1
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Zhang Y, Fu D, Chen Z, Cui R, He W, Wang H, Chen J, Chen Y, Li SJ, Lan Y, Duan C, Jin Y. Bifunctional iron-catalyzed alkyne Z-selective hydroalkylation and tandem Z-E inversion via radical molding and flipping. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8619. [PMID: 39366970 PMCID: PMC11452693 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-53021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The challenging synthesis of thermodynamic-unfavored cis-olefins through catalytic cross-coupling reactions requires the synergistic interaction of substrate-activating units and configuration-regulating catalysts. Successfully hitting these two birds with one stone, we herein develop a convenient photoredox access to Z-alkenes from alkynes and light alkanes with a bifunctional iron-catalyzed system possessing both C(sp3)-H activation and configuration-controlling abilities. The protocol exhibits 100% atom utilization, mild conditions, a broad substrate scope, and compatibility with multitudinous functional groups. The detailed reaction mechanism and the origin of geometry regulation are well investigated by experimental and computational studies. Progressively, a catalytic amount of diaryl disulfides is introduced for consecutive photoinduced Z-E isomerization via reversible radical addition and flipping. Big steric hindrance substituents assembled on the disulfide emerge necessity for suppressing double-bond migration. This tandem strategy paves a promising way for stereoselective alkene construction and will bring significant inspiration for the development of transition metal photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Dongmin Fu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ziyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Rongqi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wenlong He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Hongyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jiajin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yufei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Shi-Jun Li
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yu Lan
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yunhe Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
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2
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Zhang TZ, Shen MQ, Zhang Q, Fu MC. Alcohols as Alkyl Electrophiles for Deoxygenative Heck Reaction Enabled by Excited State Pd Catalysis. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 39356970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c03343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Here, we present a general method for the photoinduced Pd-catalyzed deoxygenative Heck reaction of vinyl arenes with ortho-iodophenyl-thionocarbonate derived from alcohols. Mechanistic studies reveal that the deoxygenation involves a 5-endo-trig cyclization and fragmentation process, with radical addition identified as the rate-determining step in this transformation. This one-pot procedure demonstrates excellent selectivity for less hindered hydroxyl groups in diols, facilitating late-stage functionalization of complex molecules and scalability to gram-scale synthesis. The protocol highlights significant synthetic potential and can be extended to the cascade 1,1-difunctionalization of isocyanides and the intermolecular radical cascade cyclization of N-arylacrylamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Zhen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Department Flexible Composite Materials Key Technology Center, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Meng-Qi Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Department Flexible Composite Materials Key Technology Center, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Department Flexible Composite Materials Key Technology Center, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Ming-Chen Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Department Flexible Composite Materials Key Technology Center, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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3
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Fang CZ, Zhang BB, Tu YL, Liu Q, Wang ZX, Chen XY. Radical Replacement Process for Ligated Boryl Radical-Mediated Activation of Unactivated Alkyl Chlorides for C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Bond Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:26574-26584. [PMID: 39264946 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c10915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
The ligated boryl radical (LBR) has emerged as a potent tool for activating alkyl halides in radical transformations through halogen-atom transfer (XAT). However, unactivated alkyl chlorides still present an open challenge for this strategy. We herein describe a new activation mode of the LBR for the activation of unactivated alkyl chlorides to construct a C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond. Mechanistic studies reveal that the success of the protocol relies on a radical replacement process between the LBR and unactivated alkyl chloride, forming an alkyl borane intermediate as the alkyl radical precursor. Aided with the additive K3PO4, the alkyl borane then undergoes one-electron oxidation, generating an alkyl radical. The incorporation of the radical replacement activation model to activate unactivated alkyl chlorides significantly enriches LBR chemistry, which has been applied to activate alkyl iodides, alkyl bromides, and activated alkyl chlorides via XAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Zhen Fang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bei-Bei Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong-Liang Tu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou, Shandong Province 256606, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou, Shandong Province 256606, China
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4
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Sarmah D, Choudhury A, Bora U. Palladium nanoparticle catalyzed synthesis of indoles via intramolecular Heck cyclisation. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:6419-6431. [PMID: 39069947 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01177e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
A system utilizing palladium(II)-PEG has been devised for the intramolecular Heck cyclization of N-vinyl and N-allyl-2-haloanilines. The synthesis of a variety of indoles, including 2,3-diester substituted ones and 3-methyl indoles, has been accomplished using this catalytic system. The N-vinyl starting materials are obtained by the aza-Michael addition of 2-haloanilines with alkynecarboxylate esters, which, upon cyclization, yield ester-substituted indoles. Conversely, N-allyl-2-haloanilines yield 3-methylated indoles as the major products. The high activity of the system is owed to the in situ generation of Pd nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Sarmah
- Dept of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napam, Sonitpur, Assam, India.
