenstates and arbitrary overlaying them in each operation channel, thereby spatially modulating the resulting waveform at will. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate an AM meta-hologram allowing the reconstruction of two sets of holographic images, i.e., the spin-orbital locked and the spin-superimposed ones. Remarkably, leveraging the designed dual-functional AM meta-hologram, we demonstrate a novel optical nested encryption scheme, which is able to achieve parallel information transmission with ultra-high capacity and security. Our work opens a new avenue for optionally manipulating the AM, holding promising applications in the fields of optical communication, information security and quantum science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Technology, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060,, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng He
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Kai Ou
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yueqiang Hu
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou, 511300,, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Yuting Jiang
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiangnian Ou
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Honghui Jia
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou, 511300,, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhenwei Xie
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Technology, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060,, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaocong Yuan
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Technology, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060,, Guangdong, China
| | - Huigao Duan
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou, 511300,, Guangdong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fu P, Ni PN, Wu B, Pei XZ, Wang QH, Chen PP, Xu C, Kan Q, Chu WG, Xie YY. Metasurface Enabled On-Chip Generation and Manipulation of Vector Beams from Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2204286. [PMID: 36111553 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metasurface polarization optics that consist of 2D array of birefringent nano-antennas have proven remarkable capabilities to generate and manipulate vectorial fields with subwavelength resolution and high efficiency. Integrating this new type of metasurface with the standard vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) platform enables an ultracompact and powerful solution to control both phase and polarization properties of the laser on a chip, which allows to structure a VCSEL into vector beams with on-demand wavefronts. Here, this concept is demonstrated by directly generating versatile vector beams from commercially available VCSELs through on-chip integration of high-index dielectric metasurfaces. Experimentally, the versatility of the approach for the development of vectorial VCSELs are validated by implementing a variety of functionalities, including directional emission of multibeam with specified polarizations, vectorial holographic display, and vector vortex beams generations. Notably, the proposed vectorial VCSELs integrated with a single layer of beam shaping metasurface bypass the requirements of multiple cascaded optical components, and thus have the potential to promote the advancements of ultracompact, lightweight, and scalable vector beams sources, enriching and expanding the applications of VCSELs in optical communications, laser manipulation and processing, information encryption, and quantum optics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Pei-Nan Ni
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Tampere University, Tampere, 33720, Finland
| | - Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Xian-Zhi Pei
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Qiu-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Pei-Pei Chen
- Nanofabrication Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory for Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory for Nanosystems and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Qiang Kan
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wei-Guo Chu
- Nanofabrication Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory for Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory for Nanosystems and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yi-Yang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hou X, Vogelbacher F, Lai X, Li K, Song Y, Li M. Bioinspired multichannel colorful encryption through kirigami activating grating. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:276-283. [PMID: 36702683 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Optical encryption, exploiting degrees of freedom of light as parameters to encode and decode information, plays an indispensable role in our daily life. Responsive structural color materials can give real-time visible feedback to external stimuli and provide ideal candidates for optical encryption. However, the development of existing responsive structural color materials is hindered by poor repeatability and long feedback time. Meanwhile, there are only few strategies to exploit structural colors in multichannel information encryption. Herein, bioinspired by the structural color variation due to a change in angle arising from the movement of animal's scales or feathers, we developed a general multichannel information encryption strategy using a two-dimensional deformable kirigami arranging orientations of the grating arrays by design. The kirigami grating sheet shows rapid, repeatable, and programmable color change. This strategy utilizes the topological space deformation to guide the change of optical property, which suggests new possibilities for spatial and spectral encryption as well as mechano-sensing and camouflage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Hou
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Florian Vogelbacher
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xintao Lai
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaixuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold of the Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Antireflection of optical anisotropic dielectric metasurfaces. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1641. [PMID: 36717640 PMCID: PMC9887059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a hetero-nano-fin structure to further improve the efficiency of Pancharatnam-Berry phase metasurfaces. Two hetero-nano-fin types, MgF2/GaN and MgF2/Nb2O5, were investigated. The overall polarization conversion efficiency (PCE) improved from 52.7 to 54% for the MgF2/GaN nano-fin compared with the bare GaN nano-fin. The overall PCE of the Nb2O5 nano-fin was 1.7 times higher than that of the GaN nano-fin. The overall PCE improved from 92.4% up to 96% after the application of MgF2 antireflection. Moreover, the antireflection improves efficiency by an average of 4.3% in wavelengths from 450 to 700 nm. Although the increment of energy seems minimal, antireflection is crucial for a metasurface, not only enhancing efficiency but also reducing background signal of a meta-device.
