1
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Maeda Y, Ding J, Saeki M, Kuwayama N, Kishi Y. A simple method for gene expression in endo- and ectodermal cells in mouse embryos before neural tube closure. Dev Biol 2024:S0012-1606(24)00206-9. [PMID: 39102935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The lack of a widely accessible method for expressing genes of interest in wild-type embryos is a fundamental obstacle to understanding genetic regulation during embryonic development. In particular, only a few methods are available for introducing gene expression vectors into cells prior to neural tube closure, which is a period of drastic development for many tissues. In this study, we present a simple technique for injecting vectors into the amniotic cavity and allowing them to reach the ectodermal cells and the epithelia of endodermal organs of mouse embryos at E8.0 via in utero injection, using only a widely used optical fiber with an illuminator. Using this technique, retroviruses can be introduced to facilitate the labeling of cells in various tissues, including the brain, spinal cord, epidermis, and digestive and respiratory organs. We also demonstrated in utero electroporation of plasmid DNA into E7.0 and E8.0 embryos. Taking advantage of this method, we reveal the association between Ldb1 and the activity of the Neurog2 transcription factor in the mouse neocortex. This technique can aid in analyzing the roles of genes of interest during endo- and ectodermal development prior to neural tube closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurie Maeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jingwen Ding
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mai Saeki
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Naohiro Kuwayama
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kishi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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2
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Ong ALC, Kokaji T, Kishi A, Takihara Y, Shinozuka T, Shimamoto R, Isotani A, Shirai M, Sasai N. Acquisition of neural fate by combination of BMP blockade and chromatin modification. iScience 2023; 26:107887. [PMID: 37771660 PMCID: PMC10522999 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural induction is a process where naive cells are converted into committed cells with neural characteristics, and it occurs at the earliest step during embryogenesis. Although the signaling molecules and chromatin remodeling for neural induction have been identified, the mutual relationships between these molecules are yet to be fully understood. By taking advantage of the neural differentiation system of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, we discovered that the BMP signal regulates the expression of several polycomb repressor complex (PRC) component genes. We particularly focused on Polyhomeotic Homolog 1 (Phc1) and established Phc1-knockout (Phc1-KO) ES cells. We found that Phc1-KO failed to acquire the neural fate, and the cells remained in pluripotent or primitive non-neural states. Chromatin accessibility analysis suggests that Phc1 is essential for chromatin packing. Aberrant upregulation of the BMP signal was confirmed in the Phc1 homozygotic mutant embryos. Taken together, Phc1 is required for neural differentiation through epigenetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Lee Chen Ong
- Division of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Toshiya Kokaji
- Data-driven biology, NAIST Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Arisa Kishi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Takihara
- Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-0037, Japan
| | - Takuma Shinozuka
- Division of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ren Shimamoto
- Division of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ayako Isotani
- Division of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Manabu Shirai
- Omics Research Center (ORC), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe Shinmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sasai
- Division of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
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3
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Zhang B, Zhao C, Shen W, Li W, Zheng Y, Kong X, Wang J, Wu X, Zeng T, Liu Y, Zhou Y. KDM2B regulates hippocampal morphogenesis by transcriptionally silencing Wnt signaling in neural progenitors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6489. [PMID: 37838801 PMCID: PMC10576813 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus plays major roles in learning and memory, and its formation requires precise coordination of patterning, cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Here we removed the chromatin-association capability of KDM2B in the progenitors of developing dorsal telencephalon (Kdm2b∆CxxC) to discover that Kdm2b∆CxxC hippocampus, particularly the dentate gyrus, became drastically smaller with disorganized cellular components and structure. Kdm2b∆CxxC mice display prominent defects in spatial memory, motor learning and fear conditioning, resembling patients with KDM2B mutations. The migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells is greatly impeded in the developing Kdm2b∆CxxC hippocampus. Mechanism studies reveal that Wnt signaling genes in developing Kdm2b∆CxxC hippocampi are de-repressed due to reduced enrichment of repressive histone marks by polycomb repressive complexes. Activating the Wnt signaling disturbs hippocampal neurogenesis, recapitulating the effect of KDM2B loss. Together, we unveil a previously unappreciated gene repressive program mediated by KDM2B that controls progressive fate specifications and cell migration, hence morphogenesis of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenchen Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangfei Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junbao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xudong Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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4
