1
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McCallum M, Park YJ, Stewart C, Sprouse KR, Addetia A, Brown J, Tortorici MA, Gibson C, Wong E, Ieven M, Telenti A, Veesler D. Human coronavirus HKU1 recognition of the TMPRSS2 host receptor. Cell 2024:S0092-8674(24)00646-9. [PMID: 38964328 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The human coronavirus HKU1 spike (S) glycoprotein engages host cell surface sialoglycans and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) to initiate infection. The molecular basis of HKU1 binding to TMPRSS2 and determinants of host receptor tropism remain elusive. We designed an active human TMPRSS2 construct enabling high-yield recombinant production in human cells of this key therapeutic target. We determined a cryo-electron microscopy structure of the HKU1 RBD bound to human TMPRSS2, providing a blueprint of the interactions supporting viral entry and explaining the specificity for TMPRSS2 among orthologous proteases. We identified TMPRSS2 orthologs from five mammalian orders promoting HKU1 S-mediated entry into cells along with key residues governing host receptor usage. Our data show that the TMPRSS2 binding motif is a site of vulnerability to neutralizing antibodies and suggest that HKU1 uses S conformational masking and glycan shielding to balance immune evasion and receptor engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McCallum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cameron Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kaitlin R Sprouse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Amin Addetia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jack Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Cecily Gibson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Emily Wong
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Margareta Ieven
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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2
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Fernández I, Saunders N, Duquerroy S, Bolland WH, Arbabian A, Baquero E, Blanc C, Lafaye P, Haouz A, Buchrieser J, Schwartz O, Rey FA. Structural basis of TMPRSS2 zymogen activation and recognition by the HKU1 seasonal coronavirus. Cell 2024:S0092-8674(24)00647-0. [PMID: 38964326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The human seasonal coronavirus HKU1-CoV, which causes common colds worldwide, relies on the sequential binding to surface glycans and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) for entry into target cells. TMPRSS2 is synthesized as a zymogen that undergoes autolytic activation to process its substrates. Several respiratory viruses, in particular coronaviruses, use TMPRSS2 for proteolytic priming of their surface spike protein to drive membrane fusion upon receptor binding. We describe the crystal structure of the HKU1-CoV receptor binding domain in complex with TMPRSS2, showing that it recognizes residues lining the catalytic groove. Combined mutagenesis of interface residues and comparison across species highlight positions 417 and 469 as determinants of HKU1-CoV host tropism. The structure of a receptor-blocking nanobody in complex with zymogen or activated TMPRSS2 further provides the structural basis of TMPRSS2 activating conformational change, which alters loops recognized by HKU1-CoV and dramatically increases binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Fernández
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Structural Virology Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nell Saunders
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus & Immunity Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Duquerroy
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Structural Virology Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté des Sciences, Orsay, France
| | - William H Bolland
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus & Immunity Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Atousa Arbabian
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Structural Virology Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Eduard Baquero
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Nanoimaging core, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Blanc
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Lafaye
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3528, Antibody Engineering Facility-C2RT, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Haouz
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3528, Crystalogenesis Facility-C2RT, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus & Immunity Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus & Immunity Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.
| | - Félix A Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Structural Virology Unit, 75015 Paris, France.
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3
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Wang H, Liu X, Zhang X, Zhao Z, Lu Y, Pu D, Zhang Z, Chen J, Wang Y, Li M, Dong X, Duan Y, He Y, Mao Q, Guo H, Sun H, Zhou Y, Yang Q, Gao Y, Yang X, Cao H, Guddat L, Sun L, Rao Z, Yang H. TMPRSS2 and glycan receptors synergistically facilitate coronavirus entry. Cell 2024:S0092-8674(24)00656-1. [PMID: 38964329 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The entry of coronaviruses is initiated by spike recognition of host cellular receptors, involving proteinaceous and/or glycan receptors. Recently, TMPRSS2 was identified as the proteinaceous receptor for HCoV-HKU1 alongside sialoglycan as a glycan receptor. However, the underlying mechanisms for viral entry remain unknown. Here, we investigated the HCoV-HKU1C spike in the inactive, glycan-activated, and functionally anchored states, revealing that sialoglycan binding induces a conformational change of the NTD and promotes the neighboring RBD of the spike to open for TMPRSS2 recognition, exhibiting a synergistic mechanism for the entry of HCoV-HKU1. The RBD of HCoV-HKU1 features an insertion subdomain that recognizes TMPRSS2 through three previously undiscovered interfaces. Furthermore, structural investigation of HCoV-HKU1A in combination with mutagenesis and binding assays confirms a conserved receptor recognition pattern adopted by HCoV-HKU1. These studies advance our understanding of the complex viral-host interactions during entry, laying the groundwork for developing new therapeutics against coronavirus-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofeng Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaoce Liu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhuoqian Zhao
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China; Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yuchi Lu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China; Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dingzhe Pu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China; Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Zeyang Zhang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China; Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mengfei Li
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xuxue Dong
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China; Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Yinkai Duan
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yujia He
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qiyu Mao
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hangtian Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haoran Sun
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yihan Zhou
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiuna Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hongzhi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Luke Guddat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lei Sun
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Zihe Rao
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Haitao Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China.
