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He J, Jiang X, Zhang C, Li Y, Liu C, Liu X, Li B, Peng H, Ta D. Stretchable Ultrasound Metalens for Biomedical Zoom Imaging and Bone Quality Assessment with Subwavelength Resolution. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2312221. [PMID: 39007285 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202312221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound imaging is extensively used in biomedical science and clinical practice. Imaging resolution and tunability of imaging plane are key performance indicators, but both remain challenging to be improved due to the longer wavelength compared with light and the lack of zoom lens for ultrasound. Here, the ultrasound zoom imaging based on a stretchable planar metalens that simultaneously achieves the subwavelength imaging resolution and dynamic control of the imaging plane is reported. The proposed zoom imaging ultrasonography enables precise bone fracture diagnosis and comprehensive osteoporosis assessment. Millimeter-scale microarchitectures of the cortical bones at different depths can be selectively imaged with a 0.6-wavelength resolution. The morphological features of bone fractures, including the shape, size and position, are accurately detected. Based on the extracted ultrasound information of cancellous bones with healthy matrix, osteopenia and osteoporosis, a multi-index osteoporosis evaluation method is developed. Furthermore, it provides additional biological information in aspects of bone elasticity and attenuation to access the comprehensive osteoporosis assessment. The soft metalens also features flexibility and biocompatibility for preferable applications on wearable devices. This work provides a strategy for the development of high-resolution ultrasound biomedical zoom imaging and comprehensive bone quality diagnosis system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie He
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chuanxin Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ying Li
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Boyi Li
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Huisheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Dean Ta
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Zheng Y, Li C, Zhang C, He J, Jiang X, Ta D. Distinct thermal effect on biological tissues using subwavelength ultrasound metalens at megahertz. iScience 2023; 26:107929. [PMID: 37810209 PMCID: PMC10551838 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound focusing plays an important role in biomedical therapy and diagnosis. Acoustic metalens has showcased remarkable focusing performance but yet to be implemented to the practical ultrasound therapeutic applications. We design a planar metalens operating at megahertz and experimentally demonstrate the distinct thermal effect on biological tissues induced by the high-resolution focusing. A prominent temperature rise of 50°C is experimentally observed in the biological phantom, with a much lower input ultrasound power of 4 W compared with the traditional methods. We further study the thermal effect on fresh porcine liver and investigate the morphological changes under different physical parameters. Visible lesions are observed in in vitro tissues at the lowest input ultrasound power of 2.6 W within 10 s. This study facilitates the practical biomedical application of acoustic metalens, providing a feasible approach for the precise, safe, and reliable therapeutic ultrasound with the simple and compact metalens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zheng
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Chuanxin Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiajie He
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dean Ta
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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Hu Y, Wei J, Shen Y, Chen S, Chen X. Barrier-breaking effects of ultrasonic cavitation for drug delivery and biomarker release. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 94:106346. [PMID: 36870921 PMCID: PMC10040969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recently, emerging evidence has demonstrated that cavitation actually creates important bidirectional channels on biological barriers for both intratumoral drug delivery and extratumoral biomarker release. To promote the barrier-breaking effects of cavitation for both therapy and diagnosis, we first reviewed recent technical advances of ultrasound and its contrast agents (microbubbles, nanodroplets, and gas-stabilizing nanoparticles) and then reported the newly-revealed cavitation physical details. In particular, we summarized five types of cellular responses of cavitation in breaking the plasma membrane (membrane retraction, sonoporation, endocytosis/exocytosis, blebbing and apoptosis) and compared the vascular cavitation effects of three different types of ultrasound contrast agents in breaking the blood-tumor barrier and tumor microenvironment. Moreover, we highlighted the current achievements of the barrier-breaking effects of cavitation in mediating drug delivery and biomarker release. We emphasized that the precise induction of a specific cavitation effect for barrier-breaking was still challenged by the complex combination of multiple acoustic and non-acoustic cavitation parameters. Therefore, we provided the cutting-edge in-situ cavitation imaging and feedback control methods and suggested the development of an international cavitation quantification standard for the clinical guidance of cavitation-mediated barrier-breaking effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Hu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China; National-regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
| | - Jianpeng Wei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China; National-regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China; National-regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
| | - Siping Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China; National-regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China; National-regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China.