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Frey T, Murakami T, Maki K, Kawaue T, Tani N, Sugai A, Nakazawa N, Ishiguro K, Adachi T, Kengaku M, Ohki K, Gotoh Y, Kishi Y. Age-associated reduction of nuclear shape dynamics in excitatory neurons of the visual cortex. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13925. [PMID: 37476844 PMCID: PMC10497821 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons decline in their functionality over time, and age-related neuronal alterations are associated with phenotypes of neurodegenerative diseases. In nonneural tissues, an infolded nuclear shape has been proposed as a hallmark of aged cells and neurons with infolded nuclei have also been reported to be associated with neuronal activity. Here, we performed time-lapse imaging in the visual cortex of Nex-Cre;SUN1-GFP mice. Nuclear infolding was observed within 10 min of stimulation in young nuclei, while the aged nuclei were already infolded pre-stimulation and showed reduced dynamics of the morphology. In young nuclei, the depletion of the stimuli restored the nucleus to a spherical shape and reduced the dynamic behavior, suggesting that nuclear infolding is a reversible process. We also found the aged nucleus to be stiffer than the young one, further relating to the age-associated loss of nuclear shape dynamics. We reveal temporal changes in the nuclear shape upon external stimulation and observe that these morphological dynamics decrease with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanita Frey
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Tomonari Murakami
- Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Koichiro Maki
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Takumi Kawaue
- Institute for Integrated Cell‐Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Naoki Tani
- Liaison Laboratory Research Promotion CenterIMEG, Kumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Ayaka Sugai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Naotaka Nakazawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell‐Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Department of Energy and Materials, Faculty of Science and EngineeringKindai UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Kei‐ichiro Ishiguro
- Department of Chromosome BiologyInstitute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Mineko Kengaku
- Institute for Integrated Cell‐Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Kenichi Ohki
- Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI‐IRCN), The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yukiko Gotoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI‐IRCN), The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yusuke Kishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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5
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RINGs, DUBs and Abnormal Brain Growth-Histone H2A Ubiquitination in Brain Development and Disease. EPIGENOMES 2022; 6:epigenomes6040042. [PMID: 36547251 PMCID: PMC9778336 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes6040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During mammalian neurodevelopment, signaling pathways converge upon transcription factors (TFs) to establish appropriate gene expression programmes leading to the production of distinct neural and glial cell types. This process is partially regulated by the dynamic modulation of chromatin states by epigenetic systems, including the polycomb group (PcG) family of co-repressors. PcG proteins form multi-subunit assemblies that sub-divide into distinct, yet functionally related families. Polycomb repressive complexes 1 and 2 (PRC1 and 2) modify the chemical properties of chromatin by covalently modifying histone tails via H2A ubiquitination (H2AK119ub1) and H3 methylation, respectively. In contrast to the PRCs, the Polycomb repressive deubiquitinase (PR-DUB) complex removes H2AK119ub1 from chromatin through the action of the C-terminal hydrolase BAP1. Genetic screening has identified several PcG mutations that are causally associated with a range of congenital neuropathologies associated with both localised and/or systemic growth abnormalities. As PRC1 and PR-DUB hold opposing functions to control H2AK119ub1 levels across the genome, it is plausible that such neurodevelopmental disorders arise through a common mechanism. In this review, we will focus on advancements regarding the composition and opposing molecular functions of mammalian PRC1 and PR-DUB, and explore how their dysfunction contributes to the emergence of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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6