Collapse
|
24
|
Ou X, Zeng T, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Gong Z, Fan F, Jia H, Duan H, Hu Y. Tunable Polarization-Multiplexed Achromatic Dielectric Metalens. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:10049-10056. [PMID: 36473130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tunable metasurfaces provide a compact and efficient strategy for optical active wavefront shaping. Varifocal metalens is one of the most important applications. However, the existing tunable metalens rarely serves broadband wavelengths restricting their applications in broadband imaging and color display due to chromatic aberration. Herein, an electrically tunable polarization-multiplexed achromatic metalens integrated with twisted nematic liquid crystals (TNLCs) in the visible region is demonstrated. The phase profiles at different wavelengths under two orthogonal polarization channels are customized by the particle swarm optimization algorithm and matched with the dielectric metaunits database to achieve polarization-multiplexed achromatic performance. By combining the broadband linear polarization conversion ability of TNLC, the tunability of varifocal achromatic metalens is realized by applying different voltages. Further, the electrically tunable customized dispersion-manipulated metalens and switchable color metaholograms are demonstrated. The proposed devices will accelerate the application of metasurfaces in broadband zoom imaging, AR/VR displays and spectral detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangnian Ou
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
| | - Tibin Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
| | - Yuting Jiang
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
| | - Zhongwei Gong
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
| | - Fan Fan
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
| | - Honghui Jia
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
| | - Huigao Duan
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou511300, China
| | - Yueqiang Hu
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
- Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optical Devices, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen518000, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ni PN, Fu P, Chen PP, Xu C, Xie YY, Genevet P. Spin-decoupling of vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers with complete phase modulation using on-chip integrated Jones matrix metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7795. [PMID: 36528625 PMCID: PMC9759547 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarization response of artificially structured nano-antennas can be exploited to design innovative optical components, also dubbed "vectorial metasurfaces", for the modulation of phase, amplitude, and polarization with subwavelength spatial resolution. Recent efforts in conceiving Jones matrix formalism led to the advancement of vectorial metasurfaces to independently manipulate any arbitrary phase function of orthogonal polarization states. Here, we are taking advantages of this formalism to design and experimentally validate the performance of CMOS compatible Jones matrix metasurfaces monolithically integrated with standard VCSELs for on-chip spin-decoupling and phase shaping. Our approach enables accessing the optical spin states of VCSELs in an ultra-compact way with previously unattainable phase controllability. By exploiting spin states as a new degree of freedom for laser wavefront engineering, our platform is capable of operating and reading-out the spin-momentum of lasers associated with injected spin carriers, which would potentially play a pivotal role for the development of emerging spin-optoelectronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Nan Ni
- grid.450300.2Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l’Hétéro-Epitaxie et ses Applications (CRHEA), Valbonne, France
| | - Pan Fu
- grid.28703.3e0000 0000 9040 3743Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Pei-Pei Chen
- grid.419265.d0000 0004 1806 6075Nanofabrication Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Xu
- grid.28703.3e0000 0000 9040 3743Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Yang Xie
- grid.28703.3e0000 0000 9040 3743Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Patrice Genevet
- grid.450300.2Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l’Hétéro-Epitaxie et ses Applications (CRHEA), Valbonne, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang HL, Ma HF, Cui TJ. A Polarization-Modulated Information Metasurface for Encryption Wireless Communications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2204333. [PMID: 36253137 PMCID: PMC9731708 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Programmable and information metasurfaces have shown great potentials in wireless communications, but there are few reports on encrypted communications. In this paper, a programmable polarization-modulated (PoM) information metasurface is proposed, which can not only customize arbitrarily linearly polarized reflected waves, but also modulate their amplitudes in real time. Based on this feature, a physical-level wireless communication encryption scheme is presented and experimentally demonstrated by introducing a meta-key, which can be encrypted and sent by the programmable PoM information metasurface. To be specific, the key is encoded and concealed into different linear polarization channels, and then modulated and transmitted by the information metasurface at the transmitting end. At the receiving end, the modulated signal can be received and decoded by using a pair of polarization discrimination antennas. A wireless transceiver system is established to verify the feasibility of the scheme. It is shown that, once the meta-key is obtained, the corresponding encrypted target information that has been sent to the user in advance can be recovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Hui Feng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhi J, Hu B, Guo Y, Sun Z, Wang X, Qiu Z, Ying H, Xu B. Generation of non-diffractive Lommel beams based on all-dielectric metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:42214-42223. [PMID: 36366679 DOI: 10.1364/oe.474951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lommel beam is a non-diffractive vortex beam of high concern recently, widely used in communication and turbulence studies. However, conventional methods of generating Lommel beams, such as using spatial light modulators (SLMs), are limited by their low resolution, poor phase manipulation, and small numerical aperture (NA). Here, non-diffractive Lommel beams based on all-dielectric metasurfaces are proposed. Using the Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase arrangement, the focal depth of the main lobe of the generated beam can reach 75 µm (∼119λ). Additionally, the broadband characteristics of the designed metasurface between 550 and 710 nm are observed. The resulting beam is demonstrated to show excellent self-healing properties by placing up obstacles. We also combine the phase of the Dammann grating with that of the Lommel beam to create a metasurface capable of producing a 1 × 4 Lommel beam array; the generated beams are still characterized by uniformity and non-diffraction. This study provides a new idea for Lommel beam generation with promising applications in optical communication, optical tweezers, and laser fabrication.