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4
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Pronker MF, Creutznacher R, Drulyte I, Hulswit RJG, Li Z, van Kuppeveld FJM, Snijder J, Lang Y, Bosch BJ, Boons GJ, Frank M, de Groot RJ, Hurdiss DL. Sialoglycan binding triggers spike opening in a human coronavirus. Nature 2023; 624:201-206. [PMID: 37794193 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06599-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus spike proteins mediate receptor binding and membrane fusion, making them prime targets for neutralizing antibodies. In the cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, spike proteins transition freely between open and closed conformations to balance host cell attachment and immune evasion1-5. Spike opening exposes domain S1B, allowing it to bind to proteinaceous receptors6,7, and is also thought to enable protein refolding during membrane fusion4,5. However, with a single exception, the pre-fusion spike proteins of all other coronaviruses studied so far have been observed exclusively in the closed state. This raises the possibility of regulation, with spike proteins more commonly transitioning to open states in response to specific cues, rather than spontaneously. Here, using cryogenic electron microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that the spike protein of the common cold human coronavirus HKU1 undergoes local and long-range conformational changes after binding a sialoglycan-based primary receptor to domain S1A. This binding triggers the transition of S1B domains to the open state through allosteric interdomain crosstalk. Our findings provide detailed insight into coronavirus attachment, with possibilities of dual receptor usage and priming of entry as a means of immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti F Pronker
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Creutznacher
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ieva Drulyte
- Materials and Structural Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben J G Hulswit
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zeshi Li
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Snijder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yifei Lang
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Berend-Jan Bosch
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Raoul J de Groot
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Daniel L Hurdiss
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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5
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He WT, Li D, Baele G, Zhao J, Jiang Z, Ji X, Veit M, Suchard MA, Holmes EC, Lemey P, Boni MF, Su S. Newly identified lineages of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus exhibit respiratory phenotype. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead051. [PMID: 37711483 PMCID: PMC10499004 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine pathogens have a long history of zoonotic transmission to humans, occasionally leading to sustained outbreaks or pandemics. Through a retrospective epidemiological study of swine populations in China, we describe novel lineages of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) complex coronaviruses (CoVs) that cause exclusively respiratory symptoms with no signs of the neurological symptoms typically associated with classical PHEV infection. Through large-scale epidemiological surveillance, we show that these novel lineages have circulated in at least eight provinces in southeastern China. Phylogenetic and recombination analyses of twenty-four genomes identified two major viral lineages causing respiratory symptoms with extensive recombination within them, between them, and between classical PHEV and the novel respiratory variant PHEV (rvPHEV) lineages. Divergence times among the sampled lineages in the PHEV virus complex date back to 1886-1958 (mean estimate 1928), with the two major rvPHEV lineages separating approximately 20 years later. Many rvPHEV viruses show amino acid substitutions at the carbohydrate-binding site of hemagglutinin esterase (HE) and/or have lost the cysteine required for HE dimerization. This resembles the early adaptation of human CoVs, where HE lost its hemagglutination ability to adapt to growth in the human respiratory tract. Our study represents the first report of the evolutionary history of rvPHEV circulating in swine and highlights the importance of characterizing CoV diversity and recombination in swine to identify pathogens with outbreak potential that could threaten swine farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting He
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Dongyan Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Jin Zhao
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhiwen Jiang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science & Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute for Virology, Center for Infection Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Free University Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany
| | - Marc A Suchard
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, and Departments of Biomathematics and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | | | - Shuo Su
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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6
