1
|
Sohn Y, Oh J, Lee J, Kim H, Hwang I, Noh G, Lee T, Kim JY, Bae KY, Lee T, Lee N, Chung WJ, Choi JW. Dual-Seed Strategy for High-Performance Anode-Less All-Solid-State Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2407443. [PMID: 39385641 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202407443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
Interest in all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs), particularly the anode-less type, has grown alongside the expansion of the electric vehicle (EV) market, because they offer advantages in terms of their energy density and manufacturing cost. However, in most anode-less ASSBs, the anode is covered by a protective layer to ensure stable lithium (Li) deposition, thus requiring high temperatures to ensure adequate Li ion diffusion kinetics through the protective layer. This study proposes a dual-seed protective layer consisting of silver (Ag) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles for sulfide-based anode-less ASSBs. This dual-seed-based protective layer not only facilitates Li diffusion via multiple lithiation pathways over a wide range of potentials, but also enhances the mechanical stability of the anode interface through the in situ formation of a Ag-Zn alloy with high ductility. The capacity retention during full-cell evaluation is 80.8% for 100 cycles when cycled at 1 mA cm-2 with 3 mAh cm-2 at room temperature. The dual-seed approach provides useful insights into the design of multi-seed concepts in which, from a mechanochemical perspective, various lithiophilic materials synergistically impact upon the anode-less interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeeun Sohn
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Hyundai Motor Group-Seoul National University (HMG-SNU) Joint Battery Research Center (JBRC), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Oh
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Hyundai Motor Group-Seoul National University (HMG-SNU) Joint Battery Research Center (JBRC), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjae Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Insu Hwang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongho Noh
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyong Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Advanced Battery Development Team, Hyundai Motor Company, 150, Hyundaiyeonguso-ro, Namyang-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18280, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Yoon Bae
- Advanced Battery Development Team, Hyundai Motor Company, 150, Hyundaiyeonguso-ro, Namyang-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18280, Republic of Korea
| | - Taegeun Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Hyundai Motor Group-Seoul National University (HMG-SNU) Joint Battery Research Center (JBRC), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nohjoon Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Hyundai Motor Group-Seoul National University (HMG-SNU) Joint Battery Research Center (JBRC), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jun Chung
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Hyundai Motor Group-Seoul National University (HMG-SNU) Joint Battery Research Center (JBRC), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Wook Choi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Hyundai Motor Group-Seoul National University (HMG-SNU) Joint Battery Research Center (JBRC), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huo S, Wang L, Su B, Xue W, Wang Y, Zhang H, Li M, Qiu J, Xu H, He X. Anode-Free Li Metal Batteries: Feasibility Analysis and Practical Strategy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2411757. [PMID: 39370573 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202411757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Energy storage devices are striving to achieve high energy density, long lifespan, and enhanced safety. In view of the current popular lithiated cathode, anode-free lithium metal batteries (AFLMBs) will deliver the theoretical maximum energy density among all the battery chemistries. However, AFLMBs face challenges such as low plating-stripping efficiency, significant volume change, and severe Li-dendrite growth, which negatively impact their lifespan and safety. This study provides an overview and analysis of recent progress in electrode structure, characterization, performance, and practical challenges of AFLMBs. The deposition behavior of lithium is categorized into two stages: heterogeneous and homogeneous interface deposition. The feasibility and practical application value of AFLMBs are critically evaluated. Additionally, key test models, evaluation parameters, and advanced characterization techniques are discussed. Importantly, practical strategies of different battery components in AFLMBs, including current collector, interface layer, solid-state electrolyte, liquid-state electrolyte, cathode, and cycling protocol, are presented to address the challenges posed by the two types of deposition processes, lithium loss, crosstalk effect and volume change. Finally, the application prospects of AFLMBs are envisioned, with a focus on overcoming the current limitations and unlocking their full potential as high-performance energy storage solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sida Huo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ben Su
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wendong Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Chemical Defense Institute, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Chemical Defense Institute, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Meng Li
- Chemical Defense Institute, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jingyi Qiu
- Chemical Defense Institute, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiangming He
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fuchs T, Ortmann T, Becker J, Haslam CG, Ziegler M, Singh VK, Rohnke M, Mogwitz B, Peppler K, Nazar LF, Sakamoto J, Janek J. Imaging the microstructure of lithium and sodium metal in anode-free solid-state batteries using electron backscatter diffraction. NATURE MATERIALS 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-02006-8. [PMID: 39313556 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-02006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
'Anode-free' or, more fittingly, metal reservoir-free cells could drastically improve current solid-state battery technology by achieving higher energy density, improving safety and simplifying manufacturing. Various strategies have been reported so far to control the morphology of electrodeposited alkali metal films to be homogeneous and dense, but until now, the microstructure of electrodeposited alkali metal is unknown, and a suitable characterization route is yet to be identified. Here we establish a reproducible protocol for characterizing the size and orientation of metal grains in differently processed lithium and sodium samples by a combination of focused ion beam and electron backscatter diffraction. Electrodeposited films at Cu|Li6.5Ta0.5La3Zr1.5O12, steel|Li6PS5Cl and Al|Na3.4Zr2Si2.4P0.6O12 interfaces were characterized. The analyses show large grain sizes (>100 µm) within these films and a preferential orientation of grain boundaries. Furthermore, metal growth and dissolution were investigated using in situ electron backscatter diffraction, showing a dynamic grain coarsening during electrodeposition and pore formation within grains during dissolution. Our methodology and results deepen the research field for the improvement of solid-state battery performance through a characterization of the alkali metal microstructure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Till Fuchs
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Till Ortmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Juri Becker
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Catherine G Haslam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maya Ziegler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Vipin Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry and the Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcus Rohnke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Boris Mogwitz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Peppler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Linda F Nazar
- Department of Chemistry and the Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeff Sakamoto