- Department of Chemistry, Dakshin Kamup College, Mirza, Kamrup, Assam, India
| | - Anup Choudhury
- Department of Chemistry, Handique Girls' College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Utpal Bora
- Dept of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napam, Sonitpur, Assam, India.
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5
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El-Maghrabey M, Kishikawa N, Kuroda N. Unique biomedical application of fluorescence derivatization based on palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions for HPLC analysis of pharmaceuticals and biomolecules. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5857. [PMID: 38509750 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions are versatile and powerful tools for the construction of carbon-carbon bonds in organic synthesis. Although these reactions have favorable features that proceed selectively in mild reaction conditions using aqueous organic solvents, no attention has been given to their application in the field of biomedical analysis. Therefore, we focused on these reactions and evaluated the scope and limitations of their analytical performance. In this review, we describe the pros and cons and future trends of fluorescence derivatization of pharmaceuticals and biomolecules based on palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions such as Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, Mizoroki-Heck coupling, and Sonogashira coupling reactions for HPLC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud El-Maghrabey
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Naoya Kishikawa
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Naotaka Kuroda
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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6
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Yang J, Li CR, Guo X, Chen Z, Hu K, Li LX. Photoinduced Palladium-Catalyzed 1,2-Aminoalkylation of Aromatic Alkenes with Hydroxyl as the Directing Group. Org Lett 2024; 26:5110-5114. [PMID: 38848135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The hybrid nature of Pd(I)-alkyl radical species has enabled a wide array of radical-based transformations. However, in this transformation, the secondary Pd(I)-alkyl radical species are prone to recombining into Pd(II)-alkyl species to give Heck-type products via β-H loss. Herein, we report a visible-light-induced, three-component Pd-catalyzed 1,2-aminoalkylation of alkenes with readily available alkyl halides and amines to construct C-C and C-N bonds simultaneously. Mechanistic investigation shows that the intermediate of o-quinone methide produced is the key factor in the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Chen-Rui Li
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xu Guo
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Kai Hu
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Li-Xin Li
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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7
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Zhan X, Nie Z, Li N, Zhou A, Lv H, Liang M, Wu K, Cheng GJ, Yin Q. Catalytic Asymmetric Cascade Dearomatization of Indoles via a Photoinduced Pd-Catalyzed 1,2-Bisfunctionalization of Butadienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404388. [PMID: 38641988 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Photoinduced Pd-catalyzed bisfunctionalization of butadienes with a readily available organic halide and a nucleophile represents an emerging and attractive method to assemble versatile alkenes bearing various functional groups at the allylic position. However, enantiocontrol and/or diastereocontrol in the C-C or C-X bond-formation step have not been solved due to the open-shell process. Herein, we present a cascade asymmetric dearomatization reaction of indoles via photoexcited Pd-catalyzed 1,2-biscarbonfunctionalization of 1,3-butadienes, wherein asymmetric control on both the nucleophile and electrophile part is achieved for the first time in photoinduced bisfunctionalization of butadienes. This method delivers structurally novel chiral spiroindolenines bearing two contiguous stereogenic centers with high diastereomeric ratios (up to >20 : 1 dr) and good to excellent enantiomeric ratios (up to 97 : 3 er). Experimental and computational studies of the mechanism have confirmed a radical pathway involving excited-state palladium catalysis. The alignment and non-covalent interactions between the substrate and the catalyst were found to be essential for stereocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Zhan
- Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, and Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwen Nie
- Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, and Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ao Zhou
- Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, and Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Haotian Lv
- Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, and Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Mingrong Liang
- Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, and Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Keqin Wu
- Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, and Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Juan Cheng
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Qin Yin
- Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, and Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China
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8