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Koizumi M, Eto H, Saeki M, Seki M, Fukushima T, Mukai S, Ide H, Sera Y, Iwasaki M, Suzuki Y, Tohei A, Kishi Y, Honda H. UTX deficiency in neural stem/progenitor cells results in impaired neural development, fetal ventriculomegaly, and postnatal death. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22662. [PMID: 36412518 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201002rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that epigenetic modifications are deeply involved in neurogenesis; however, the precise mechanisms remain largely unknown. To determine the role of UTX (also known as KDM6A), a demethylase of histone H3K27, in neural development, we generated Utx-deficient mice in neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs). Since Utx is an X chromosome-specific gene, the genotypes are sex-dependent; female mice lose both Utx alleles (UtxΔ/Δ ), and male mice lose one Utx allele yet retain one Uty allele, the counterpart of Utx on the Y chromosome (UtxΔ/Uty ). We found that UtxΔ/Δ mice exhibited fetal ventriculomegaly and died soon after birth. Immunofluorescence staining and EdU labeling revealed a significant increase in NSPCs and a significant decrease in intermediate-progenitor and differentiated neural cells. Molecular analyses revealed the downregulation of pathways related to DNA replication and increased H3K27me3 levels around the transcription start sites in UtxΔ/Δ NSPCs. These results indicate that UTX globally regulates the expression of genes required for proper neural development in NSPCs, and UTX deficiency leads to impaired cell cycle exit, reduced differentiation, and neonatal death. Interestingly, although UtxΔ/Uty mice survived the postnatal period, most died of hydrocephalus, a clinical feature of Kabuki syndrome, a congenital anomaly involving UTX mutations. Our findings provide novel insights into the role of histone modifiers in neural development and suggest that UtxΔ/Uty mice are a potential disease model for Kabuki syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Koizumi
- Field of Human Disease Models, Major in Advanced Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animals, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Eto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mai Saeki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahide Seki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fukushima
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Mukai
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hisamitsu Ide
- Department of Urology, Dokkyo Medical University, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sera
- Field of Human Disease Models, Major in Advanced Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animals, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Iwasaki
- Field of Human Disease Models, Major in Advanced Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animals, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tohei
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Honda
- Field of Human Disease Models, Major in Advanced Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animals, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Bölicke N, Albert M. Polycomb-mediated gene regulation in human brain development and neurodevelopmental disorders. Dev Neurobiol 2022; 82:345-363. [PMID: 35384339 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The neocortex is considered the seat of higher cognitive function in humans. It develops from a sheet of neural progenitor cells, most of which eventually give rise to neurons. This process of cell fate determination is controlled by precise temporal and spatial gene expression patterns that in turn are affected by epigenetic mechanisms including Polycomb group (PcG) regulation. PcG proteins assemble in multiprotein complexes and catalyze repressive posttranslational histone modifications. Their association with neurodevelopmental disease and various types of cancer of the central nervous system, as well as observations in mouse models, has implicated these epigenetic modifiers in controlling various stages of cortex development. The precise mechanisms conveying PcG-associated transcriptional repression remain incompletely understood and are an active field of research. PcG activity appears to be highly context-specific, raising the question of species-specific differences in the regulation of neural stem and progenitor regulation. In this review, we will discuss our growing understanding of how PcG regulation affects human cortex development, based on studies in murine model systems, but focusing mostly on findings obtained from examining impaired PcG activity in the context of human neurodevelopmental disorders and cancer. Furthermore, we will highlight relevant experimental approaches for functional investigations of PcG regulation in human cortex development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Bölicke
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mareike Albert
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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8
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Yakushiji-Kaminatsui N, Kondo T, Ohinata Y, Takano J, Koseki H. Genetic, Genomic, and Imaging Approaches to Dissect the Role of Polycomb Group Epigenetic Regulators in Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2529:207-228. [PMID: 35733017 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2481-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Among the most important histone methyltransferases for metazoan development are EZH1/2 and their homologs, which methylate histone H3 lysine 27 and act as part of a highly conserved set of chromatin regulators called Polycomb Group (PcG) proteins. Reaching a precise understanding of the roles of PcG proteins in the orchestration of differentiation and the maintenance of cell identity requires a variety of genetic and molecular approaches. Here, we present a full suite of methods for the study of PcG proteins in early murine development, including mutant strain generation, embryonic stem cell derivation, epigenomic profiling, and immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayuta Yakushiji-Kaminatsui
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (RIKEN-IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (RIKEN-IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Ohinata
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Junichiro Takano
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (RIKEN-IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (RIKEN-IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan.