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Chen Z, Jiang K, Shen Z, Passerini S, Chen M. Accelerating the Development of LLZO in Solid-State Batteries Toward Commercialization: A Comprehensive Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2402035. [PMID: 38770746 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Solid-state batteries (SSBs) are under development as high-priority technologies for safe and energy-dense next-generation electrochemical energy storage systems operating over a wide temperature range. Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) exhibit high thermal stability and, in some cases, the ability to prevent dendrite growth through a physical barrier, and compatibility with the "holy grail" metallic lithium. These unique advantages of SSEs have spurred significant research interests during the last decade. Garnet-type SSEs, that is, Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO), are intensively investigated due to their high Li-ion conductivity and exceptional chemical and electrochemical stability against lithium metal anodes. However, poor interfacial contact with cathode materials, undesirable lithium plating along grain boundaries, and moisture-induced chemical degradation greatly hinder the practical implementation of LLZO-based SSEs for SSBs. In this review, the recent advances in synthesis methods, modification strategies, corresponding mechanisms, and applications of garnet-based SSEs in SSBs are critically summarized. Furthermore, a comprehensive evaluation of the challenges and development trends of LLZO-based electrolytes in practical applications is presented to accelerate their development for high-performance SSBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectric and Applications (Ministry of Education), School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectric and Applications (Ministry of Education), School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectric and Applications (Ministry of Education), School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zexiang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectric and Applications (Ministry of Education), School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Sapienza University of Rome, Chemistry Department, P. Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Minghua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectric and Applications (Ministry of Education), School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim SH, Park N, Bo Lee W, Park JH. Functional Sulfate Additive-Derived Interfacial Layer for Enhanced Electrochemical Stability of PEO-Based Polymer Electrolytes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309160. [PMID: 38152982 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state electrolyte batteries have attracted significant interest as promising next-generation batteries due to their achievable high energy densities and nonflammability. In particular, curable polymer network gel electrolytes exhibit superior ion conductivity and interfacial adhesion with electrodes compared to oxide or sulfide solid electrolytes, bringing them closer to commercialization. However, the limited electrochemical stability of matrix polymers, particularly those based on poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO), presents challenges in achieving stable electrochemical performance in high-voltage lithium metal batteries. Here, these studies report a sulfate additive-incorporated thermally crosslinked gel-type polymer electrolyte (SA-TGPE) composed of a PEO-based polymer matrix and a functional sulfate additive, 1,3-propanediolcyclic sulfate (PCS), which forms stable interfacial layers on electrodes. The electrode-electrolyte interface modified by the PCS enhances the electrochemical stability of the polymer electrolyte, effectively alleviating decomposition of the PEO-based polymer matrix on the cathode. Moreover, it also mitigates side reactions of the Ni-rich NCM cathode and dendrites of lithium metal anode. These studies provide a novel perspective by utilizing interfacial modification through electrolyte additives to resolve the electrochemical instability of PEO-based polymer electrolytes in high-voltage lithium metal batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ho Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Namjun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Bo Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyeok Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Peng J, Lu D, Wu S, Yang N, Cui Y, Ma Z, Liu M, Shi Y, Sun Y, Niu J, Wang F. Lithium Superionic Conductive Nanofiber-Reinforcing High-Performance Polymer Electrolytes for Solid-State Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11897-11905. [PMID: 38544372 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Although composite solid-state electrolytes (CSEs) are considered promising ionic conductors for high-energy lithium metal batteries, their unsatisfactory ionic conductivity, low mechanical strength, poor thermal stability, and narrow voltage window limit their practical applications. We have prepared a new lithium superionic conductor (Li-HA-F) with an ultralong nanofiber structure and ultrahigh room-temperature ionic conductivity (12.6 mS cm-1). When it is directly coupled with a typical poly(ethylene oxide)-based solid electrolyte, the Li-HA-F nanofibers endow the resulting CSE with high ionic conductivity (4.0 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 30 °C), large Li+ transference number (0.66), and wide voltage window (5.2 V). Detailed experiments and theoretical calculations reveal that Li-HA-F supplies continuous dual-conductive pathways and results in stable LiF-rich interfaces, leading to its excellent performance. Moreover, the Li-HA-F nanofiber-reinforced CSE exhibits good heat/flame resistance and flexibility, with a high breaking strength (9.66 MPa). As a result, the Li/Li half cells fabricated with the Li-HA-F CSE exhibit good stability over 2000 h with a high critical current density of 1.4 mA cm-2. Furthermore, the LiFePO4/Li-HA-F CSE/Li and LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2/Li-HA-F CSE/Li solid-state batteries deliver high reversible capacities over a wide temperature range with a good cycling performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Na Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhaokun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Mengyue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yongzheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Sun
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim KH, Lee MJ, Ryu M, Liu TK, Lee JH, Jung C, Kim JS, Park JH. Near-strain-free anode architecture enabled by interfacial diffusion creep for initial-anode-free quasi-solid-state batteries. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3586. [PMID: 38678023 PMCID: PMC11055892 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48021-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Anode-free (or lithium-metal-free) batteries with garnet-type solid-state electrolytes are considered a promising path in the development of safe and high-energy-density batteries. However, their practical implementation has been hindered by the internal strain that arises from the repeated plating and stripping of lithium metal at the interlayer between the solid electrolyte and negative electrode. Herein, we utilize the titanium nitrate nanotube architecture and a silver-carbon interlayer to mitigate the anisotropic stress caused by the recurring formation of lithium deposition layers during the cycling process. The mixed ionic-electronic conducting nature of the titanium nitrate nanotubes effectively accommodates the entry of reduced Li into its free volume space via interfacial diffusion creep, achieving near-strain-free operation with nearly tenfold volume suppressing capability compared to a conventional Cu anode counterpart during the lithiation process. Notably, the fabricated Li6.4La3Zr1.7Ta0.3O12 (LLZTO)-based initial-anode-free quasi-solid-state battery full cell, coupled with an ionic liquid catholyte infused high voltage LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2-based cathode with an areal capacity of 3.2 mA cm-2, exhibits remarkable room temperature (25 °C) cyclability of over 600 cycles at 1 mA cm-2 with an average coulombic efficiency of 99.8%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Hee Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Lee
- Battery Material TU, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130, Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Minje Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Jung
- Analytical Engineering Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130, Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Sik Kim
- Battery Material TU, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130, Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Hyeok Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yoon JS, Liao DW, Greene SM, Cho TH, Dasgupta NP, Siegel DJ. Thermodynamics, Adhesion, and Wetting at Li/Cu(-Oxide) Interfaces: Relevance for Anode-Free Lithium-Metal Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:18790-18799. [PMID: 38587488 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
A rechargeable battery that employs a Li metal anode requires that Li be plated in a uniform fashion during charging. In "anode-free" configurations, this plating will occur on the surface of the Cu current collector (CC) during the initial cycle and in any subsequent cycle where the capacity of the cell is fully accessed. Experimental measurements have shown that the plating of Li on Cu can be inhomogeneous, which can lower the efficiency of plating and foster the formation of Li dendrites. The present study employs a combination of first-principles calculations and sessile drop experiments to characterize the thermodynamics and adhesive (i.e., wetting) properties of interfaces involving Li and other phases present on or near the CC. Interfaces between Li and Cu, Cu2O, and Li2O are considered. The calculations predict that both Cu and Cu2O surfaces are lithiophilic. However, sessile drop measurements reveal that Li wetting occurs readily only on pristine Cu. This apparent discrepancy is explained by the occurrence of a spontaneous conversion reaction, 2 Li + Cu2O → Li2O + 2 Cu, that generates Li2O as one of its products. Calculations and sessile drop measurements show that Li does not wet (newly formed) Li2O. Hence, Li that is deposited on a Cu CC where surface oxide species are present will encounter a compositionally heterogeneous substrate comprising lithiophillic (Cu) and lithiophobic (Li2O) regions. These initial heterogeneities have the potential to influence the longer-term behavior of the anode under cycling. In sum, the present study provides insights into the early stage processes associated with Li plating in anode-free batteries and describes mechanisms that contribute to inefficiencies in their operation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Seop Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Daniel W Liao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Samuel M Greene
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1591, United States