Collapse
|
28
|
Guo X, Li P, Zhong J, Wen D, Wei B, Liu S, Qi S, Zhao J. Stokes meta-hologram toward optical cryptography. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6687. [PMID: 36335215 PMCID: PMC9637117 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical cryptography manifests itself a powerful platform for information security, which involves encrypting secret images into visual patterns. Recently, encryption schemes demonstrated on metasurface platform have revolutionized optical cryptography, as the versatile design concept allows for unrestrained creativity. Despite rapid progresses, most efforts focus on the functionalities of cryptography rather than addressing performance issues, such as deep security, information capacity, and reconstruction quality. Here, we develop an optical encryption scheme by integrating visual cryptography with metasurface-assisted pattern masking, referred to as Stokes meta-hologram. Based on spatially structured polarization pattern masking, Stokes meta-hologram allows multichannel vectorial encryption to mask multiple secret images into unrecognizable visual patterns, and retrieve them following Stokes vector analysis. Further, an asymmetric encryption scheme based on Stokes vector rotation transformation is proposed to settle the inherent problem of the need to share the key in symmetric encryption. Our results show that Stokes meta-hologram can achieve optical cryptography with effectively improved security, and thereby paves a promising pathway toward optical and quantum security, optical communications, and anticounterfeiting. Achieving optical cryptography scheme with both high capacity and security is highly desirable. Here, authors report a Stokes meta-hologram with a hierarchical encryption strategy that allows vector encryptions to produce depth-masked ciphertexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuyue Guo
- Key Laboratory of light field manipulation and information acquisition, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of light field manipulation and information acquisition, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China.
| | - Jinzhan Zhong
- Key Laboratory of light field manipulation and information acquisition, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Dandan Wen
- Key Laboratory of light field manipulation and information acquisition, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Bingyan Wei
- Key Laboratory of light field manipulation and information acquisition, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of light field manipulation and information acquisition, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Shuxia Qi
- Key Laboratory of light field manipulation and information acquisition, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Jianlin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of light field manipulation and information acquisition, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shah YD, Dada AC, Grant JP, Cumming DRS, Altuzarra C, Nowack TS, Lyons A, Clerici M, Faccio D. An All-Dielectric Metasurface Polarimeter. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:3245-3252. [PMID: 36281330 PMCID: PMC9585641 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The polarization state of light is a key parameter in many imaging systems. For example, it can image mechanical stress and other physical properties that are not seen with conventional imaging and can also play a central role in quantum sensing. However, polarization is more difficult to image, and polarimetry typically involves several independent measurements with moving parts in the measurement device. Metasurfaces with interleaved designs have demonstrated sensitivity to either linear or circular/elliptical polarization states. Here, we present an all-dielectric meta-polarimeter for direct measurement of any arbitrary polarization state from a single-unit-cell design. By engineering a completely asymmetric design, we obtained a metasurface that can excite eigenmodes of the nanoresonators, thus displaying a unique diffraction pattern for not only any linear polarization state but all elliptical polarization states (and handedness) as well. The unique diffraction patterns are quantified into Stokes parameters with a resolution of 5° and with a polarization state fidelity of up to 99 ± 1%. This holds promise for applications in polarization imaging and quantum state tomography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yash D. Shah
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Adetunmise C. Dada
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - James P. Grant
- Microsystems
Technology Group, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - David R. S. Cumming
- Microsystems
Technology Group, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Charles Altuzarra
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Thomas S. Nowack
- Microsystems
Technology Group, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Ashley Lyons
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Matteo Clerici
- James
Watt School of Engineering, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Daniele Faccio
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Intaravanne Y, Wang R, Ahmed H, Ming Y, Zheng Y, Zhou ZK, Li Z, Chen S, Zhang S, Chen X. Color-selective three-dimensional polarization structures. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:302. [PMID: 36253356 PMCID: PMC9576785 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00961-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polarization as an important degree of freedom for light plays a key role in optics. Structured beams with controlled polarization profiles have diverse applications, such as information encoding, display, medical and biological imaging, and manipulation of microparticles. However, conventional polarization optics can only realize two-dimensional polarization structures in a transverse plane. The emergent ultrathin optical devices consisting of planar nanostructures, so-called metasurfaces, have shown much promise for polarization manipulation. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate color-selective three-dimensional (3D) polarization structures with a single metasurface. The geometric metasurfaces are designed based on color and phase multiplexing and polarization rotation, creating various 3D polarization knots. Remarkably, different 3D polarization knots in the same observation region can be achieved by controlling the incident wavelengths, providing unprecedented polarization control with color information in 3D space. Our research findings may be of interest to many practical applications such as vector beam generation, virtual reality, volumetric displays, security, and anti-counterfeiting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuttana Intaravanne
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Ruoxing Wang
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China
| | - Hammad Ahmed
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Yang Ming
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yaqin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhang-Kai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhancheng Li
- School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shuqi Chen
- School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Metasurface-driven full-space structured light for three-dimensional imaging. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5920. [PMID: 36216802 PMCID: PMC9550774 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Structured light (SL)-based depth-sensing technology illuminates the objects with an array of dots, and backscattered light is monitored to extract three-dimensional information. Conventionally, diffractive optical elements have been used to form laser dot array, however, the field-of-view (FOV) and diffraction efficiency are limited due to their micron-scale pixel size. Here, we propose a metasurface-enhanced SL-based depth-sensing platform that scatters high-density ~10 K dot array over the 180° FOV by manipulating light at subwavelength-scale. As a proof-of-concept, we place face masks one on the beam axis and the other 50° apart from axis within distance of 1 m and estimate the depth information using a stereo matching algorithm. Furthermore, we demonstrate the replication of the metasurface using the nanoparticle-embedded-resin (nano-PER) imprinting method which enables high-throughput manufacturing of the metasurfaces on any arbitrary substrates. Such a full-space diffractive metasurface may afford ultra-compact depth perception platform for face recognition and automotive robot vision applications. 3D depth sensing with structured light enables simultaneous imaging of multiple objects, but has limited field of view and low efficiency. Here, the authors demonstrate 3D imaging with scattered light from a metasurface composed of periodic supercells, covering a 180° field of view with a high-density dot array.