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Dupont J, Leal BC, Lozano P, Monteiro AL, Migowski P, Scholten JD. Ionic Liquids in Metal, Photo-, Electro-, and (Bio) Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5227-5420. [PMID: 38661578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have unique physicochemical properties that make them advantageous for catalysis, such as low vapor pressure, non-flammability, high thermal and chemical stabilities, and the ability to enhance the activity and stability of (bio)catalysts. ILs can improve the efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability of bio(transformations) by acting as activators of enzymes, selectively dissolving substrates and products, and reducing toxicity. They can also be recycled and reused multiple times without losing their effectiveness. ILs based on imidazolium cation are preferred for structural organization aspects, with a semiorganized layer surrounding the catalyst. ILs act as a container, providing a confined space that allows modulation of electronic and geometric effects, miscibility of reactants and products, and residence time of species. ILs can stabilize ionic and radical species and control the catalytic activity of dynamic processes. Supported IL phase (SILP) derivatives and polymeric ILs (PILs) are good options for molecular engineering of greener catalytic processes. The major factors governing metal, photo-, electro-, and biocatalysts in ILs are discussed in detail based on the vast literature available over the past two and a half decades. Catalytic reactions, ranging from hydrogenation and cross-coupling to oxidations, promoted by homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in both single and multiphase conditions, are extensively reviewed and discussed considering the knowledge accumulated until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairton Dupont
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Bárbara C Leal
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Lozano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Adriano L Monteiro
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Migowski
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Jackson D Scholten
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
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9
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Wei Y, Xie XY, Liu J, Liu X, Zhang B, Chen XY, Li SJ, Lan Y, Hong K. Palladium-Catalyzed Cascade Heck Coupling and Allylboration of Iododiboron Compounds via Diboryl Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401050. [PMID: 38444397 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Geminal bis(boronates) are versatile synthetic building blocks in organic chemistry. The fact that they predominantly serve as nucleophiles in the previous reports, however, has restrained their synthetic potential. Herein we disclose the ambiphilic reactivity of α-halogenated geminal bis(boronates), of which the first catalytic utilization was accomplished by merging a formal Heck cross-coupling with a highly diastereoselective allylboration of aldehydes or imines, providing a new avenue for rapid assembly of polyfunctionalized boron-containing compounds. We demonstrated that this cascade reaction is highly efficient and compatible with various functional groups, and a wide range of heterocycles. In contrast to a classical Pd(0/II) scenario, mechanistic experiments and DFT calculations have provided strong evidence for a catalytic cycle involving Pd(I)/diboryl carbon radical intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wei
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Xie
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jiabin Liu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xin-Yi Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Shi-Jun Li
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yu Lan
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Kai Hong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
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10
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Du YJ, Sheng XX, Tang LN, Chen JM, Liu GY, Hu H, Yang S, Zhu L, Chen M. Accessing Benzoazepine Derivatives via Photoinduced Radical Relay Formal [5 + 2] Reaction of Amide/Alkyne Enabled by Palladium Catalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:2662-2667. [PMID: 38530133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
A novel class of alkyne-tethered amides facilitates an unprecedented photoinduced palladium-catalyzed radical relay formal [5 + 2] reaction. This innovative strategy allows for the rapid construction of diverse fused benzoazepine structures, yielding structurally novel and compelling compounds. With a broad substrate scope and excellent functional group tolerance, the methodology synthesizes biologically active compounds. Notably, the resulting tricyclic benzo[b]azepines offer diversification opportunities through simple transformations. DFT calculations elucidate a seven-membered ring closure mechanism involving the alkenyl radical and Pd(I) rebound alongside a concerted metalation-deprotonation (CMD) process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jia Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 21 Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Xia-Xin Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 21 Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Lu-Ning Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 21 Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jia-Ming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 21 Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Guo-Ying Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 21 Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 21 Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 21 Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 21 Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
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11