| | - Tae H Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Neil P Dasgupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Donald J Siegel
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1591, United States
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1591, United States
- Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1591, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Feng W, Zhao Y, Xia Y. Solid Interfaces for the Garnet Electrolytes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306111. [PMID: 38216304 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) have attracted extensive interests due to the advantages in developing secondary batteries with high energy density and outstanding safety. Possessing high ionic conductivity and the lowest reduction potential among the state-of-the-art SSEs, the garnet type SSE is one of the most promising candidates to achieve high performance solid-state lithium batteries (SSLBs). However, the elastic modulus of the garnet electrolyte leads to deteriorated interfacial contacts, and the increasing in electronic conduction at either anode/garnet interface or grain boundary results in Li dendrite growth. Here, recent developments of the solid interfaces for the garnet electrolytes, including the strategies of Li dendrite suppression and interfacial chemical/electrochemical/mechanical stabilizations are presented. A new viewpoint of the double edges of interfacial lithiophobicity is proposed, and the rational design of the interphases, as well as effective stacking methods of the garnet-based SSLBs are summarized. Moreover, practical roles of the garnet electrolyte in SSLB industry are also discussed. This work delivers insights into the solid interfaces for the garnet electrolytes, which provides not only the promotion of the garnet-based SSLBs, but also a comprehensive understanding of the interfacial stabilization for the whole SSE family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wuliang Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- College of Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Energy, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- College of Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Energy, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yongyao Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wen J, Wang T, Wang C, Dai Y, Song Z, Liu X, Yu Q, Zheng X, Ma J, Luo W, Huang Y. A Tailored Interface Design for Anode-Free Solid-State Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307732. [PMID: 37930260 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Anode-free solid-state batteries (AFSSBs) are considered to be one of the most promising high-safety and high-energy storage systems. However, low Coulombic efficiency stemming from severe deterioration on solid electrolyte/current collector (Cu foil) interface and undesirable Li dendrite growth impede their practical application, especially when rigid garnet electrolyte is used. Here, an interfacial engineering strategy between garnet electrolyte and Cu foil is introduced for stable and highly efficient AFSSBs. By utilizing the high Li ion conductivity of LiC6 layer, interfacial self-adaption ability arising from ductile lithiated polyacrylic acid polymer layer and regulated Li deposition via Li-Ag alloying reaction, the garnet-based AFSSB delivers a stable long-term operation. Additionally, when combined with a commercial LiCoO2 cathode (3.1 mAh cm-2 ), the cell also exhibits an outstanding capacity retention due to the tailored interface design. The strategies for novel AFSSBs architecture thus offer an alternative route to design next-generation batteries with high safety and high density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Wen
- Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Tengrui Wang
- Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Yiming Dai
- Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Zhenyou Song
- Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Xuyang Liu
- Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Xueying Zheng
- Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Jiwei Ma
- Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Yunhui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee K, Sakamoto J. Effect of depth of discharge (DOD) on cycling in situ formed Li anodes. Faraday Discuss 2024; 248:250-265. [PMID: 37743819 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00079f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-metal solid-state batteries (LMSSBs) have garnered immense interest due to their potential to enhance safety and energy density compared to traditional Li-ion batteries. The anode-free approach to manufacturing Li-metal anodes could provide the additional benefit of reducing cost. However, a lack of understanding of the mechano-electrochemical behavior related to the cycling of in situ formed Li anodes remains a significant challenge. To bridge this knowledge gap, this work aims to understand the cycling behavior of in situ formed Li anodes on garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) solid-electrolyte as a function of the depth of discharge (DOD). The results of this study show that cycling in situ formed Li of 3 mA h cm-2 with a DOD of 66% leads to unstable cycling, while cycling with a DOD of 33% exhibits stable cycling. Furthermore, we observed interfacial deterioration and inhomogeneity of in situ formed Li anodes during cycling with a DOD of 66%. This study provides mechanistic insight into the factors that affect stable cycling that can help guide approaches to improve the cycling behavior of in situ formed Li anodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiwoong Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Jeff Sakamoto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu X, Ji G, Wang J, Zhou G, Liang Z. Toward Sustainable All Solid-State Li-Metal Batteries: Perspectives on Battery Technology and Recycling Processes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301540. [PMID: 37191036 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lithium (Li)-based batteries are gradually evolving from the liquid to the solid state in terms of safety and energy density, where all solid-state Li-metal batteries (ASSLMBs) are considered the most promising candidates. This is demonstrated by the Bluecar electric vehicle produced by the Bolloré Group, which is utilized in car-sharing services in several cities worldwide. Despite impressive progress in the development of ASSLMBs, their avenues for recycling them remain underexplored, and combined with the current explosion of spent Li-ion batteries, they should attract widespread interest from academia and industry. Here, the potential challenges of recycling ASSLMBs as compared to Li-ion batteries are analyzed and the current progress and prospects for recycling ASSLMBs are summarized and analyzed. Drawing on the lessons learned from Li-ion battery recycling, it is important to design sustainable recycling technologies before ASSLMBs gain widespread market adoption. A battery-recycling-oriented design is also highlighted for ASSLMBs to promote the recycling rate and maximize profitability. Finally, future research directions, challenges, and prospects are outlined to provide strategies for achieving sustainable development of ASSLMBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guanjun Ji
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cheng D, Wynn T, Lu B, Marple M, Han B, Shimizu R, Sreenarayanan B, Bickel J, Hosemann P, Yang Y, Nguyen H, Li W, Zhu G, Zhang M, Meng YS. A free-standing lithium phosphorus oxynitride thin film electrolyte promotes uniformly dense lithium metal deposition with no external pressure. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1448-1455. [PMID: 37537275 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) is an amorphous solid electrolyte that has been extensively studied over the last three decades. Despite the promise of pairing it with various electrode materials, LiPON's rigidity and air sensitivity set limitations to understanding its intrinsic properties. Here we report a methodology to synthesize LiPON in a free-standing form that manifests remarkable flexibility and a Young's modulus of ∼33 GPa. We use solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and differential scanning calorimetry to quantitatively reveal the chemistry of the Li/LiPON interface and the presence of a well-defined LiPON glass-transition temperature of 207 °C. Combining interfacial stress and a gold seeding layer, our free-standing LiPON shows a uniformly dense deposition of lithium metal without the aid of external pressure. This free-standing LiPON film offers opportunities to study fundamental properties of LiPON for interface engineering for solid-state batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diyi Cheng
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Wynn
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bingyu Lu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maxwell Marple
- Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Bing Han
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ryosuke Shimizu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bhagath Sreenarayanan
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffery Bickel
- Nuclear Engineering Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Peter Hosemann
- Nuclear Engineering Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yangyuchen Yang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Han Nguyen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Weikang Li
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Guomin Zhu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Minghao Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Ying Shirley Meng