Collapse
|
32
|
Active multiband varifocal metalenses based on orbital angular momentum division multiplexing. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4292. [PMID: 35879316 PMCID: PMC9314414 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metalenses as miniature flat lenses exhibit a substantial potential in replacing traditional optical component. Although the metalenses have been intensively explored, their functions are limited by poor active ability, narrow operating band and small depth of field (DOF). Here, we show a dielectric metalens consisting of TiO2 nanofins array with ultrahigh aspect ratio to realize active multiband varifocal function. Regulating the orbital angular momentum (OAM) by the phase assignment covering the 2π range, its focal lengths can be switched from 5 mm to 35 mm. This active optical multiplexing uses the physical properties of OAM channels to selectively address and decode the vortex beams. The multiband capability and large DOFs with conversion efficiency of 49% for this metalens are validated for both 532 nm and 633 nm, and the incidence wavelength can further change the focal lengths. This non-mechanical tunable metalens demonstrates the possibility of active varifocal metalenses. A dielectric metalens consisting of ultrahigh aspect ratio TiO2 nanofins array is demonstrated to realize active multiband varifocal functionality. By regulating the orbital angular momentum, the focal length can be switched from 5 mm to 35 mm with large DOFs.
Collapse
|
33
|
An achromatic metafiber for focusing and imaging across the entire telecommunication range. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4183. [PMID: 35853875 PMCID: PMC9296535 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31902-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersion engineering is essential to the performance of most modern optical systems including fiber-optic devices. Even though the chromatic dispersion of a meter-scale single-mode fiber used for endoscopic applications is negligible, optical lenses located on the fiber end face for optical focusing and imaging suffer from strong chromatic aberration. Here we present the design and nanoprinting of a 3D achromatic diffractive metalens on the end face of a single-mode fiber, capable of performing achromatic and polarization-insensitive focusing across the entire near-infrared telecommunication wavelength band ranging from 1.25 to 1.65 µm. This represents the whole single-mode domain of commercially used fibers. The unlocked height degree of freedom in a 3D nanopillar meta-atom largely increases the upper bound of the time-bandwidth product of an achromatic metalens up to 21.34, leading to a wide group delay modulation range spanning from -8 to 14 fs. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of our compact and flexible achromatic metafiber for fiber-optic confocal imaging, capable of creating in-focus sharp images under broadband light illumination. These results may unleash the full potential of fiber meta-optics for widespread applications including hyperspectral endoscopic imaging, femtosecond laser-assisted treatment, deep tissue imaging, wavelength-multiplexing fiber-optic communications, fiber sensing, and fiber lasers.
Collapse
|
34
|
Hsu WL, Chen YC, Yeh SP, Zeng QC, Huang YW, Wang CM. Review of Metasurfaces and Metadevices: Advantages of Different Materials and Fabrications. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12121973. [PMID: 35745310 PMCID: PMC9231017 DOI: 10.3390/nano12121973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Flat optics, metasurfaces, metalenses, and related materials promise novel on-demand light modulation within ultrathin layers at wavelength scale, enabling a plethora of next-generation optical devices, also known as metadevices. Metadevices designed with different materials have been proposed and demonstrated for different applications, and the mass production of metadevices is necessary for metadevices to enter the consumer electronics market. However, metadevice manufacturing processes are mainly based on electron beam lithography, which exhibits low productivity and high costs for mass production. Therefore, processes compatible with standard complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor manufacturing techniques that feature high productivity, such as i-line stepper and nanoimprint lithography, have received considerable attention. This paper provides a review of current metasurfaces and metadevices with a focus on materials and manufacturing processes. We also provide an analysis of the relationship between the aspect ratio and efficiency of different materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Hsu
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (W.-L.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (S.P.Y.); (Q.-C.Z.)
| | - Yen-Chun Chen
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (W.-L.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (S.P.Y.); (Q.-C.Z.)
| | - Shang Ping Yeh
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (W.-L.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (S.P.Y.); (Q.-C.Z.)
| | - Qiu-Chun Zeng
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (W.-L.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (S.P.Y.); (Q.-C.Z.)