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Sarkar S, Cheung KPS, Gevorgyan V. Recent Advances in Visible Light Induced Palladium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311972. [PMID: 37957126 PMCID: PMC10922525 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Visible light-induced Pd catalysis has emerged as a promising subfield of photocatalysis. The hybrid nature of Pd radical species has enabled a wide array of radical-based transformations otherwise challenging or unknown via conventional Pd chemistry. In parallel to the ongoing pursuit of alternative, readily available radical precursors, notable discoveries have demonstrated that photoexcitation can alter not only oxidative addition but also other elementary steps. This Minireview highlights the recent progress in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumon Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 (USA)
| | - Kelvin Pak Shing Cheung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 (USA)
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 (USA)
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12
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Neyyathala A, Flecken F, Rang F, Papke C, Hanf S. Support Engineering for the Stabilisation of Heterogeneous Pd 3 P-Based Catalysts for Heck Coupling Reactions. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302825. [PMID: 37870098 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the use of a supported Pd3 P catalyst for Heck coupling reactions. For the stabilisation of Pd3 P and Pd, as reference system, the silica support material was modified via phosphorus doping (0.5 and 1 wt % P). Through this so-called support engineering approach, the catalytic activity of Pd3 P was clearly enhanced. Whereas an iodobenzene conversion of 79 % was witnessed for Pd3 P@SiO2 in the coupling of styrene and iodobenzene in 1 h, 90 % conversion could be achieved using Pd3 P@1P-SiO2 . This improved catalytic activity probably stems from an electronic modulation of the support surface via the introduction of phosphorus. Simultaneously, the recyclability was boosted and the Pd3 P@1P-SiO2 catalyst has shown to maintain its catalytic activity over several recovery tests. Hereby, metal leaching could almost be suppressed completely to 3 % by the use of a P-modified silica support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Neyyathala
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Franziska Flecken
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Fabian Rang
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christina Papke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Schirin Hanf
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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13
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Tian X, Liu Y, Yakubov S, Schütte J, Chiba S, Barham JP. Photo- and electro-chemical strategies for the activations of strong chemical bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:263-316. [PMID: 38059728 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The employment of light and/or electricity - alternatively to conventional thermal energy - unlocks new reactivity paradigms as tools for chemical substrate activations. This leads to the development of new synthetic reactions and a vast expansion of chemical spaces. This review summarizes recent developments in photo- and/or electrochemical activation strategies for the functionalization of strong bonds - particularly carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bonds - via: (1) direct photoexcitation by high energy UV light; (2) activation via photoredox catalysis under irradiation with relatively lower energy UVA or blue light; (3) electrochemical reduction; (4) combination of photocatalysis and electrochemistry. Based on the types of the targeted C-X bonds, various transformations ranging from hydrodefunctionalization to cross-coupling are covered with detailed discussions of their reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Yuliang Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Schütte
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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14
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Al Zubaydi S, Onuigbo IO, Truesdell BL, Sevov CS. Cobalt-Catalyzed Electroreductive Alkylation of Unactivated Alkyl Chlorides with Conjugated Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313830. [PMID: 37963333 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of unactivated alkyl chlorides under mild and sustainable conditions are rare compared to those of alkyl bromides or iodides. As a result, synthetic methods capable of modifying the vast chemical space of chloroalkane reagents, wastes, and materials are limited. We report the cobalt-catalyzed reductive addition of unactivated alkyl chlorides to conjugated alkenes. Co-catalyzed activation of alkyl chlorides is performed under electroreductive conditions, and the resulting reactions constitute formal alkyl-alkyl bond formation. In addition to developing an operationally simple methodology, detailed mechanistic studies provide insights into the elementary steps of a proposed catalytic cycle. In particular, we propose a switch in the mechanism of C-Cl bond activation from nucleophilic substitution to halogen atom abstraction, which is critical for efficiently generating alkyl radicals. These mechanistic insights were leveraged in designing ligands that enable couplings of primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl chlorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Al Zubaydi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Immaculata O Onuigbo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Blaise L Truesdell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christo S Sevov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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15
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Wei C, Zhang L, Xia Z. Hemilabile P,N-Ligand-Assisted Gold-Catalyzed Heck Reaction of Aryl and Styryl Iodides with Styrenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:6808-6812. [PMID: 37690122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