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Lashgari NA, Roudsari NM, Shamsnia H, Shayan M, Momtaz S, Abdolghaffari AH, Matbou Riahi M, Jamialahmadi T, Guest PC, Reiner Ž, Sahebkar A. Statins: Beneficial Effects in Treatment of COVID-19. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1412:457-476. [PMID: 37378783 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-28012-2_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The recent viral disease COVID-19 has attracted much attention. The disease is caused by SARS-CoV-19 virus which has different variants and mutations. The mortality rate of SARS-CoV-19 is high and efforts to establish proper therapeutic solutions are still ongoing. Inflammation plays a substantial part in the pathogenesis of this disease causing mainly lung tissue destruction and eventually death. Therefore, anti-inflammatory drugs or treatments that can inhibit inflammation are important options. Various inflammatory pathways such as nuclear factor Kappa B (NF-κB), signal transducer of activators of transcription (STAT), nod-like receptor family protein 3 (NLRP), toll-like receptors (TLRs), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways and mediators, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (INF-γ), cause cell apoptosis, reduce respiratory capacity and oxygen supply, eventually inducing respiratory system failure and death. Statins are well known for controlling hypercholesterolemia and may serve to treat COVID-19 due to their pleiotropic effects among which are anti-inflammatory in nature. In this chapter, the anti-inflammatory effects of statins and their possible beneficial effects in COVID-19 treatment are discussed. Data were collected from experimental and clinical studies in English (1998-October 2022) from Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser-Aldin Lashgari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Momeni Roudsari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedieh Shamsnia
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shayan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Momtaz
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Matbou Riahi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Paul C Guest
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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7
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Arumugam GS, Damodharan K, Doble M, Thennarasu S. Significant perspectives on various viral infections targeted antiviral drugs and vaccines including COVID-19 pandemicity. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:21. [PMID: 35838929 PMCID: PMC9283561 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A virus enters a living organism and recruits host metabolism to reproduce its own genome and proteins. The viral infections are intricate and cannot be completely removed through existing antiviral drugs. For example, the herpes, influenza, hepatitis and human immunodeficiency viruses are a few dreadful ones amongst them. Significant studies are needed to understand the viral entry and their growth in host cells to design effective antivirals. This review emphasizes the range of therapeutical antiviral drugs, inhibitors along with vaccines to fight against viral pathogens, especially for combating COVID-19. Moreover, we have provided the basic and in depth information about viral targets, drugs availability, their mechanisms of action, method of prevention of viral diseases and highlighted the significances of anticoagulants, convalescent plasma for COVID-19 treatment, scientific details of airborne transmission, characteristics of antiviral drug delivery using nanoparticles/carriers, nanoemulsions, nanogels, metal based nanoparticles, alike the future nanosystems through nanobubbles, nanofibers, nanodiamonds, nanotraps, nanorobots and eventually, the therapeutic applications of micro- and nanoparticulates, current status for clinical development against COVID-19 together with environmental implications of antivirals, gene therapy etc., which may be useful for repurposing and designing of novel antiviral drugs against various dreadful diseases, especially the SARS-CoV-2 and other associated variants.
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8
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Contributions of vibrational spectroscopy to virology: A review. CLINICAL SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 4:100022. [PMCID: PMC9093054 DOI: 10.1016/j.clispe.2022.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopic techniques, both infrared absorption and Raman scattering, are high precision, label free analytical techniques which have found applications in fields as diverse as analytical chemistry, pharmacology, forensics and archeometrics and, in recent times, have attracted increasing attention for biomedical applications. As analytical techniques, they have been applied to the characterisation of viruses as early as the 1970 s, and, in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, have been explored in response to the World Health Organisation as novel methodologies to aid in the global efforts to implement and improve rapid screening of viral infection. This review considers the history of the application of vibrational spectroscopic techniques to the characterisation of the morphology and chemical compositions of viruses, their attachment to, uptake by and replication in cells, and their potential for the detection of viruses in population screening, and in infection response monitoring applications. Particular consideration is devoted to recent efforts in the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and monitoring COVID-19.