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Cheng XM, Wang TT, Zhu WB, Shi BD, Chen W. Phase Deflectometry for Defect Detection of High Reflection Objects. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1607. [PMID: 36772645 PMCID: PMC9922010 DOI: 10.3390/s23031607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A method for detecting the surface defects of high reflection objects using phase deflection is proposed. The abrupt change in the surface gradient at the defect leads to the change in the fringe phase. Therefore, Gray code combined with a four-step phase-shift method was employed to obtain the surface gradients to characterize the defects. Then, through the double surface illumination model, the relationship between illumination intensity and phase was established. The causes of periodic error interference were analyzed, and the method of adjusting the fringe width to eliminate it was proposed. Finally, experimental results showed the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Simulation of the Sub-Wavelength Focusing Capability of Cylindrical Concave Phased Array. J Med Biol Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-022-00745-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Abstract
Due to its excellent performance and high design freedom, the lattice structure has shown excellent capabilities and considerable potential in aerospace and other fields. Inspired by the bamboo structure, a lattice cell configuration namely BCC4IZ is designed and a lattice alternative layout is obtained. Then, a design and modeling method for non-uniform lattice structures is proposed. Four designs of the landing footpad with different kinds of lattice cells are developed. A series of dynamic explicit finite element simulations were conducted to evaluate and compare the energy absorption and capacity of resisting impact deformation performance of different designs. The results show that the combination of the bionic design and the lattice structure can effectively improve the performance of the lattice-filled footpad. This study proves the feasibility and potential of application for bionic design in lattice structure.
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Jin Y, Walker E, Choi TY, Neogi A, Krokhin A. Simultaneous negative reflection and refraction and reverse-incident right-angle collimation of sound in a solid-fluid phononic crystal. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 151:2723. [PMID: 35461509 DOI: 10.1121/10.0010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The square lattice phononic crystal (PnC) has been used extensively to demonstrate metamaterial effects. Here, positive and negative refraction and reflection are observed simultaneously due to the presence of Umklapp scattering of sound at the surface of PnC and square-like equifrequency contours (EFCs). It is found that a shift in the EFC of the third transmission band away from the center of the Brillouin zone results in an effectively inverted EFC. The overlap of the EFC of the second and third band produce quasimomentum-matching conditions that lead to multi-refringence phenomena from a single incident beam without the introduction of defects into the lattice. Additionally, the coupling of a near-normal incident wave to a propagating almost perpendicular Bloch mode is shown to lead to strong right-angle redirection and collimation of the incident acoustic beam. Each effect is demonstrated both numerically and experimentally for scattering of ultrasound at a 10-period PnC slab in water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Jin
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | | | - Tae-Youl Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, USA
| | - Arup Neogi
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Arkadii Krokhin
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
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Farhangdoust S, Georgeson G, Ihn JB. MetaMembranes for the Sensitivity Enhancement of Wearable Piezoelectric MetaSensors. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22051909. [PMID: 35271056 PMCID: PMC8914912 DOI: 10.3390/s22051909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The low stretchability of plain membranes restricts the sensitivity of conventional diaphragm-based pressure and inflatable piezoelectric sensors. Using theoretical and computational tools, we characterized current limitations and explored metamaterial-inspired membranes (MetaMems) to resolve these issues. This paper develops two MetaMem pressure sensors (MPSs) to enrich the sensitivity and stretchability of the conventional sensors. Two auxetic hexagonal and kirigami honeycombs are proposed to create a negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) in the MetaMems which enables them to expand the piezo-element of sensors in both longitudinal and transverse directions much better, and consequently provides the MPSs' diaphragm a higher capability for flexural deformation. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polycarbonate (PC) are considered as the preferable materials for the piezo-element and MetaMem, respectively. A finite element analysis was conducted to investigate the stretchability behavior of the MetaMems and study its effect on the PVDF's polarization and sensor sensitivity. The results obtained from theoretical analysis and numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed MetaMems enhance the sensitivity of pressure sensors up to 3.8 times more than an equivalent conventional sensor with a plain membrane. This paper introduces a new class of flexible MetaMems to advance wearable piezoelectric metasensor technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Farhangdoust
- Postdoctoral Research Associate, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Gary Georgeson
- Boeing Research and Technology, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; (G.G.); (J.-B.I.)
| | - Jeong-Beom Ihn
- Boeing Research and Technology, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; (G.G.); (J.-B.I.)