A gold-catalyzed Heck reaction of aryl and styryl iodides with styrenes was developed. The hemilabile P,N-ligand-assisted gold-catalyzed C(sp2)-C(sp2) cross-coupling can synthesize stilbenes and bistyryl complexes, with good functional-group tolerance and mild conditions. The elementary organometallic steps of migratory insertion and β-hydride elimination might be involved in this ligand-enabled Au(I)/Au(III)-catalyzed Heck reaction with styrenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunbo Wei
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lizhu Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhonghua Xia
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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16
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Ji CL, Zhai X, Fang QY, Zhu C, Han J, Xie J. Photoinduced activation of alkyl chlorides. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6120-6138. [PMID: 37555398 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00110e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the activation of unactivated alkyl chlorides through light-induced processes has emerged as a promising field in radical chemistry, and has led to new transformations in organic synthesis. Direct utilization of alkyl chlorides as C(sp3)-hybridized electrophiles enables the facile construction of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Furthermore, recent studies in medicinal chemistry indicate that their presence is associated with high levels of success in clinical trials. This review summarizes the recent advances in the photoinduced activation of unactivated alkyl chlorides and discusses the mechanistic aspects underlying these reactions. We anticipate that this review will serve as a valuable resource for researchers in the field of unactivated chemical bond functionalization, and inspire considerable developments in organic chemistry, drug synthesis, materials science and other related disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Long Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xinyi Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Qing-Yun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
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17
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Kvasovs N, Fang J, Kliuev F, Gevorgyan V. Merging of Light/Dark Palladium Catalytic Cycles Enables Multicomponent Tandem Alkyl Heck/Tsuji-Trost Homologative Amination Reaction toward Allylic Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18497-18505. [PMID: 37556443 PMCID: PMC10750327 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
A visible light-induced palladium-catalyzed homologative three-component synthesis of allylic amines has been developed. This protocol proceeds via a unique mechanism involving two distinct cycles enabled by the same Pd(0) catalyst: a visible light-induced hybrid radical alkyl Heck reaction between 1,1-dielectrophile and styrene, followed by the "in dark" classical Tsuji-Trost-type allylic substitution reaction. This method works well with a broad range of primary and secondary amines, aryl alkenes, dielectrophiles, and in complex settings. The regiochemistry of the obtained products is primarily governed by the structure of 1,1-dielectrophile. Involvement of π-allyl palladium intermediates allowed for the control of stereoselectivity, which has been demonstrated with up to 95:5 er.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Kvasovs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Jian Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Fedor Kliuev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
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18
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Baran NY, Baran T, Nasrollahzadeh M. Synthesis of palladium nanoparticles stabilized on Schiff base-modified ZnO particles as a nanoscale catalyst for the phosphine-free Heck coupling reaction and 4-nitrophenol reduction. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12008. [PMID: 37491465 PMCID: PMC10368721 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38898-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the development of heterogeneous nanocatalytic systems using solid supports has been gaining importance due to some advantages such as easy handling, high thermal stability, high efficiency, reusability, and so on. Therefore, the design of catalyst supports for the preparation of stable heterogeneous catalytic systems is of great importance. In this work, Schiff base-modified ZnO particles have been developed (ZnO-Scb) as a novel support. A heterogeneous nanocatalyst system has then been prepared by immobilizing palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) on the ZnO-Scb surface as the support. The resulting palladium nanocatalyst (Pd-ZnO-Scb) structure has been characterized by different analytical techniques (FT-IR, XRD, TEM, FE-SEM, elemental mapping and EDS) and used to catalyze the Heck coupling reactions and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) reduction. Test results revealed that Pd-ZnO-Scb could effectively couple various aryl halides with styrene in yields of up to 98% in short reaction times. Pd-ZnO-Scb was also efficiently used in the complete 4-NP reduction within 135 s at room temperature. Additionally, it was found that Pd-ZnO-Scb was more effective than other reported catalysts in the Heck coupling reaction. Moreover, the recycling tests indicated that Pd-ZnO-Scb could be easily isolated from the reaction medium and reused in seven consecutive catalytic runs while retaining its nanostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Yılmaz Baran
- Department of Chemistry Technology, Technical Vocational School, Aksaray University, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Talat Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray University, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, Qom, PO Box 37185‑359, Iran.