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shinde SS, Wagh NK, Kim S, Lee J. Li, Na, K, Mg, Zn, Al, and Ca Anode Interface Chemistries Developed by Solid-State Electrolytes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304235. [PMID: 37743719 PMCID: PMC10646287 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state batteries (SSBs) have received significant attention due to their high energy density, reversible cycle life, and safe operations relative to commercial Li-ion batteries using flammable liquid electrolytes. This review presents the fundamentals, structures, thermodynamics, chemistries, and electrochemical kinetics of desirable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) required to meet the practical requirements of reversible anodes. Theoretical and experimental insights for metal nucleation, deposition, and stripping for the reversible cycling of metal anodes are provided. Ion transport mechanisms and state-of-the-art solid-state electrolytes (SEs) are discussed for realizing high-performance cells. The interface challenges and strategies are also concerned with the integration of SEs, anodes, and cathodes for large-scale SSBs in terms of physical/chemical contacts, space-charge layer, interdiffusion, lattice-mismatch, dendritic growth, chemical reactivity of SEI, current collectors, and thermal instability. The recent innovations for anode interface chemistries developed by SEs are highlighted with monovalent (lithium (Li+ ), sodium (Na+ ), potassium (K+ )) and multivalent (magnesium (Mg2+ ), zinc (Zn2+ ), aluminum (Al3+ ), calcium (Ca2+ )) cation carriers (i.e., lithium-metal, lithium-sulfur, sodium-metal, potassium-ion, magnesium-ion, zinc-metal, aluminum-ion, and calcium-ion batteries) compared to those of liquid counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sambhaji S. Shinde
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringHanyang UniversityAnsanGyeonggi‐do15588Republic of Korea
- FLEXOLYTE Inc.Ansan15588Republic of Korea
| | - Nayantara K. Wagh
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringHanyang UniversityAnsanGyeonggi‐do15588Republic of Korea
- FLEXOLYTE Inc.Ansan15588Republic of Korea
| | - Sung‐Hae Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringHanyang UniversityAnsanGyeonggi‐do15588Republic of Korea
- FLEXOLYTE Inc.Ansan15588Republic of Korea
| | - Jung‐Ho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringHanyang UniversityAnsanGyeonggi‐do15588Republic of Korea
- FLEXOLYTE Inc.Ansan15588Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fallarino L, Chishti UN, Pesce A, Accardo G, Rafique A, Casas-Cabanas M, López-Aranguren P. Towards lithium-free solid-state batteries with nanoscale Ag/Cu sputtered bilayer electrodes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12346-12349. [PMID: 37767913 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02942e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the reversible Li growth efficiency in "Li-free" solid-state batteries is key for the deployment of this technology. Here, we demonstrate a nanoscale material design path that enables the reversible cycling of a lithium-free solid-state battery, using Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) electrolyte. By means of nanometric Ag-Cu bilayers, directly sputtered onto the LLZO, we can effectively control Li deposition. The robust thin film bilayer, which is compatible with LLZO, enables stable cycling, accommodating the volume changes without the need for extra external pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Fallarino
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein 48, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01510, Spain.
| | - Uzair Naveed Chishti
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein 48, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01510, Spain.
| | - Arianna Pesce
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein 48, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01510, Spain.
| | - Grazia Accardo
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein 48, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01510, Spain.
| | - Amna Rafique
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein 48, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01510, Spain.
- University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena, s/n, Leioa 48940, Spain
- ALISTORE-European Research Institute, Hub de l'Energie, FR CNRS 3104, 15 rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Montserrat Casas-Cabanas
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein 48, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01510, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Pedro López-Aranguren
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein 48, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01510, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Eckhardt JK, Kremer S, Fuchs T, Minnmann P, Schubert J, Burkhardt S, Elm MT, Klar PJ, Heiliger C, Janek J. Influence of Microstructure on the Material Properties of LLZO Ceramics Derived by Impedance Spectroscopy and Brick Layer Model Analysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:47260-47277. [PMID: 37751537 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Variants of garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 are being intensively studied as separator materials in solid-state battery research. The material-specific transport properties, such as bulk and grain boundary conductivity, are of prime interest and are mostly investigated by impedance spectroscopy. Data evaluation is usually based on the one-dimensional (1D) brick layer model, which assumes a homogeneous microstructure of identical grains. Real samples show microstructural inhomogeneities in grain size and porosity due to the complex behavior of grain growth in garnets that is very sensitive to the sintering protocol. However, the true microstructure is often omitted in impedance data analysis, hindering the interlaboratory reproducibility and comparability of results reported in the literature. Here, we use a combinatorial approach of structural analysis and three-dimensional (3D) transport modeling to explore the effects of microstructure on the derived material-specific properties of garnet-type ceramics. For this purpose, Al-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 pellets with different microstructures are fabricated and electrochemically characterized. A machine learning-assisted image segmentation approach is used for statistical analysis and quantification of the microstructural changes during sintering. A detailed analysis of transport through statistically modeled twin microstructures demonstrates that the transport parameters derived from a 1D brick layer model approach show uncertainties up to 150%, only due to variations in grain size. These uncertainties can be even larger in the presence of porosity. This study helps to better understand the role of the microstructure of polycrystalline electroceramics and its influence on experimental results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janis K Eckhardt
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Sascha Kremer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Till Fuchs
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Philip Minnmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Johannes Schubert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Simon Burkhardt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Matthias T Elm
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Peter J Klar
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Christian Heiliger
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fan Y, Wu T, He M, Chen W, Yan C, Li F, Hu A, Li Y, Wang F, Jiao Y, Zhou M, Wang S, Hu Y, Yan Y, Lei T, Wang X, Xiong J. Achieving Stable Lithium Metal Anode at 50 mA cm -2 Current Density by LiCl Enriched SEI. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301433. [PMID: 37263991 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lithium metal batteries are intensively studied due to the potential to bring up breakthroughs in high energy density devices. However, the inevitable growth of dendrites will cause the rapid failure of battery especially under high current density. Herein, the utilization of tetrachloroethylene (C2 Cl4 ) is reported as the electrolyte additive to induce the formation of the LiCl-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Because of the lower Li ion diffusion barrier of LiCl, such SEI layer can supply sufficient pathway for rapid Li ion transport, alleviate the concentration polarization at the interface and inhibit the growth of Li dendrites. Meanwhile, the C2 Cl4 can be continuously replenished during the cycle to ensure the stability of the SEI layer. With the aid of C2 Cl4 -based electrolyte, the Li metal electrodes can maintain stable for >300 h under high current density of 50 mA cm-2 with areal capacity of 5 mAh cm-2 , broadening the compatibility of lithium metal anode toward practical application scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Tongwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Miao He
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Chaoyi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Anjun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yaoyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yu Jiao
- College of Science, Xichang University, Xichang, 615000, China
| | - Mingjie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Shuying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yichao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Tianyu Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Xianfu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jena A, Bazri B, Tong Z, Iputera K, Huang JY, Wei DH, Hu SF, Liu RS. Controlling Cell Components to Design High-Voltage All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202151. [PMID: 36634026 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