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.H.); (C.-M.W.)
| | - Chih-Ming Wang
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (W.-L.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (S.P.Y.); (Q.-C.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.H.); (C.-M.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mao N, Zhang G, Tang Y, Li Y, Hu Z, Zhang X, Li K, Cheah K, Li G. Nonlinear vectorial holography with quad-atom metasurfaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204418119. [PMID: 35617434 PMCID: PMC9295796 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204418119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vectorial optical holography represents a solution to control the polarization and amplitude distribution of light in the Fourier space. While vectorial optical holography has been experimentally demonstrated in the linear optical regime, its nonlinear counterpart, which can provide extra degrees of freedom of light-field manipulation through the frequency conversion processes, remains unexplored. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the nonlinear vectorial holography through the second harmonic generation process on a quad-atom plasmonic metasurface. The quad-atom metasurface consists of gold meta-atoms with threefold rotational symmetry. Based on the concept of nonlinear geometric phase, we can simultaneously manipulate the phase and amplitude of the left and right circularly polarized second harmonic waves generated from the quad-atom metasurface. By superposing the two orthogonal polarization components, the quad-atom metasurface can produce nonlinear holographic images with vectorial polarization distributions. The proposed metasurface platform may have important applications in vectorial polarization nonlinear optical source, high-capacity optical information storage, and optical encryption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningbin Mao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Physics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guanqing Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Physics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yutao Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zixian Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xuecai Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kingfai Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kokwai Cheah
- Department of Physics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guixin Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Novel Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
He H, Tang S, Zheng Z, Ding F. Multifunctional all-dielectric metasurface quarter-wave plates for polarization conversion and wavefront shaping. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:2478-2481. [PMID: 35561380 DOI: 10.1364/ol.456910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Different from conventional optical waveplates, which suffer from limited functionalities and bulky configurations, metasurfaces provide full-range birefringence control along with unprecedented capabilities of wavefront shaping at any wavelength range of interest with properly designed anisotropic meta-atoms, thereby resulting in miniaturized planar meta-waveplates with excellent and fancy functionalities beyond the conventional counterparts. In this Letter, we design a set of dielectric metasurface quarter-wave plates (QWPs) that enable efficient circular-to-linear polarization conversion along with complete phase control over the converted linearly polarized beam under circularly polarized (CP) excitation. Capitalizing on this meta-QWP platform, we numerically demonstrate two advanced multifunctional meta-QWPs (i.e., a beam-steerer and a focusing metalens) to generate different wavefronts with homogeneous and inhomogeneous linear polarization distributions under CP excitation, mimicking the functionalities of cascaded multi-stage optical components. Owing to the compactness, flexibility, and versatility, such meta-QWPs are capable of integrating more advanced applications in polarization optics.
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Flat optics has emerged as a key player in the area of structured light and its applications, owing to its subwavelength resolution, ease of integration, and compact footprint. Although its first generation has revolutionized conventional lenses and enabled anomalous refraction, new classes of meta-optics can now shape light and dark features of an optical field with an unprecedented level of complexity and multifunctionality. Here, we review these efforts with a focus on metasurfaces that use different properties of input light-angle of incidence and direction, polarization, phase distribution, wavelength, and nonlinear behavior-as optical knobs for tuning the output response. We discuss ongoing advances in this area as well as future challenges and prospects. These recent developments indicate that optically tunable flat optics is poised to advance adaptive camera systems, microscopes, holograms, and portable and wearable devices and may suggest new possibilities in optical communications and sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Dorrah
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tian J, Cao X, Liu T, Yang H, Li T, Li S, Lu J. Research on full-polarization electromagnetic holographic imaging based on quasi-symmetrical structure reconfigurable metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:10743-10757. [PMID: 35473034 DOI: 10.1364/oe.455076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the paper, a quasi-symmetrical structure reconfigurable metasurfaces (QSRMS) is proposed to generate the full-polarization electromagnetic (EM) holographic imaging. A combination of metasurfaces and varactor that involves the position and the gap of loading varactor is explored to achieve low-loss characteristics. The loading of the capacitor allows the element of reconfigurable metasurfaces (RMS) to present quasi-central symmetry, thus reducing the coupling between co- and cross-polarization. Therefore, the phase shift of 310° and the amplitude loss of 1.3 dB in the two orthogonal directions are acquired at 5.2 GHz. And the 3dB-loss bandwidth reaches 15.67%. Based on the dual-polarization QSRMS, the amplitude and phase modulation (APM) of the EM field are implemented simultaneously using L-BFGS-B algorithm. The implementation process of holographic imaging shows that all polarization state of the Poincaré sphere can be realized by designing the phase distribution of the QSRMS. Furthermore, the multi-polarization multiplexing holographic imaging is also investigated in this research, indicating that the polarization carrying capacity (PCC) can be enhanced by increasing the aperture of the metasurfaces. The results of simulation and experiment reveal that there will be a broad application prospect in next-generation large-scale, multi-channel EM intellisense systems.