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Yang T, Mazumder S, Jin Y, Squires B, Sofield M, Pantawane MV, Dahotre NB, Neogi A. A Review of Diagnostics Methodologies for Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes and Products. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14174929. [PMID: 34501016 PMCID: PMC8434273 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing technologies based on metal are evolving into an essential advanced manufacturing tool for constructing prototypes and parts that can lead to complex structures, dissimilar metal-based structures that cannot be constructed using conventional metallurgical techniques. Unlike traditional manufacturing processes, the metal AM processes are unreliable due to variable process parameters and a lack of conventionally acceptable evaluation methods. A thorough understanding of various diagnostic techniques is essential to improve the quality of additively manufactured products and provide reliable feedback on the manufacturing processes for improving the quality of the products. This review summarizes and discusses various ex-situ inspections and in-situ monitoring methods, including electron-based methods, thermal methods, acoustic methods, laser breakdown, and mechanical methods, for metal additive manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA; (T.Y.); (S.M.); (M.V.P.); (N.B.D.)
- Center for Agile and Adaptive Additive Manufacturing, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA;
| | - Sangram Mazumder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA; (T.Y.); (S.M.); (M.V.P.); (N.B.D.)
- Center for Agile and Adaptive Additive Manufacturing, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA;
| | - Yuqi Jin
- Center for Agile and Adaptive Additive Manufacturing, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA;
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (B.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Brian Squires
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (B.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Mathew Sofield
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (B.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Mangesh V. Pantawane
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA; (T.Y.); (S.M.); (M.V.P.); (N.B.D.)
- Center for Agile and Adaptive Additive Manufacturing, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA;
| | - Narendra B. Dahotre
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA; (T.Y.); (S.M.); (M.V.P.); (N.B.D.)
- Center for Agile and Adaptive Additive Manufacturing, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA;
| | - Arup Neogi
- Center for Agile and Adaptive Additive Manufacturing, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Ultrasound Imaging by Thermally Tunable Phononic Crystal Lens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157966. [PMID: 34360731 PMCID: PMC8348416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates the detections and mappings of a solid object using a thermally tunable solid-state phononic crystal lens at low frequency for potential use in future long-distance detection. The phononic crystal lens is infiltrated with a polyvinyl alcohol-based poly n-isopropyl acrylamide (PVA-PNIPAm) bulk hydrogel polymer. The hydrogel undergoes a volumetric phase transition due to a temperature change leading to a temperature-dependent sound velocity and density. The temperature variation from 20 °C to 39 °C changes the focal length of the tunable solid-state lens by 1 cm in the axial direction. This thermo-reversible tunable focal length lens was used in a monostatic setup for one- and two-dimensional mapping scans in both frequency domain echo-intensity and temporal domain time-of-flight modes. The experimental results illustrated 1.03 ± 0.15λ and 2.35 ± 0.28λ on the lateral and axial minimum detectable object size. The experiments using the tunable lens demonstrate the capability to detect objects by changing the temperature in water without translating an object, source, or detector. The time-of-flight mode modality using the tunable solid-state phononic lens increases the signal-to-noise ratio compared to a conventional phononic crystal lens.