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19
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Dohendou M, Dekamin MG, Namaki D. Supramolecular Pd@methioine-EDTA-chitosan nanocomposite: an effective and recyclable bio-based and eco-friendly catalyst for the green Heck cross-coupling reaction under mild conditions. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:3463-3484. [PMID: 37383074 PMCID: PMC10295217 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00157a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular palladium(ii) supported on modified chitosan by dl-methionine using an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid linker (Pd@MET-EDTA-CS) was designed and prepared through a simple procedure. The structure of this novel supramolecular nanocomposite was characterized by different spectroscopic, microscopic and analytical techniques including FTIR, EDX, XRD, FESEM, TGA, DRS, TEM, AA, and BET. The obtained bio-based nanomaterial was successfully investigated, as a highly efficient and green heterogeneous catalyst, in the Heck cross-coupling reaction (HCR) for the synthesis of various valuable biologically active cinnamic acid ester derivatives from the corresponding aryl halides using several acrylates. Indeed, aryl halides containing I or Br survived very well under optimized conditions to afford the corresponding products compared to the substrates with Cl. The prepared Pd@MET-EDTA-CS nanocatalyst promoted the HCR in high to excellent yields and short reaction times with minimum Pd loading (0.0027 mol%) on its structure as well as without any leaching occurring during the process. The recovery of the catalyst was performed by simple filtration and the catalytic activity remained approximately constant after five runs for the model reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Dohendou
- Pharmaceutical and Heterocyclic Compounds Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Mohammad G Dekamin
- Pharmaceutical and Heterocyclic Compounds Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Danial Namaki
- Pharmaceutical and Heterocyclic Compounds Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
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20
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Wang C, Azofra LM, Dam P, Espinoza-Suarez EJ, Do HT, Rabeah J, Brückner A, El-Sepelgy O. Photoexcited cobalt catalysed endo-selective alkyl Heck reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3862-3865. [PMID: 36883973 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06967a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report an intramolecular endo-selective Heck reaction of iodomethylsilyl ethers of phenols and alkenols. The reaction leads to the formation of seven- and eight-membered siloxycycles in excellent yields, which could be further converted into the corresponding allylic alcohols upon oxidation. Thus, this method could be used for the selective (Z)-hydroxymethylation of o-hydroxystyrenes and alkenols. Rapid scan EPR experiments and DFT calculations suggest a concerted β-hydrogen elimination event to take place in the triplet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Wang
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, Rostock 18059, Germany.
| | - Luis Miguel Azofra
- Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Campus de Tafira, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35017, Spain
| | - Phong Dam
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, Rostock 18059, Germany.
| | | | - Hieu Trung Do
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, Rostock 18059, Germany.
| | - Jabor Rabeah
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, Rostock 18059, Germany.
| | - Angelika Brückner
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, Rostock 18059, Germany.
| | - Osama El-Sepelgy
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, Rostock 18059, Germany.
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21
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Kim J, Sun X, van der Worp BA, Ritter T. Anti-Markovnikov hydrochlorination and hydronitrooxylation of α-olefins via visible-light photocatalysis. Nat Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-023-00914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
AbstractConventional hydrofunctionalization of α-olefins with mineral acids proceeds with Markovnikov selectivity to afford branched isomers. The direct formation of linear constitutional isomers is challenging, yet anti-Markovnikov addition would be valuable for the synthesis of commodity chemicals, such as primary alcohols, which are currently only accessible via stoichiometric redox reactions, with a full equivalent of waste of both oxidant and reductant. Strategies that utilize radical intermediates have been demonstrated, but only for activated alkenes, and the direct use of aqueous mineral acids remains elusive. Here we present anti-Markovnikov addition reactions of aqueous hydrochloric and nitric acid to unactivated alkenes. The transformation is enabled by the in situ generation of photoredox-active ion pairs, derived from acridine and the mineral acid, as a combined charge- and phase-transfer catalyst. The introduction of a hydrogen atom transfer catalyst enabled us to bypass the challenging chain propagation by hydrochloric and nitric acids that originates from the high bond dissociation energy.