Collapse
|
39
|
Kim G, Kim S, Kim H, Lee J, Badloe T, Rho J. Metasurface-empowered spectral and spatial light modulation for disruptive holographic displays. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4380-4410. [PMID: 35266481 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07909c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The holographic display, one of the most realistic ways to reconstruct optical images in three-dimensional (3D) space, has gained a lot of attention as a next-generation display platform for providing deeper immersive experiences to users. So far, diffractive optical elements (DOEs) and spatial light modulators (SLMs) have been used to generate holographic images by modulating electromagnetic waves at each pixel. However, such architectures suffer from limitations in terms of having a resolution of only a few microns and the bulkiness of the entire optical system. In this review, we describe novel metasurfaces-based nanophotonic platforms that have shown exceptional control of electromagnetic waves at the subwavelength scale as promising candidates to overcome existing restrictions, while realizing flat optical devices. After introducing the fundamentals of metasurfaces in terms of spatial and spectral wavefront modulation, we present a variety of multiplexing approaches for high-capacity and full-color metaholograms exploiting the multiple properties of light as an information carrier. We then review tunable metaholograms using active materials modulated by several external stimuli. Afterward, we discuss the integration of metasurfaces with other optical elements required for future 3D display platforms in augmented/virtual reality (AR/VR) displays such as lenses, beam splitters, diffusers, and eye-tracking sensors. Finally, we address the challenges of conventional nanofabrication methods and introduce scalable preparation techniques that can be applied to metasurface-based nanophotonic technologies towards commercially and ergonomically viable future holographic displays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyeongtae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seokwoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hongyoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jihae Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kim J, Jeon D, Seong J, Badloe T, Jeon N, Kim G, Kim J, Baek S, Lee JL, Rho J. Photonic Encryption Platform via Dual-Band Vectorial Metaholograms in the Ultraviolet and Visible. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3546-3553. [PMID: 35184548 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Metasurface-driven optical encryption devices have attracted much attention. Here, we propose a dual-band vectorial metahologram in the visible and ultraviolet (UV) regimes for optical encryption. Nine polarization-encoded vectorial holograms are observed under UV laser illumination, while another independent hologram appears under visible laser illumination. The proposed engineered silicon nitride, which is transparent in UV, is employed to demonstrate the UV hologram. Nine holographic images for different polarization states are encoded using a pixelated metasurface. The dual-band metahologram is experimentally implemented by stacking the individual metasurfaces that operate in the UV and visible. The visible hologram can be decrypted to provide the first key, a polarization state, which is used to decode the password hidden in the UV vectorial hologram through the use of an analyzer. Considering the property of UV to be invisible to the naked eye, the multiple polarization channels of the vectorial hologram, and the dual-band decoupling, the demonstrated dual-band vectorial hologram device could be applied in various high-security and anticounterfeiting applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmin Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhwa Seong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Nara Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongtae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Baek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Lam Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Shi Y, Zhou LM, Liu AQ, Nieto-Vesperinas M, Zhu T, Hassanfiroozi A, Liu J, Zhang H, Tsai DP, Li H, Ding W, Zhu W, Yu YF, Mazzulla A, Cipparrone G, Wu PC, Chan CT, Qiu CW. Superhybrid Mode-Enhanced Optical Torques on Mie-Resonant Particles. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1769-1777. [PMID: 35156826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Circularly polarized light carries spin angular momentum, so it can exert an optical torque on the polarization-anisotropic particle by the spin momentum transfer. Here, we show that giant positive and negative optical torques on Mie-resonant (gain) particles arise from the emergence of superhybrid modes with magnetic multipoles and electric toroidal moments, excited by linearly polarized beams. Anomalous positive and negative torques on particles (doped with judicious amount of dye molecules) are over 800 and 200 times larger than the ordinary lossy counterparts, respectively. Meanwhile, a rotational motor can be configured by switching the s- and p-polarized beams, exhibiting opposite optical torques. These giant and reversed optical torques are unveiled for the first time in the scattering spectrum, paving another avenue toward exploring unprecedented physics of hybrid and superhybrid multipoles in metaoptics and optical manipulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lei-Ming Zhou
- Department of Optical Engineering, School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583
| | - Ai Qun Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Manuel Nieto-Vesperinas
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Tongtong Zhu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Amir Hassanfiroozi
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jingquan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Din Ping Tsai
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hang Li
- School of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Weiqiang Ding
- School of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Ye Feng Yu
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Alfredo Mazzulla
- CNR Nanotec─Institute of Nanotechnology, S.S. Cosenza, Rende, CS 87036, Italy
| | - Gabriella Cipparrone
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci 31C, Rende, CS 87036, Italy
| | - Pin Chieh Wu
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - C T Chan