All-solid-state batteries with solid ionic conductors packed between solid electrode films can release the dead space between them, enabling a greater number of cells to stack, generating higher voltage to the pack. This Review is focused on using high-voltage cathode materials, in which the redox peak of the components is extended beyond 4.7 V. Li-Ni-Mn-O systems are currently under investigation for use as the cathode in high-voltage cells. Solid electrolytes compatible with the cathode, including halide- and sulfide-based electrolytes, are also reviewed. Discussion extends to the compatibility between electrodes and electrolytes at such extended potentials. Moreover, control over the thickness of the anode is essential to reduce solid-electrolyte interphase formation and growth of dendrites. The Review discusses routes toward optimization of the cell components to minimize electrode-electrolyte impedance and facilitate ion transportation during the battery cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anirudha Jena
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Manufacturing Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- School of Applied Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University Bhubaneswar, Odisha., 751024, India
| | - Behrouz Bazri
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Manufacturing Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Zizheng Tong
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Kevin Iputera
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Jheng-Yi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Da-Hua Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Manufacturing Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fen Hu
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Shi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Celè J, Franger S, Lamy Y, Oukassi S. Minimal Architecture Lithium Batteries: Toward High Energy Density Storage Solutions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207657. [PMID: 36651133 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of thick and dense cathodes with anode-free lithium metal configuration is a promising path to enable the next generation of high energy density solid-state batteries. In this work, LiCoO2 (30 µm)/LiPON/Ti is considered as a model system to study the correlation between fundamental electrode properties and cell electrochemical performance, and a physical model is proposed to understand the governing phenomena. The first cycle loss is demonstrated to be constant and independent of both cathode thickness and anode configuration, and only ascribed to the diffusion coefficient's abrupt fall at high lithium contents. Subsequent cycles achieve close to 100% coulombic efficiency. The examination of the effect of cathode thickness demonstrate a nearly linear correlation with areal specific capacity for sub-100 µm LiCoO2 and 0.1 mA cm-2 current density. These findings bring new insights to better understand the energy density limiting factors and to suggest potential optimization approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Celè
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, Grenoble, F-38000, France
- ICMMO (UMR CNRS 8182), Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91190, France
| | - Sylvain Franger
- ICMMO (UMR CNRS 8182), Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91190, France
| | - Yann Lamy
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Sami Oukassi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang Y, Liu Y, Nguyen M, Cho J, Katyal N, Vishnugopi BS, Hao H, Fang R, Wu N, Liu P, Mukherjee PP, Nanda J, Henkelman G, Watt J, Mitlin D. Stable Anode-Free All-Solid-State Lithium Battery through Tuned Metal Wetting on the Copper Current Collector. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2206762. [PMID: 36445936 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A stable anode-free all-solid-state battery (AF-ASSB) with sulfide-based solid-electrolyte (SE) (argyrodite Li6 PS5 Cl) is achieved by tuning wetting of lithium metal on "empty" copper current-collector. Lithiophilic 1 µm Li2 Te is synthesized by exposing the collector to tellurium vapor, followed by in situ Li activation during the first charge. The Li2 Te significantly reduces the electrodeposition/electrodissolution overpotentials and improves Coulombic efficiency (CE). During continuous electrodeposition experiments using half-cells (1 mA cm-2 ), the accumulated thickness of electrodeposited Li on Li2 Te-Cu is more than 70 µm, which is the thickness of the Li foil counter-electrode. Full AF-ASSB with NMC811 cathode delivers an initial CE of 83% at 0.2C, with a cycling CE above 99%. Cryogenic focused ion beam (Cryo-FIB) sectioning demonstrates uniform electrodeposited metal microstructure, with no signs of voids or dendrites at the collector-SE interface. Electrodissolution is uniform and complete, with Li2 Te remaining structurally stable and adherent. By contrast, an unmodified Cu current-collector promotes inhomogeneous Li electrodeposition/electrodissolution, electrochemically inactive "dead metal," dendrites that extend into SE, and thick non-uniform solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) interspersed with pores. Density functional theory (DFT) and mesoscale calculations provide complementary insight regarding nucleation-growth behavior. Unlike conventional liquid-electrolyte metal batteries, the role of current collector/support lithiophilicity has not been explored for emerging AF-ASSBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute (TMI), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1591, USA
| | - Yijie Liu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute (TMI), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1591, USA
| | - Mai Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jaeyoung Cho
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Naman Katyal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Bairav S Vishnugopi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Hongchang Hao
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute (TMI), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1591, USA
| | - Ruyi Fang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute (TMI), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1591, USA
| | - Nan Wu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute (TMI), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1591, USA
| | - Pengcheng Liu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute (TMI), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1591, USA
| | - Partha P Mukherjee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jagjit Nanda
- Applied Energy Division, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Graeme Henkelman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - John Watt
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - David Mitlin
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute (TMI), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1591, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Understanding the failure process of sulfide-based all-solid-state lithium batteries via operando nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:259. [PMID: 36650152 PMCID: PMC9845218 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35920-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The performance of all-solid-state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs) is affected by the presence of electrochemically inactive (i.e., electronically and/or ionically disconnected) lithium metal and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), which are jointly termed inactive lithium. However, the differentiation and quantification of inactive lithium during cycling are challenging, and their lack limits the fundamental understanding of SSLMBs failure mechanisms. To shed some light on these crucial aspects, here, we propose operando nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy measurements for real-time quantification and evolution-tracking of inactive lithium formed in SSLMBs. In particular, we examine four different sulfide-based solid electrolytes, namely, Li10GeP2S12, Li9.54Si1.74P1.44S11.7Cl0.3, Li6PS5Cl and Li7P3S11. We found that the chemistry of the solid electrolyte influences the activity of lithium. Furthermore, we demonstrate that electronically disconnected lithium metal is mainly found in the interior of solid electrolytes, and ionically disconnected lithium metal is found at the negative electrode surface. Moreover, by monitoring the Li NMR signal during cell calendar ageing, we prove the faster corrosion rate of mossy/dendritic lithium than flat/homogeneous lithium in SSLMBs.
Collapse
|
22
|
Effect of current density on the solid electrolyte interphase formation at the lithium∣Li 6PS 5Cl interface. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7237. [PMID: 36433957 PMCID: PMC9700819 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the chemical composition and morphological evolution of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed at the interface between the lithium metal electrode and an inorganic solid-state electrolyte is crucial for developing reliable all-solid-state lithium batteries. To better understand the interaction between these cell components, we carry out X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) measurements during lithium plating on the surface of a Li6PS5Cl solid-state electrolyte pellet using an electron beam. The analyses of the XPS data highlight the role of Li plating current density on the evolution of a uniform and ionically conductive (i.e., Li3P-rich) SEI capable of decreasing the electrode∣solid electrolyte interfacial resistance. The XPS findings are validated via electrochemical impedance spectrsocopy measurements of all-solid-state lithium-based cells.