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22
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Wang P, Wang Y, Neumann H, Beller M. Rhodium-Catalyzed Formylation of Unactivated Alkyl Chlorides to Aldehydes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203342. [PMID: 36342300 PMCID: PMC10108320 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The first rhodium-catalyzed formylation of non-activated alkyl chlorides with syn gas (H2 /CO) allows to produce aldehydes in high yields (25 examples). A catalyst optimization study revealed Rh(acac)(CO)2 in the presence of 1,3-bisdiphenylphosphinopropane (DPPP) as the most active catalyst system for this transformation. Key for the success of the reaction is the addition of sodium iodide (NaI) to the reaction system, which leads to the formation of activated alkyl iodides as intermediates. Depending on the reaction conditions, either the linear or branched aldehydes can be preferentially obtained, which is explained by a different mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Helfried Neumann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
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23
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Zhao G, Mukherjee U, Zhou L, Mauro JN, Wu Y, Liu P, Ngai MY. Excited-State Palladium-Catalyzed α-Selective C1-Ketonylation. CCS CHEMISTRY 2023; 5:106-116. [PMID: 36920159 PMCID: PMC10010662 DOI: 10.31635/ccschem.022.202202282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
C-Glycosides are important carbohydrate mimetics found in natural products, bioactive compounds, and marketed drugs. However, stereoselective preparation of this class of glycomimetics remains a significant challenge in organic synthesis. Herein, we report an excited-state palladium-catalyzed α-selective C-ketonylation strategy using readily available 1-bromosugars to access a range of C-glycosides. The reaction features excellent α-selectivity and mild conditions that tolerate a wide range of functional groups and complex molecular architectures. The resulting α-ketonylsugars can serve as versatile precursors for their β-isomers and other C-glycosides. Preliminary experimental and computational studies of the mechanism suggest a radical pathway involving the formation of palladoradical and glycosyl radical that undergoes polarity-mismatched coupling with silyl enol ether, affording the desired α-ketonylsugars. Insight into the reactivity and mechanism will inspire new reaction development and provide straightforward access to both α- and β-C-glycosides, greatly expanding the chemical and patent spaces of glycomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Upasana Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Jaclyn N Mauro
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
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24
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Abstract
We report the first palladium hydride enabled hydroalkenylation of strained molecules. This new mild protocol proceeds via a regio- and chemoselective hydropalladation step, followed by a photoinduced radical alkyl Heck reaction. This methodology represents a new reactivity mode for strained molecules and opens new avenues for photoinduced palladium catalysis. The reaction is compatible with a wide range of functional groups and can be applied to complex structures, delivering a diverse array of highly valuable and modifiable alkenylated cyclobutanes and cyclopropanes. A hydroalkenylation/diastereoselective rearrangement cascade toward a cyclopentene scaffold has also been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
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25
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Small palladium clusters and their adducts with atomic oxygen. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Longcake A, Lees MR, Senn MS, Chaplin AB. Oxidative Addition of C–Cl Bonds to a Rh(PONOP) Pincer Complex. Organometallics 2022; 41:3557-3567. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Longcake
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CoventryCV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Martin R. Lees
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CoventryCV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Mark S. Senn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CoventryCV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Adrian B. Chaplin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CoventryCV4 7AL, U.K
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27
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Yu H, Zhang Q, Zi W. Enantioselective Three‐Component Photochemical 1,4‐Bisalkylation of 1,3‐Butadiene with Pd/Cu Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208411. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Yu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Qinglong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Weiwei Zi
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300071 China
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28
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Romdhane RB, Atoui D, Ktata N, Dali S, Moussaoui Y, Salem RB. Pd‐supported on Locust bean gum as reusable green catalyst for Heck, Sonogashira coupling reactions and 4‐nitroaniline reduction under ultrasound irradiation. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabeb Ben Romdhane
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory (LR17ES08), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax University of Sfax Tunisia
| | - Dhieb Atoui
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory (LR17ES08), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax University of Sfax Tunisia
| | - Nahed Ktata
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory (LR17ES08), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax University of Sfax Tunisia
| | - Souad Dali
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory (LR17ES08), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax University of Sfax Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Gabes University of Gabes Tunisia
| | - Younes Moussaoui
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory (LR17ES08), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax University of Sfax Tunisia
- Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa University of Gafsa Tunisia
| | - Ridha Ben Salem
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory (LR17ES08), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax University of Sfax Tunisia
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29
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Pei C, Yang Z, Koenigs RM. Photochemical palladium-catalyzed methylation and alkylation reactions in cascade reactions of isonitriles. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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30
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A visible-light activated secondary phosphine oxide ligand enabling Pd-catalyzed radical cross-couplings. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4052. [PMID: 35831306 PMCID: PMC9279477 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31613-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although transition metal-catalyzed reactions have evolved with ligand development, ligand design for palladium-catalyzed photoreactions remains less explored. Here, we report a secondary phosphine oxide ligand bearing a visible-light sensitization moiety and apply it to Pd-catalyzed radical cross-coupling reactions. The tautomeric phosphinous acid coordinates to palladium in situ, allowing for pseudo-intramolecular single-electron transfer between the ligand and palladium. Molecular design of the metal complexes aided by time-dependent density functional theory calculations enables the involvement of allyl radicals from π-allyl palladium(II) complexes, and alkyl and aryl radicals from the corresponding halides and palladium(0) complex. This complex enables radical cross-couplings by ligand-to-Pd(II) and Pd(0)-to-ligand single-electron transfer under visible-light irradiation. Ligand design is key for improving the performance in light-enabled catalytic processes. Here, the authors report the synthesis of a visible-light–activated secondary phosphine oxide ligand and apply it to Pd-catalyzed radical cross-coupling reactions.