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Guo X, Zhong J, Li B, Qi S, Li Y, Li P, Wen D, Liu S, Wei B, Zhao J. Full-Color Holographic Display and Encryption with Full-Polarization Degree of Freedom. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2103192. [PMID: 34363242 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces provide a compact and powerful platform for manipulating the fundamental properties of light, and have shown unprecedented capabilities in both optical holographic display and information encryption. For increasing information display/storage capacity, metasurfaces with more polarization manipulation channel and full-color holographic functionality are now an urgent requirement. Here, a minimalist dielectric metasurface with the capability of full-color holography encoded with arbitrary polarization is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Without the daunting exploratory and computational problem in nanostructure searching, full-color holographic images can be multiplexed into arbitrary polarization channels through vectorial ptychography and k-space ptychography based on tetratomic macropixel geometric phase metasurfaces. Thanks to the full degree of freedom tuning in polarization and color spaces, the application scenarios such as holographic 3D imaging and information encryption are realized. The strategy exhibits promising potential in applications of 3Dl display, augmented/virtual reality, high-density data storage, and encryption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuyue Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Jinzhan Zhong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Bingjie Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Shuxia Qi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
- Xi'an Mingde Institute of Technology, Xi'an, 710124, China
| | - Peng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Dandan Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Bingyan Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Jianlin Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Jung C, Kim G, Jeong M, Jang J, Dong Z, Badloe T, Yang JKW, Rho J. Metasurface-Driven Optically Variable Devices. Chem Rev 2021; 121:13013-13050. [PMID: 34491723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Optically variable devices (OVDs) are in tremendous demand as optical indicators against the increasing threat of counterfeiting. Conventional OVDs are exposed to the danger of fraudulent replication with advances in printing technology and widespread copying methods of security features. Metasurfaces, two-dimensional arrays of subwavelength structures known as meta-atoms, have been nominated as a candidate for a new generation of OVDs as they exhibit exceptional behaviors that can provide a more robust solution for optical anti-counterfeiting. Unlike conventional OVDs, metasurface-driven OVDs (mOVDs) can contain multiple optical responses in a single device, making them difficult to reverse engineered. Well-known examples of mOVDs include ultrahigh-resolution structural color printing, various types of holography, and polarization encoding. In this review, we discuss the new generation of mOVDs. The fundamentals of plasmonic and dielectric metasurfaces are presented to explain how the optical responses of metasurfaces can be manipulated. Then, examples of monofunctional, tunable, and multifunctional mOVDs are discussed. We follow up with a discussion of the fabrication methods needed to realize these mOVDs, classified into prototyping and manufacturing techniques. Finally, we provide an outlook and classification of mOVDs with respect to their capacity and security level. We believe this newly proposed concept of OVDs may bring about a new era of optical anticounterfeit technology leveraging the novel concepts of nano-optics and nanotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunghwan Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongtae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyuck Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhaogang Dong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138634, Singapore
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138634, Singapore.,Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 487372, Singapore
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.,POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Song Q, Odeh M, Zúñiga-Pérez J, Kanté B, Genevet P. Plasmonic topological metasurface by encircling an exceptional point. Science 2021; 373:1133-1137. [PMID: 34516834 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj3179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Song
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Hétéro-Epitaxie et ses Applications, Rue Bernard Gregory, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Mutasem Odeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jesús Zúñiga-Pérez
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Hétéro-Epitaxie et ses Applications, Rue Bernard Gregory, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Boubacar Kanté
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Patrice Genevet
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Hétéro-Epitaxie et ses Applications, Rue Bernard Gregory, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tang J, Li Z, Wan S, Wang Z, Wan C, Dai C, Li Z. Angular Multiplexing Nanoprinting with Independent Amplitude Encryption Based on Visible-Frequency Metasurfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:38623-38628. [PMID: 34369745 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) metasurfaces hold great promise to enable multiplexing and multifunctional optical devices due to their artificial freedom in design, device miniaturization, etc. Various multiplexing and multifunctional metasurfaces have been extensively studied, including polarization multiplexing, wavelength multiplexing, and orbit angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing. However, due to the lack of angular encoding freedom, angular multiplexing switchable nanoprinting has rarely been studied or demonstrated yet to the best of our knowledge. Here, we realize angular multiplexing switchable nanoprinting functionality with independent amplitude encryption based on visible-frequency metasurfaces. By screening a large number of structural designs and breaking the angular correlation, we eventually obtain optimal metasurface designs to realize dual-channel arbitrary image encryption. Furthermore, we illustrate that the proposed scheme would serve as an optical information concealment/retrieval strategy by combining the structural color and amplitude modulation. Overall, we believe that angular multiplexing metasurfaces would easily find promising applications, including optical information encryption/concealment, multifunctional switchable devices, and advanced eyeglass-free three-dimensional (3D) stereoscopic displays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Tang
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shuai Wan
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zejing Wang
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chengwei Wan
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chenjie Dai
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhongyang Li
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Rubin NA, Zaidi A, Dorrah AH, Shi Z, Capasso F. Jones matrix holography with metasurfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg7488. [PMID: 34389537 PMCID: PMC8363145 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg7488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new class of computer-generated holograms whose far-fields have designer-specified polarization response. We dub these Jones matrix holograms. We provide a simple procedure for their implementation using form-birefringent metasurfaces. Jones matrix holography generalizes a wide body of past work with a consistent mathematical framework, particularly in the field of metasurfaces, and suggests previously unrealized devices, examples of which are demonstrated here. In particular, we demonstrate holograms whose far-fields implement parallel polarization analysis and custom waveplate-like behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noah A Rubin