Collapse
|
23
|
Cui C, Yang H, Zeng C, Gui S, Liang J, Xiao P, Wang S, Huang G, Hu M, Zhai T, Li H. Unlocking the in situ Li plating dynamics and evolution mediated by diverse metallic substrates in all-solid-state batteries. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd2000. [PMID: 36306363 PMCID: PMC9616501 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of Li deposition behaviors, which overwhelmingly affect battery performances and safety, are far to be understood in solid-state batteries. Here, using in situ micro-nano electrochemical scanning electron microscopy (SEM) manipulation platform, dynamic Li plating behaviors on 10 metallic substrates have been tracked, and the underlying mechanisms for dendrite-free Li plating are elucidated. Distinct Li deposition behaviors on Cu, Ti, Ni, Bi, Cr, In, Ag, Au, Pd, and Al are revealed quantitatively in nucleation densities, growth rates, and anisotropic ratios. For Li alloyable metals, the dynamic Li alloying process before Li growth is visually captured. It is concluded that a good affinity for Li and appropriate lattice compatibility between the substrate and Li are needed to facilitate homogeneous Li plating. Our work not only uncovers the Li plating dynamics, shedding light on the design of solid-state batteries, but also provides a powerful integrated SEM platform for future in-depth investigation of solid-state batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Siwei Gui
- Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jianing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Ping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Shuhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Guxin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Mingtao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Huiqiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Park SH, Jun D, Lee GH, Lee SG, Jung JE, Bae KY, Son S, Lee YJ. Designing 3D Anode Based on Pore-Size-Dependent Li Deposition Behavior for Reversible Li-Free All-Solid-State Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203130. [PMID: 35948489 PMCID: PMC9534956 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Li-free all-solid-state batteries can achieve high energy density and safety. However, separation of the current collector/solid electrolyte interface during Li deposition increases interfacial resistance, which deteriorates safety and reversibility. In this study, a reversible 3D porous anode is designed based on Li deposition behavior that depends on the pore size of the anode. More Li deposits are accommodated within the smaller pores of the Li hosting anode composed of Ni particles with a granular piling structure; this implies the Li movement into the anode is achieved via diffusional Coble creep. Surface modification of Ni with a carbon coating layer and Ag nanoparticles further increases the Li hosting capacity and enables Li deposition without anode/solid electrolyte interface separation. A Li-free all-solid-state full cell with a LiNi0.8 Mn0.1 Co0.1 O2 cathode shows an areal capacity of 2 mAh cm-2 for retaining a Coulombic efficiency of 99.46% for 100 cycles at 30 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Se Hwan Park
- Department of Energy EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| | - Dayoung Jun
- Department of Energy EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Hyeon Lee
- Department of Energy EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Gyu Lee
- Department of Energy EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Jung
- Department of Energy EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Yoon Bae
- Advanced Battery Development GroupHyundai Motor CompanyHwaseong‐siGyeongi‐do16082Republic of Korea
| | - Samick Son
- Advanced Battery Development GroupHyundai Motor CompanyHwaseong‐siGyeongi‐do16082Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jung Lee
- Department of Energy EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Eckhardt JK, Fuchs T, Burkhardt S, Klar PJ, Janek J, Heiliger C. 3D Impedance Modeling of Metal Anodes in Solid-State Batteries-Incompatibility of Pore Formation and Constriction Effect in Physical-Based 1D Circuit Models. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:42757-42769. [PMID: 36075055 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A non-ideal contact at the electrode/solid electrolyte interface of a solid-state battery arising due to pores (voids) or inclusions results in a geometric constriction effect that severely deteriorates the electric transport properties of the battery cell. The lack of understanding of this phenomenon hinders the optimization process of novel components, such as reversible and high-rate metal anodes. Deeper insight into the constriction phenomenon is necessary to correctly monitor interface degradation and to accelerate the successful use of metal anodes in solid-state batteries. Here, we use a 3D electric network model to study the fundamentals of the constriction effect. Our findings suggest that dynamic constriction as a non-local effect cannot be captured by conventional 1D equivalent circuit models and that its electric behavior is not ad hoc predictable. It strongly depends on the interplay of the geometry of the interface causing the constriction and the microscopic transport processes in the adjacent phases. In the presence of constriction, the contribution from the non-ideal electrode/solid electrolyte interface to the impedance spectrum may exhibit two signals that cannot be explained when the porous interface is described by a physical-based (effective medium theory) 1D equivalent circuit model. In consequence, the widespread assumption of a single interface contribution to the experimental impedance spectrum may be entirely misleading and can cause serious misinterpretation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janis K Eckhardt
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Till Fuchs
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Simon Burkhardt
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Peter J Klar
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Christian Heiliger
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li Y, Zhang Y, Li Z, Yan Z, Xiao X, Liu X, Chen J, Shen Y, Sun Q, Huang Y. Operando Decoding of Surface Strain in Anode-Free Lithium Metal Batteries via Optical Fiber Sensor. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203247. [PMID: 35863904 PMCID: PMC9475526 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
With zero excess lithium, anode-free lithium metal batteries (AFLMBs) can deliver much higher energy density than that of traditional lithium metal batteries. However, AFLMBs are prone to suffer from rapid capacity loss and short life. Monitoring and analyzing the capacity decay of AFLMBs are of great importance for their future applications. It is known that the capacity fade mainly comes from the formation of solid electrolyte interphase species and dead lithium, which leads to irreversible volume expansion. Therefore, monitoring and distinguishing the irreversible volume expansion or reversible volume expansion are the key points to analyze the capacity fade of AFLMBs. Herein, an applicable technique based on optical fiber sensors to characterize and quantize the volume change of AFLMBs is developed. By attaching fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors onto the surface of the multilayered anode-free pouch cells, the strain evolution of the cells is successfully monitored and correlated with their electrochemical properties. It is found that the decline of surface strain fluctuation amplitude caused by the loss of active lithium is the leading indicator of battery failure. The proposed sensing technique has excellent multiplexing capability that can be considered as an elementary unit for capacity fade analysis in next-generation battery management system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Li
- School of Optical and Electronic InformationNational Engineering Research Center of Next Generation Internet Access‐systemWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Zhijun Yan
- School of Optical and Electronic InformationNational Engineering Research Center of Next Generation Internet Access‐systemWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Xiangpeng Xiao
- School of Optical and Electronic InformationNational Engineering Research Center of Next Generation Internet Access‐systemWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Xueting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Yue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Qizhen Sun
- School of Optical and Electronic InformationNational Engineering Research Center of Next Generation Internet Access‐systemWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Yunhui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhong Y, Cao C, Tadé MO, Shao Z. Ionically and Electronically Conductive Phases in a Composite Anode for High-Rate and Stable Lithium Stripping and Plating for Solid-State Lithium Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:38786-38794. [PMID: 35973161 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intensive efforts have been taken to decrease the over-potentials of solid-state lithium batteries. Lowering the anode-electrolyte interface resistance is an effective method. Compared to simply improving the interface contact, constructing both ionically and electronically conductive phases within the anode demonstrates superior improvement in reducing the interface resistance and promoting electrochemical stability. However, complex preparation procedures are usually involved in the construction of the conductive phases and the loading of metallic lithium. Herein, a composite anode containing metallic lithium and well-dispersed ionically conductive Li3N and electronically conductive components (Fe, Fe3C, and amorphous carbon) shows an effective decrease in lithium stripping/plating over-potentials at high current densities of up to 3 mA cm-2. The unique dual ionically and electronically conductive phases exhibit good cycling stability for 3000 h. A full battery with the composite anode and a LiFePO4 cathode also demonstrates decent performance. This work confirms the importance of constructing dual conductive phases that are electrochemically stable to Li and will not be consumed during the electrochemical reaction and provides a facile preparation method. The new knowledge discovered and the new methods developed in this work would inspire the future development of new Li-containing composite anodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Zhong
- WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering (WASM-MECE), Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Chencheng Cao
- WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering (WASM-MECE), Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Moses Oludayo Tadé
- WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering (WASM-MECE), Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Zongping Shao
- WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering (WASM-MECE), Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Visualizing the failure of solid electrolyte under GPa-level interface stress induced by lithium eruption. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5050. [PMID: 36030266 PMCID: PMC9420139 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32732-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid electrolytes hold the promise for enabling high-performance lithium (Li) metal batteries, but suffer from Li-filament penetration issues. The mechanism of this rate-dependent failure, especially the impact of the electrochemo-mechanical attack from Li deposition, remains elusive. Herein, we reveal the Li deposition dynamics and associated failure mechanism of solid electrolyte by visualizing the Li|Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) interface evolution via in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Under a strong mechanical constraint and low charging rate, the Li-deposition-induced stress enables the single-crystal Li to laterally expand on LLZO. However, upon Li "eruption", the rapidly built-up local stress, reaching at least GPa level, can even crack single-crystal LLZO particles without apparent defects. In comparison, Li vertical growth by weakening the mechanical constraint can boost the local current density up to A·cm-2 level without damaging LLZO. Our results demonstrate that the crack initiation at the Li|LLZO interface depends strongly on not only the local current density but also the way and efficiency of mass/stress release. Finally, potential strategies enabling fast Li transport and stress relaxation at the interface are proposed for promoting the rate capability of solid electrolytes.