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9
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Reply to Zandi, M.; Soltani, S. Comment on “Alfassam et al. Development of a Colorimetric Tool for SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Viruses Detection Using Sialic Acid Fabricated Gold Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2021, 13, 502”. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091878. [PMID: 36145626 PMCID: PMC9500785 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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10
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Scott H, Davies GJ, Armstrong Z. The structure of Phocaeicola vulgatus sialic acid acetylesterase. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2022; 78:647-657. [PMID: 35503212 PMCID: PMC9063846 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798322003357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The sialic acid acetylesterase from P. vulgatus was produced heterologously in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized in two different crystal forms, from which structures at 1.44 and 2.06 Å resolution were obtained. Sialic acids terminate many N- and O-glycans and are widely distributed on cell surfaces. There are a diverse range of enzymes which interact with these sugars throughout the tree of life. They can act as receptors for influenza and specific betacoronaviruses in viral binding and their cleavage is important in virion release. Sialic acids are also exploited by both commensal and pathogenic bacteria for nutrient acquisition. A common modification of sialic acid is 9-O-acetylation, which can limit the action of sialidases. Some bacteria, including human endosymbionts, employ esterases to overcome this modification. However, few bacterial sialic acid 9-O-acetylesterases (9-O-SAEs) have been structurally characterized. Here, the crystal structure of a 9-O-SAE from Phocaeicola vulgatus (PvSAE) is reported. The structure of PvSAE was determined to resolutions of 1.44 and 2.06 Å using crystals from two different crystallization conditions. Structural characterization revealed PvSAE to be a dimer with an SGNH fold, named after the conserved sequence motif of this family, and a Ser–His–Asp catalytic triad. These structures also reveal flexibility in the most N-terminal α-helix, which provides a barrier to active-site accessibility. Biochemical assays also show that PvSAE deacetylates both mucin and the acetylated chromophore para-nitrophenyl acetate. This structural and biochemical characterization of PvSAE furthers the understanding of 9-O-SAEs and may aid in the discovery of small molecules targeting this class of enzyme.
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11
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Kaul R, Devi S. Coronavirus-A Crippling Affliction to Humans. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2022; 16:226-242. [PMID: 35379131 DOI: 10.2174/1872208316666220404103033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses hold idiosyncratic morphological features and functionality. The members of this group have a remarkable capability of infecting both animals and humans. Inimitably, the replication of the RNA genome continues through the set of viral mRNA molecules. Coronaviruses received the least attention until 2003 since they caused only minor respiratory tract illnesses. However, this changed exclusively with the introduction of zoonotic SARS-CoV in 2003. In 2012, MERS-CoV emerged and confirmed this group of viruses as the major causative agents of severe respiratory tract illness. Today, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (i.e., COVID-19) has turned out to be a chief health problem that causes a severe acute respiratory disorder in humans. Since the first identification of COVID-19 in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, this infection has devastatingly spread all around the globe leading to a crippling affliction for humans. The strain is known as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and WHO (the World Health Organization) has termed this new pandemic disease as Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 is still spreading, with an estimated 136 million confirmed cases and more than 2.94 million deaths worldwide so far while the pandemic is still going on. In the current scenario, there is no particular treatment for COVID-19, however remarkable efforts for immunization and vaccine development can be observed. Therefore, the execution of precautions and proper preventive measures are indispensable to minimize and control the community transmission of the virus. This review summarizes information about the pathophysiology, transmission, symptoms, and the host defense mechanism as well as immunization and vaccine development against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimple Kaul
- Research Scholar, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Forestry, Dr. YSP University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh -173230 (India)
| | - Sunita Devi
- Assistant Professor (Microbiology), Department of Basic Sciences, College of Forestry, Dr. YSP University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh -173230 (India)
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12
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ACAR T, UÇAR B. Angiotensin(1-7)-Stearic Acid Conjugate: Synthesis and Characterization. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.1032642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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13
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Known Cellular and Receptor Interactions of Animal and Human Coronaviruses: A Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020351. [PMID: 35215937 PMCID: PMC8878323 DOI: 10.3390/v14020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article aims to review all currently known interactions between animal and human coronaviruses and their cellular receptors. Over the past 20 years, three novel coronaviruses have emerged that have caused severe disease in humans, including SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2); therefore, a deeper understanding of coronavirus host-cell interactions is essential. Receptor-binding is the first stage in coronavirus entry prior to replication and can be altered by minor changes within the spike protein-the coronavirus surface glycoprotein responsible for the recognition of cell-surface receptors. The recognition of receptors by coronaviruses is also a major determinant in infection, tropism, and pathogenesis and acts as a key target for host-immune surveillance and other potential intervention strategies. We aim to highlight the need for a continued in-depth understanding of this subject area following on from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with the possibility for more zoonotic transmission events. We also acknowledge the need for more targeted research towards glycan-coronavirus interactions as zoonotic spillover events from animals to humans, following an alteration in glycan-binding capability, have been well-documented for other viruses such as Influenza A.