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Negative Index Metamaterial Lens for Subwavelength Microwave Detection. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21144782. [PMID: 34300520 PMCID: PMC8309723 DOI: 10.3390/s21144782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Metamaterials are engineered periodic structures designed to have unique properties not encountered in naturally occurring materials. One such unusual property of metamaterials is the ability to exhibit negative refractive index over a prescribed range of frequencies. A lens made of negative refractive index metamaterials can achieve resolution beyond the diffraction limit. This paper presents the design of a metamaterial lens and its use in far-field microwave imaging for subwavelength defect detection in nondestructive evaluation (NDE). Theoretical formulation and numerical studies of the metamaterial lens design are presented followed by experimental demonstration and characterization of metamaterial behavior. Finally, a microwave homodyne receiver-based system is used in conjunction with the metamaterial lens to develop a far-field microwave NDE sensor system. A subwavelength focal spot of size 0.82λ was obtained. The system is shown to be sensitive to a defect of size 0.17λ × 0.06λ in a Teflon sample. Consecutive positions of the defect with a separation of 0.23λ was resolvable using the proposed system.
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Jin Y, Zubov Y, Yang T, Choi TY, Krokhin A, Neogi A. Spatial Decomposition of a Broadband Pulse Caused by Strong Frequency Dispersion of Sound in Acoustic Metamaterial Superlattice. MATERIALS 2020; 14:ma14010125. [PMID: 33396738 PMCID: PMC7795682 DOI: 10.3390/ma14010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An acoustic metamaterial superlattice is used for the spatial and spectral deconvolution of a broadband acoustic pulse into narrowband signals with different central frequencies. The operating frequency range is located on the second transmission band of the superlattice. The decomposition of the broadband pulse was achieved by the frequency-dependent refraction angle in the superlattice. The refracted angle within the acoustic superlattice was larger at higher operating frequency and verified by numerical calculated and experimental mapped sound fields between the layers. The spatial dispersion and the spectral decomposition of a broadband pulse were studied using lateral position-dependent frequency spectra experimentally with and without the superlattice structure along the direction of the propagating acoustic wave. In the absence of the superlattice, the acoustic propagation was influenced by the usual divergence of the beam, and the frequency spectrum was unaffected. The decomposition of the broadband wave in the superlattice’s presence was measured by two-dimensional spatial mapping of the acoustic spectra along the superlattice’s in-plane direction to characterize the propagation of the beam through the crystal. About 80% of the frequency range of the second transmission band showed exceptional performance on decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Jin
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, P.O. Box 311427, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (Y.J.); (Y.Z.); (T.Y.); (A.K.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of North Texas, 3940 North Elm Suite, Denton, TX 76207, USA;
| | - Yurii Zubov
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, P.O. Box 311427, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (Y.J.); (Y.Z.); (T.Y.); (A.K.)
| | - Teng Yang
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, P.O. Box 311427, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (Y.J.); (Y.Z.); (T.Y.); (A.K.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, 3940 North Elm Suite, Denton, TX 76207, USA
| | - Tae-Youl Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of North Texas, 3940 North Elm Suite, Denton, TX 76207, USA;
| | - Arkadii Krokhin
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, P.O. Box 311427, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (Y.J.); (Y.Z.); (T.Y.); (A.K.)
- Center for Agile and Adaptive Additive Manufacturing, 3940 North Elm Suite, Denton, TX 76207, USA
| | - Arup Neogi
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, P.O. Box 311427, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (Y.J.); (Y.Z.); (T.Y.); (A.K.)
- Center for Agile and Adaptive Additive Manufacturing, 3940 North Elm Suite, Denton, TX 76207, USA
- Correspondence:
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Longitudinal Monostatic Acoustic Effective Bulk Modulus and Effective Density Evaluation of Underground Soil Quality: A Numerical Approach. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app11010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a novel method using longitudinal sound to detect underground soil voids to inspect underwater bed property in terms of effective bulk modulus and effective density of the material properties. The model was simulated in terms of layered material within a monostatic detection configuration. The numerical model demonstrates the feasibility of detecting an underground air void with a spatial resolution of about 0.5 λ and can differentiate a soil firmness of about 5%. The proposed technique can overcome limitations imposed by conventional techniques that use spacing-consuming sonar devices and suffer from low penetration depth and leakage of the transverse sound wave propagating in an underground fluid environment.
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