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9
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Li Q, Chen J, Liang F, Zhang J, Qu W, Huang X, Cheng X, Zhao X, Yang Z, Xu S, Li X. RYBP modulates embryonic neurogenesis involving the Notch signaling pathway in a PRC1-independent pattern. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:2988-3004. [PMID: 34798064 PMCID: PMC8693662 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RYBP (Ring1 and YY1 binding protein), an essential component of the Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1), plays pivotal roles in development and diseases. However, the roles of Rybp in neuronal development remains completely unknown. In the present study, we have shown that the depletion of Rybp inhibits proliferation and promotes neuronal differentiation of embryonic neural progenitor cells (eNPCs). In addition, Rybp deficiency impairs the morphological development of neurons. Mechanistically, Rybp deficiency does not affect the global level of ubiquitination of H2A, but it inhibits Notch signaling pathway in eNPCs. The direct interaction between RYBP and CIR1 facilitates the binding of RBPJ to Notch intracellular domain (NICD) and consequently activated Notch signaling. Rybp loss promotes CIR1 competing with RBPJ to bind with NICD, and inhibits Notch signaling. Furthermore, ectopic Hes5, Notch signaling downstream target, rescues Rybp-deficiency-induced deficits. Collectively, our findings show that RYBP regulates embryonic neurogenesis and neuronal development through modulating Notch signaling in a PRC1-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China; The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Junchen Chen
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China; The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Feng Liang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310002, China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China; The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Wenzheng Qu
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Xuejun Cheng
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Xingsen Zhao
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China; The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Zhanjun Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014040, China
| | - Shunliang Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China.
| | - Xuekun Li
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China; The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China; Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
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10
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Eto H, Kishi Y. Brain regionalization by Polycomb-group proteins and chromatin accessibility. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100155. [PMID: 34536032 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
During brain development, neural precursor cells (NPCs) in different brain regions produce different types of neurons, and each of these regions plays a different role in the adult brain. Therefore, precise regionalization is essential in the early stages of brain development, and irregular regionalization has been proposed as the cause of neurodevelopmental disorders. The mechanisms underlying brain regionalization have been well studied in terms of morphogen-induced expression of critical transcription factors for regionalization. NPC potential in different brain regions is defined by chromatin structures that regulate the plasticity of gene expression. Herein, we present recent findings on the importance of chromatin structure in brain regionalization, particularly with respect to its regulation by Polycomb-group proteins and chromatin accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Eto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Isolation of genetically manipulated neural progenitors and immature neurons from embryonic mouse neocortex by FACS. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100540. [PMID: 34041504 PMCID: PMC8141469 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryonic mammalian neocortex includes neural progenitors and neurons at various stages of differentiation. The regulatory mechanisms underlying multiple aspects of neocortical development—including cell division, neuronal fate commitment, neuronal migration, and neuronal differentiation—have been explored using in utero electroporation and virus infection. Here, we describe a protocol for investigation of the effects of genetic manipulation on neural development through direct isolation of neural progenitors and neurons from the mouse embryonic neocortex by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Tsuboi et al. (2018) and Sakai et al. (2019). Direct isolation of neural progenitors and neurons from the mouse embryonic neocortex Purification of neural cells at various stages of differentiation using wild-type mice Protocol enables biochemical analyses of neural cells genetically manipulated in vivo Applicable for transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses
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12
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Utsunomiya S, Kishi Y, Tsuboi M, Kawaguchi D, Gotoh Y, Abe M, Sakimura K, Maeda K, Takemoto H. Ezh1 regulates expression of Cpg15/Neuritin in mouse cortical neurons. Drug Discov Ther 2021; 15:55-65. [PMID: 33678755 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2021.01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Immature neurons undergo morphological and physiological maturation in order to establish neuronal networks. During neuronal maturation, a large number of genes change their transcriptional levels, and these changes may be mediated by chromatin modifiers. In this study, we found that the level of Ezh1, a component of Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), increases during neuronal maturation in mouse neocortical culture. In addition, conditional knockout of Ezh1 in post-mitotic excitatory neurons leads to downregulation of a set of genes related to neuronal maturation. Moreover, the locus encoding Cpg15/Neuritin (Nrn1), which is regulated by neuronal activity and implicated in stabilization and maturation of excitatory synapses, is a direct target of Ezh1 in cortical neurons. Together, these results suggest that elevated expression of Ezh1 contributes to maturation of cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Utsunomiya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Neuroscience 2, Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Disease Research, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan.,Business-Academia Collaborative Laboratory (Shionogi), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Tsuboi