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang L, Li Z, Luo J, Fan H, Zhao R. Dendrite-free lithium deposition via a fumed silica interlayer as an electron inhibitor in all-solid-state batteries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6962-6965. [PMID: 35642930 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01532c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, nanosized fumed silica (FS) with poor electrical conductivity is used as an "electron inhibitor" between Li metal and garnet solid electrolyte (SE) to prevent lithium dendrite growth. The FS demonstrated its effectiveness in preventing the fast lithium dendrite propagation during the long-term lithium stripping and plating processes, leading to an enhanced battery performance. We believe this study could help shed light on such electron inhibitors in constructing all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) with superior cycling performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuyang Wang
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Centre of MTEES (Ministry of Education), South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Zhuohua Li
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Centre of MTEES (Ministry of Education), South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Jianchuan Luo
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Centre of MTEES (Ministry of Education), South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Hongyang Fan
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Centre of MTEES (Ministry of Education), South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Ruirui Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Centre of MTEES (Ministry of Education), South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen B, Sarkar S, Palakkathodi Kammampata S, Zhou C, Thangadurai V. Li-stuffed garnet electrolytes: structure, ionic conductivity, chemical stability, interface, and applications. CAN J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2021-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Current lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, and peak power demand. However, the organic liquid electrolytes used in the lithium-ion battery are flammable and not stable in contact with elemental lithium and at a higher voltage. To eliminate the safety and instability issues, solid-state (ceramic) electrolytes have attracted enormous interest worldwide, owing to their thermal and high voltage stability. Among all the solid-state electrolytes known today, the Li-stuffed garnet is one of the most promising electrolytes due to its physical and chemical properties such as high total Li-ion conductivity at room temperature, chemical stability with elemental lithium and high voltage lithium cathodes, and high electrochemical stability window (6 V vs. Li+/Li). In this short review, we provide an overview of Li-stuffed garnet electrolytes with a focus on their structure, ionic conductivity, transport mechanism, chemical stability, and battery applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Subhajit Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Sanoop Palakkathodi Kammampata
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Chengtian Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Venkataraman Thangadurai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
In situ infrared nanospectroscopy of the local processes at the Li/polymer electrolyte interface. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1398. [PMID: 35301308 PMCID: PMC8931078 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29103-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid-state batteries possess the potential to significantly impact energy storage industries by enabling diverse benefits, such as increased safety and energy density. However, challenges persist with physicochemical properties and processes at electrode/electrolyte interfaces. Thus, there is great need to characterize such interfaces in situ, and unveil scientific understanding that catalyzes engineering solutions. To address this, we conduct multiscale in situ microscopies (optical, atomic force, and infrared near-field) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies (near-field nanospectroscopy and attenuated total reflection) of intact and electrochemically operational graphene/solid polymer electrolyte interfaces. We find nanoscale structural and chemical heterogeneities intrinsic to the solid polymer electrolyte initiate a cascade of additional interfacial nanoscale heterogeneities during Li plating and stripping; including Li-ion conductivity, electrolyte decomposition, and interphase formation. Moreover, our methodology to nondestructively characterize buried interfaces and interphases in their native environment with nanoscale resolution is readily adaptable to a number of other electrochemical systems and battery chemistries. Solid-state batteries remain promising but essential insights into electrode-electrolyte interface are required. Here, the authors report in situ infrared nanospectroscopy of the lithium-polymer-electrolyte interface to reveal its intrinsic molecular, structural, and chemical heterogeneities.
Collapse
|
32
|
Kravchyk KV, Karabay DT, Kovalenko MV. On the feasibility of all-solid-state batteries with LLZO as a single electrolyte. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1177. [PMID: 35064183 PMCID: PMC8782839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Replacement of Li-ion liquid-state electrolytes by solid-state counterparts in a Li-ion battery (LIB) is a major research objective as well as an urgent priority for the industry, as it enables the use of a Li metal anode and provides new opportunities to realize safe, non-flammable, and temperature-resilient batteries. Among the plethora of solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) investigated, garnet-type Li-ion electrolytes based on cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) are considered the most appealing candidates for the development of future solid-state batteries because of their low electronic conductivity of ca. 10−8 S cm−1 (RT) and a wide electrochemical operation window of 0–6 V vs. Li+/Li. However, high LLZO density (5.1 g cm−3) and its lower level of Li-ion conductivity (up to 1 mS cm−1 at RT) compared to liquid electrolytes (1.28 g cm−3; ca. 10 mS cm−1 at RT) still raise the question as to the feasibility of using solely LLZO as an electrolyte for achieving competitive energy and power densities. In this work, we analyzed the energy densities of Li-garnet all-solid-state batteries based solely on LLZO SSE by modeling their Ragone plots using LiCoO2 as the model cathode material. This assessment allowed us to identify values of the LLZO thickness, cathode areal capacity, and LLZO content in the solid-state cathode required to match the energy density of conventional lithium-ion batteries (ca. 180 Wh kg−1 and 497 Wh L−1) at the power densities of 200 W kg−1 and 600 W L−1, corresponding to ca. 1 h of battery discharge time (1C). We then discuss key challenges in the practical deployment of LLZO SSE in the fabrication of Li-garnet all-solid-state batteries.