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14
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Klykov O, Kopylov M, Carragher B, Heck AJ, Noble AJ, Scheltema RA. Label-free visual proteomics: Coupling MS- and EM-based approaches in structural biology. Mol Cell 2022; 82:285-303. [PMID: 35063097 PMCID: PMC8842845 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Combining diverse experimental structural and interactomic methods allows for the construction of comprehensible molecular encyclopedias of biological systems. Typically, this involves merging several independent approaches that provide complementary structural and functional information from multiple perspectives and at different resolution ranges. A particularly potent combination lies in coupling structural information from cryoelectron microscopy or tomography (cryo-EM or cryo-ET) with interactomic and structural information from mass spectrometry (MS)-based structural proteomics. Cryo-EM/ET allows for sub-nanometer visualization of biological specimens in purified and near-native states, while MS provides bioanalytical information for proteins and protein complexes without introducing additional labels. Here we highlight recent achievements in protein structure and interactome determination using cryo-EM/ET that benefit from additional MS analysis. We also give our perspective on how combining cryo-EM/ET and MS will continue bridging gaps between molecular and cellular studies by capturing and describing 3D snapshots of proteomes and interactomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Klykov
- National Center for In-situ Tomographic Ultramicroscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mykhailo Kopylov
- National Center for In-situ Tomographic Ultramicroscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bridget Carragher
- National Center for In-situ Tomographic Ultramicroscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Albert J.R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands,Netherlands Proteomics Center, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alex J Noble
- National Center for In-situ Tomographic Ultramicroscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, USA,Corresponding author for cryo-EM/ET/FIB-SEM: Alex J. Noble, tel: (+1) 212-939-0660;
| | - Richard A. Scheltema
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands,Netherlands Proteomics Center, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands,Corresponding author for MS: Richard A. Scheltema, tel: (+31) 30 253 6804;
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15
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Zandi M. Diagnosis of COVID-19: hemagglutinin-esterase gene is used for molecular assays? Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 22:135. [PMID: 34913783 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milad Zandi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Abstract
Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has revolutionized the field of structural biology, particularly in solving the structures of large protein complexes or cellular machineries that play important biological functions. This review focuses on the contribution and future potential of cryo-EM in related emerging applications-enzymatic mechanisms and dynamic processes. Work on these subjects can benefit greatly from the capability of cryo-EM to solve the structures of specific protein complexes in multiple conditions, including variations in the buffer condition, ligands, and temperature, and to capture multiple conformational states, conformational change intermediates, and reaction intermediates. These studies can expand the structural landscape of specific proteins or protein complexes in multiple dimensions and drive new advances in the fields of enzymology and dynamic processes. The advantages and complementarity of cryo-EM relative to X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance with regard to these applications are also addressed. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biophysics, Volume 51 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Daw Tsai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; .,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jin Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan;
| | - Meng-Chiao Ho
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; .,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Abstract
Mucin-domain glycoproteins comprise a class of proteins whose densely O-glycosylated mucin domains adopt a secondary structure with unique biophysical and biochemical properties. The canonical family of mucins is well-known to be involved in various diseases, especially cancer. Despite this, very little is known about the site-specific molecular structures and biological activities of mucins, in part because they are extremely challenging to study by mass spectrometry (MS). Here, we summarize recent advancements toward this goal, with a particular focus on mucin-domain glycoproteins as opposed to general O-glycoproteins. We summarize proteolytic digestion techniques, enrichment strategies, MS fragmentation, and intact analysis, as well as new bioinformatic platforms. In particular, we highlight mucin directed technologies such as mucin-selective proteases, tunable mucin platforms, and a mucinomics strategy to enrich mucin-domain glycoproteins from complex samples. Finally, we provide examples of targeted mucin-domain glycoproteomics that combine these techniques in comprehensive site-specific analyses of proteins. Overall, this Review summarizes the methods, challenges, and new opportunities associated with studying enigmatic mucin domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rangel-Angarita
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 275 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Stacy A. Malaker
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 275 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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18