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Aun Zaidi
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ahmed H Dorrah
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Zhujun Shi
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA 95014, USA
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lin CH, Chen YS, Lin JT, Wu HC, Kuo HT, Lin CF, Chen P, Wu PC. Automatic Inverse Design of High-Performance Beam-Steering Metasurfaces via Genetic-type Tree Optimization. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4981-4989. [PMID: 34110156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a genetic-type tree search (GTTS) algorithm combined with unsupervised clustering for the automatic inverse design of high-performance metasurfaces. With the proposed method, we realize highly directive beam-steering metasurfaces via the cooptimization of the amplitude and phase. In comparison with previous topology optimization approaches, the developed GTTS algorithm optimizes the organization of subwavelength nanoantennas and, thus, is applicable to the design of both passive and active metasurfaces. The optimized beam-steering metasurface specifically exhibits a nearly constant directivity when the steering angle varies from 5° to 30°. Furthermore, the optimized nonintuitive reflectance and phase profiles assist in achieving highly directive beam steering when the phase modulation range is <180°, which was previously challenging. Our approach can diminish the requirements of scattering light properties with substantially enhanced angular resolution of beam-steering metasurfaces, which enables the realization of high-performance metasurfaces that will be promising for a wide range of advanced nanophotonic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Miin Wu School of Computing, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jhao-Ting Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hao Chung Wu
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Ting Kuo
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Fu Lin
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Peter Chen
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Pin Chieh Wu
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Tian J, Cao X, Gao J, Li S, Yang H, ZHang Z, Han B. Reconfigurable time-frequency division multiplexing metasurface: giving a helping hand to high signal-to-noise ratio and high data holographic imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:20286-20298. [PMID: 34266121 DOI: 10.1364/oe.430176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A holographic imaging system based on reconfigurable time-frequency division multiplexing metasurface (RTFDMM) has been designed, in an attempt to address the problems of insufficient flexibility, low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and low data of traditional metasurface imaging devices. The modified Gerchberg-Saxton (MGS) algorithm in the front end of this system has been proposed to calculate the phase distribution required by the diffraction metasurface at the back end. The 1-bit low loss reconfigurable metasurface has been desiged in X-band. To obtain the best imaging results, the appropriate ranges of imazging distance, pixel size and resolution ratio are given by adjusting the phase distribution of metasurface. Based on the MGS algorithm and the 1-bit metasurface, the high-quality imaging system has been successfully established through the time-frequency division multiplexing (TFDM) technology. The high SNR imaging can be generated with the expansion of the time domain, while the high data imaging can be yielded with the quantization of the frequency domain. The proof-of-concept has demonstrated that the high data, high SNR, and high flexibility of the RTFDMM are critical technologies for the advancement of detection imaging equipment. Therefore, there are great possibilities for RTFDMM holographic imaging system to be applied in the intelligent detection platform in the future.
Collapse
|
49
|
Spägele C, Tamagnone M, Kazakov D, Ossiander M, Piccardo M, Capasso F. Multifunctional wide-angle optics and lasing based on supercell metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3787. [PMID: 34145275 PMCID: PMC8213840 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Metasurfaces are arrays of subwavelength spaced nanostructures that can manipulate the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light to achieve a variety of optical functions beyond the capabilities of 3D bulk optics. However, they suffer from limited performance and efficiency when multiple functions with large deflection angles are required because the non-local interactions due to optical coupling between nanostructures are not fully considered. Here we introduce a method based on supercell metasurfaces to demonstrate multiple independent optical functions at arbitrary large deflection angles with high efficiency. In one implementation the incident laser is simultaneously diffracted into Gaussian, helical and Bessel beams over a large angular range. We then demonstrate a compact wavelength-tunable external cavity laser with arbitrary beam control capabilities - including beam shaping operations and the generation of freeform holograms. Our approach paves the way to novel methods to engineer the emission of optical sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Spägele
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michele Tamagnone
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.
| | - Dmitry Kazakov
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marcus Ossiander
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marco Piccardo
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,CNST - Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Broadband decoupling of intensity and polarization with vectorial Fourier metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3631. [PMID: 34131125 PMCID: PMC8206126 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23908-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intensity and polarization are two fundamental components of light. Independent control of them is of tremendous interest in many applications. In this paper, we propose a general vectorial encryption method, which enables arbitrary far-field light distribution with the local polarization, including orientations and ellipticities, decoupling intensity from polarization across a broad bandwidth using geometric phase metasurfaces. By revamping the well-known iterative Fourier transform algorithm, we propose "à la carte" design of far-field intensity and polarization distribution with vectorial Fourier metasurfaces. A series of non-conventional vectorial field distribution, mimicking cylindrical vector beams in the sense that they share the same intensity profile but with different polarization distribution and a speckled phase distribution, is demonstrated. Vectorial Fourier optical metasurfaces may enable important applications in the area of complex light beam generation, secure optical data storage, steganography and optical communications.
Collapse
|