Collapse
|
33
|
Chang W, May R, Wang M, Thorsteinsson G, Sakamoto J, Marbella L, Steingart D. Evolving contact mechanics and microstructure formation dynamics of the lithium metal-Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12 interface. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6369. [PMID: 34737263 PMCID: PMC8569160 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic behavior of the interface between the lithium metal electrode and a solid-state electrolyte plays a critical role in all-solid-state battery performance. The evolution of this interface throughout cycling involves multiscale mechanical and chemical heterogeneity at the micro- and nano-scale. These features are dependent on operating conditions such as current density and stack pressure. Here we report the coupling of operando acoustic transmission measurements with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging to correlate changes in interfacial mechanics (such as contact loss and crack formation) with the growth of lithium microstructures during cell cycling. Together, the techniques reveal the chemo-mechanical behavior that governs lithium metal and Li7La3Zr2O12 interfacial dynamics at various stack pressure regimes and with voltage polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Chang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.,Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.,Columbia Electrochemical Energy Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Richard May
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.,Columbia Electrochemical Energy Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Michael Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Gunnar Thorsteinsson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jeff Sakamoto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Lauren Marbella
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA. .,Columbia Electrochemical Energy Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Daniel Steingart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA. .,Columbia Electrochemical Energy Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA. .,Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
He F, Tang W, Zhang X, Deng L, Luo J. High Energy Density Solid State Lithium Metal Batteries Enabled by Sub-5 µm Solid Polymer Electrolytes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2105329. [PMID: 34536045 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state batteries (SSBs) are considered as the most promising next-generation high-energy-density energy storage devices due to their ability in addressing the safety concerns from organic electrolytes and enabling energy dense lithium anodes. To ensure the high energy density of SSBs, solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) are required to be thin and light-weight, and simultaneously offer a wide electrochemical window to pair with high-voltage cathodes. However, the decrease of SSE thickness and delicate structure may increase the cell safety risks, which is detrimental for the practical application of SSBs. Herein, to demonstrate a high-energy-density SSB with sufficient safety insurance, an ultrathin (4.2 µm) bilayer SSE with porous ceramic scaffold and double-layer Li+ -conducting polymer, is proposed. The fire-resistant and stiff ceramic scaffold improves the safety capability and mechanical strength of the composite SSE, and the bilayer polymer structure enhances the compatibility of Li metal anode and high-voltage cathodes. The 3D ceramic facilitates Li-ion conduction and regulates Li deposition. Thus, high energy density of 506 Wh kg-1 and 1514 Wh L-1 is achieved based on LiNi0.8 Co0.1 Mn0.1 O2 (NCM811) cathodes with a low N/P ratio and long lifespan over 3000 h. High-energy-density anode-free cells are further demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei He
- Shanghai Key Lab of Advanced High-Temperature Materials and Precision Forming, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wenjing Tang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Advanced High-Temperature Materials and Precision Forming, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lijun Deng
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiayan Luo
- Shanghai Key Lab of Advanced High-Temperature Materials and Precision Forming, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
The importance of electrode interfaces and interphases for rechargeable metal batteries. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6240. [PMID: 34716340 PMCID: PMC8556382 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rechargeable metal batteries are one of the most investigated electrochemical energy storage system at academic and industrial level because of their possibility to store higher energy compared to their counterparts employing carbon as an anode material. However, to produce reliable and durable metal batteries, it is of paramount importance to understand and circumvent (or ultimately overcome) the issues associated with the chemically reactive, ionically blocking and mechanically unstable interfaces and interphases of the metal electrode. Here, recent progress and the future perspective of this field are discussed from a physicochemical perspective while, at the same time, fundamentally relevant questions are raised. Metal electrode interfaces and interphases are critical for the development of future high-energy metal batteries. Here, Dr Jelena Popovic-Neuber discusses the state of the art, issues and strategies to improve the stability of metal electrodes toward practical battery systems.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Current studies in the Li-battery field are focusing on building systems with higher energy density than ever before. The path toward this goal, however, should not ignore aspects such as safety, stability, and cycling life. These issues frequently originate from interfacial instability, and therefore, precise surface chemistry that allows for accurate control of material surface and interfaces is much in demand for advanced battery research. Molecular self-assembly as a surface chemistry tool is considered to surpass many conventional coating techniques due to its intrinsic merits such as spontaneous organization, molecular-scale uniformity, and structural diversity. Recent publications have demonstrated the power of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) in addressing pressing issues in the battery field such as the chemical stability of Li, but many more investigations are needed to fully explore the potential and impact of this technique on energy storage. This perspective is the first of its kind devoted to SAMs in batteries and related materials. Recent research progress on SAMs in batteries is reviewed and mainly falls in two categories, including the improvement of chemical stability and the regulation of nucleation in conversion electrode reactions. Future applications and consideration of SAMs in energy storage are discussed. We believe these summaries and outlooks are highly stimulative and may benefit future advancements in battery chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruowei Yi
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yayun Mao
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yanbin Shen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Liwei Chen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, and in situ Center for Physical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Spencer Jolly D, Ning Z, Hartley GO, Liu B, Melvin DLR, Adamson P, Marrow J, Bruce PG. Temperature Dependence of Lithium Anode Voiding in Argyrodite Solid-State Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:22708-22716. [PMID: 33960785 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Void formation at the Li/ceramic electrolyte interface of an all-solid-state battery on discharge results in high local current densities, dendrites on charge, and cell failure. Here, we show that such voiding is reduced at the Li/Li6PS5Cl interface at elevated temperatures, sufficient to increase the critical current before voiding and cell failure from <0.25 mA cm-2 at 25 °C to 0.25 mA cm-2 at 60 °C and 0.5 mA cm-2 at 80 °C under a relatively low stack-pressure of 1 MPa. Increasing the stack-pressure to 5 MPa and temperature to 80 °C permits stable cycling at 2.5 mA cm-2. It is also shown that the charge-transfer resistance at the Li/Li6PS5Cl interface depends on pressure and temperature, with relatively high pressures required to maintain low charge-transfer resistance at -20 °C. These results are consistent with the plastic deformation of Li metal dominating the performance of the Li anode, posing challenges for the implementation of solid-state cells with Li anodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Spencer Jolly
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K
- The Henry Royce Institute, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
| | - Ziyang Ning
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K
- The Henry Royce Institute, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
| | - Gareth O Hartley
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K
- The Henry Royce Institute, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
| | - Boyang Liu
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K
- The Henry Royce Institute, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
| | - Dominic L R Melvin
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K
- The Henry Royce Institute, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
| | - Paul Adamson
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K
- The Henry Royce Institute, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
| | - James Marrow
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
| | - Peter G Bruce
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K
- The Henry Royce Institute, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
| |
Collapse
|