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Remoroza CA, Burke MC, Liu Y, Mirokhin YA, Tchekhovskoi DV, Yang X, Stein SE. Representing and Comparing Site-Specific Glycan Abundance Distributions of Glycoproteins. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4475-4486. [PMID: 34327998 PMCID: PMC9830564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A method for representing and comparing distributions of N-linked glycans located at specific sites on proteins is presented. The representation takes the form of a simple mass spectrum for a given peptide sequence, with each peak corresponding to a different glycopeptide. The mass (in place of m/z) of each peak is that of the glycan mass, and its abundance corresponds to its relative abundance in the electrospray MS1 spectrum. This provides a facile means of representing all identifiable glycopeptides arising from a single protein "sequon" on a specific sequence, thereby enabling the comparison and searching of these distributions as routinely done for mass spectra. Likewise, these reference glycopeptide abundance distribution spectra (GADS) can be stored in searchable libraries. A set of such libraries created from available data is provided along with an adapted version of the widely used NIST-MS library-search software. Since GADS contain only MS1 abundances and identifications, they are equally suitable for expressing collision-induced fragmentation and electron-transfer dissociation determinations of glycopeptide identity. Comparisons of GADS for N-glycosylated sites on several proteins, especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, demonstrate the potential reproducibility of GADS and their utility for comparing site-specific distributions.
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19
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Singh J, Pandit P, McArthur AG, Banerjee A, Mossman K. Evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants. Virol J 2021; 18:166. [PMID: 34389034 PMCID: PMC8361246 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and more recently, the independent evolution of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants has generated renewed interest in virus evolution and cross-species transmission. While all known human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are speculated to have originated in animals, very little is known about their evolutionary history and factors that enable some CoVs to co-exist with humans as low pathogenic and endemic infections (HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), while others, such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 have evolved to cause severe disease. In this review, we highlight the origins of all known HCoVs and map positively selected for mutations within HCoV proteins to discuss the evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, we discuss emerging mutations within SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern (VOC), along with highlighting the demonstrated or speculated impact of these mutations on virus transmission, pathogenicity, and neutralization by natural or vaccine-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalen Singh
- School of Interdisciplinary Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Pranav Pandit
- EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andrew G McArthur
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Arinjay Banerjee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | - Karen Mossman
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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20
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Sampson AT, Heeney J, Cantoni D, Ferrari M, Sans MS, George C, Di Genova C, Mayora Neto M, Einhauser S, Asbach B, Wagner R, Baxendale H, Temperton N, Carnell G. Coronavirus Pseudotypes for All Circulating Human Coronaviruses for Quantification of Cross-Neutralizing Antibody Responses. Viruses 2021; 13:1579. [PMID: 34452443 PMCID: PMC8402765 DOI: 10.3390/v13081579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh identified human coronavirus. Understanding the extent of pre-existing immunity induced by seropositivity to endemic seasonal coronaviruses and the impact of cross-reactivity on COVID-19 disease progression remains a key research question in immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and the immunopathology of COVID-2019 disease. This paper describes a panel of lentiviral pseudotypes bearing the spike (S) proteins for each of the seven human coronaviruses (HCoVs), generated under similar conditions optimized for high titre production allowing a high-throughput investigation of antibody neutralization breadth. Optimal production conditions and most readily available permissive target cell lines were determined for spike-mediated entry by each HCoV pseudotype: SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-NL63 best transduced HEK293T/17 cells transfected with ACE2 and TMPRSS2, HCoV-229E and MERS-CoV preferentially entered HUH7 cells, and CHO cells were most permissive for the seasonal betacoronavirus HCoV-HKU1. Entry of ACE2 using pseudotypes was enhanced by ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in target cells, whilst TMPRSS2 transfection rendered HEK293T/17 cells permissive for HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43 entry. Additionally, pseudotype viruses were produced bearing additional coronavirus surface proteins, including the SARS-CoV-2 Envelope (E) and Membrane (M) proteins and HCoV-OC43/HCoV-HKU1 Haemagglutinin-Esterase (HE) proteins. This panel of lentiviral pseudotypes provides a safe, rapidly quantifiable and high-throughput tool for serological comparison of pan-coronavirus neutralizing responses; this can be used to elucidate antibody dynamics against individual coronaviruses and the effects of antibody cross-reactivity on clinical outcome following natural infection or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Thomas Sampson
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (J.H.); (M.F.); (M.S.S.); (C.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Jonathan Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (J.H.); (M.F.); (M.S.S.); (C.G.); (G.C.)