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daichi Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Gotoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazuma Maeda
- Neuroscience 2, Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Disease Research, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan.,Business-Academia Collaborative Laboratory (Shionogi), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemoto
- Neuroscience 2, Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Disease Research, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan.,Business-Academia Collaborative Laboratory (Shionogi), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Brady MV, Vaccarino FM. Role of SHH in Patterning Human Pluripotent Cells towards Ventral Forebrain Fates. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040914. [PMID: 33923415 PMCID: PMC8073580 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexities of human neurodevelopment have historically been challenging to decipher but continue to be of great interest in the contexts of healthy neurobiology and disease. The classic animal models and monolayer in vitro systems have limited the types of questions scientists can strive to answer in addition to the technical ability to answer them. However, the tridimensional human stem cell-derived organoid system provides the unique opportunity to model human development and mimic the diverse cellular composition of human organs. This strategy is adaptable and malleable, and these neural organoids possess the morphogenic sensitivity to be patterned in various ways to generate the different regions of the human brain. Furthermore, recapitulating human development provides a platform for disease modeling. One master regulator of human neurodevelopment in many regions of the human brain is sonic hedgehog (SHH), whose expression gradient and pathway activation are responsible for conferring ventral identity and shaping cellular phenotypes throughout the neural axis. This review first discusses the benefits, challenges, and limitations of using organoids for studying human neurodevelopment and disease, comparing advantages and disadvantages with other in vivo and in vitro model systems. Next, we explore the range of control that SHH exhibits on human neurodevelopment, and the application of SHH to various stem cell methodologies, including organoids, to expand our understanding of human development and disease. We outline how this strategy will eventually bring us much closer to uncovering the intricacies of human neurodevelopment and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flora M. Vaccarino
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Yale Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Correspondence:
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14
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Oproescu AM, Han S, Schuurmans C. New Insights Into the Intricacies of Proneural Gene Regulation in the Embryonic and Adult Cerebral Cortex. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:642016. [PMID: 33658912 PMCID: PMC7917194 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.642016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, the mammalian brain was thought to lack stem cells as no new neurons were found to be made in adulthood. That dogma changed ∼25 years ago with the identification of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult rodent forebrain. However, unlike rapidly self-renewing mature tissues (e.g., blood, intestinal crypts, skin), the majority of adult NSCs are quiescent, and those that become 'activated' are restricted to a few neurogenic zones that repopulate specific brain regions. Conversely, embryonic NSCs are actively proliferating and neurogenic. Investigations into the molecular control of the quiescence-to-proliferation-to-differentiation continuum in the embryonic and adult brain have identified proneural genes encoding basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs) as critical regulators. These bHLH TFs initiate genetic programs that remove NSCs from quiescence and drive daughter neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to differentiate into specific neural cell subtypes, thereby contributing to the enormous cellular diversity of the adult brain. However, new insights have revealed that proneural gene activities are context-dependent and tightly regulated. Here we review how proneural bHLH TFs are regulated, with a focus on the murine cerebral cortex, drawing parallels where appropriate to other organisms and neural tissues. We discuss upstream regulatory events, post-translational modifications (phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation), protein-protein interactions, epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms that govern bHLH TF expression, stability, localization, and consequent transactivation of downstream target genes. These tight regulatory controls help to explain paradoxical findings of changes to bHLH activity in different cellular contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Oproescu
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences Platform, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sisu Han
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences Platform, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carol Schuurmans
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences Platform, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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