- DIOSynVax Ltd., Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Diego Cantoni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, University of Kent, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK; (D.C.); (C.D.G.); (M.M.N.); (N.T.)
| | - Matteo Ferrari
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (J.H.); (M.F.); (M.S.S.); (C.G.); (G.C.)
- DIOSynVax Ltd., Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Maria Suau Sans
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (J.H.); (M.F.); (M.S.S.); (C.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Charlotte George
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (J.H.); (M.F.); (M.S.S.); (C.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Cecilia Di Genova
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, University of Kent, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK; (D.C.); (C.D.G.); (M.M.N.); (N.T.)
| | - Martin Mayora Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, University of Kent, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK; (D.C.); (C.D.G.); (M.M.N.); (N.T.)
| | - Sebastian Einhauser
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.E.); (B.A.); (R.W.)
| | - Benedikt Asbach
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.E.); (B.A.); (R.W.)
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.E.); (B.A.); (R.W.)
- Institute for Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Helen Baxendale
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0AY, UK;
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, University of Kent, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK; (D.C.); (C.D.G.); (M.M.N.); (N.T.)
| | - George Carnell
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (J.H.); (M.F.); (M.S.S.); (C.G.); (G.C.)
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21
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Visser EA, Moons SJ, Timmermans SBPE, de Jong H, Boltje TJ, Büll C. Sialic acid O-acetylation: From biosynthesis to roles in health and disease. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100906. [PMID: 34157283 PMCID: PMC8319020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids are nine-carbon sugars that frequently cap glycans at the cell surface in cells of vertebrates as well as cells of certain types of invertebrates and bacteria. The nine-carbon backbone of sialic acids can undergo extensive enzymatic modification in nature and O-acetylation at the C-4/7/8/9 position in particular is widely observed. In recent years, the detection and analysis of O-acetylated sialic acids have advanced, and sialic acid-specific O-acetyltransferases (SOATs) and O-acetylesterases (SIAEs) that add and remove O-acetyl groups, respectively, have been identified and characterized in mammalian cells, invertebrates, bacteria, and viruses. These advances now allow us to draw a more complete picture of the biosynthetic pathway of the diverse O-acetylated sialic acids to drive the generation of genetically and biochemically engineered model cell lines and organisms with altered expression of O-acetylated sialic acids for dissection of their roles in glycoprotein stability, development, and immune recognition, as well as discovery of novel functions. Furthermore, a growing number of studies associate sialic acid O-acetylation with cancer, autoimmunity, and infection, providing rationale for the development of selective probes and inhibitors of SOATs and SIAEs. Here, we discuss the current insights into the biosynthesis and biological functions of O-acetylated sialic acids and review the evidence linking this modification to disease. Furthermore, we discuss emerging strategies for the design, synthesis, and potential application of unnatural O-acetylated sialic acids and inhibitors of SOATs and SIAEs that may enable therapeutic targeting of this versatile sialic acid modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline A Visser
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sam J Moons
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne B P E Timmermans
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Heleen de Jong
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Christian Büll
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias
P. Wörner
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular
Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584
CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands
Proteomics Center, Padualaan
8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tatiana M. Shamorkina
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular
Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584
CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands
Proteomics Center, Padualaan
8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Snijder
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular
Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584
CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands
Proteomics Center, Padualaan
8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular
Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584
CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands
Proteomics Center, Padualaan
8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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