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31
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Yu H, Zhang Q, Zi W. Enantioselective Three‐Component Photochemical 1,4‐Bisalkylation of 1,3‐Butadiene with Pd/Cu Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Yu
- Nankai University College of Chemistry State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry CHINA
| | - Qinglong Zhang
- Nankai University College of Chemistry State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry CHINA
| | - Weiwei Zi
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Chemistry Department of Nankai University 94 Weijin Rd. 300071 Tianjin CHINA
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32
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Kvasovs N, Gevorgyan V. Accessing Illusive E Isomers of α-Ester Hydrazones via Visible-Light-Induced Pd-Catalyzed Heck-Type Alkylation. Org Lett 2022; 24:4176-4181. [PMID: 35653178 PMCID: PMC10122867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced Pd-catalyzed stereoselective synthesis of alkylated ester hydrazones has been developed. This method operates via generation of a nucleophilic carbon-centered radical from alkyl bromide, iodide, or redox-active ester, followed by its addition to hydrazone, and a subsequent desaturation by palladium. The majority of products have E configuration, which are inaccessible by conventional condensation methods. In addition, a sequential C,N-alkylation protocol has been developed: a reaction between 1,3-dihalides and glyoxylate-derived hydrazone, delivering tetrahydropyridazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Kvasovs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
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33
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Zhao G, Mukherjee U, Zhou L, Wu Y, Yao W, Mauro JN, Liu P, Ngai MY. C2-ketonylation of carbohydrates via excited-state palladium-catalyzed 1,2-spin-center shift. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6276-6282. [PMID: 35733909 PMCID: PMC9159084 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
C2-ketonyl-2-deoxysugars, sugars with the C2-hydroxyl group replaced by a ketone side chain, are important carbohydrate mimetics in glycobiology and drug discovery studies; however, their preparation remains a vital challenge in organic synthesis. Here we report the first direct strategy to synthesize this class of glycomimetics from readily available 1-bromosugars and silyl enol ethers via an excited-state palladium-catalyzed 1,2-spin-center shift (SCS) process. This step-economic reaction features broad substrate scope, has a high functional group tolerance, and can be used in late-stage functionalization of natural product- and drug-glycoconjugates. Preliminary experimental and computational mechanistic studies suggested a non-chain radical mechanism involving photoexcited palladium species, a 1,2-SCS process, and a radical Mizoroki-Heck reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
| | - Upasana Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Wang Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
| | - Jaclyn N Mauro
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
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34
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Tong Z, Peng X, Peng L, Deng W, Wang Z, Lu H, Yang W, Yin SF, Kambe N, Qiu R. Cu(I)-Catalyzed C-H Alkenylation of Tertiary C(sp 3)-H Bonds of 3-Aryl Benzofuran-2( 3H)-ones to Give Z- and E-Styrene Containing Quaternary Carbon Centers with 99/1 Regioselectivity. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6064-6074. [PMID: 35412840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of isomerically pure olefins containing all-carbon quaternary centers is a challenging issue. Herein, we developed an efficient protocol for the synthesis of (Z)-olefins (27 examples, yield up to 97%, Z/E up to 99/1) and (E)-olefins (16 examples, yield up to 94%, E/Z up to 99/1) containing all-carbon quaternary centers. This protocol is adopted for the copper-catalyzed regioselective C-H alkenylation of the tertiary C(sp3)-H bond of 3-aryl benzofuran-2(3H)-ones with alkyne and alkenes. A diverse range of functional groups in the substrates is well-tolerated, such as F, Cl, Br, Me, OMe, ester, CF3, etc. A gram scale experiment was performed in good yield, and the radical mechanisms are also proposed based on the control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xinju Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | | | - Wei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | | | | | - Weijun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Feng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Nobuaki Kambe
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.,The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Renhua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
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35
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Corpas J, Mauleón P, Gómez Arrayás R, Carretero JC. E/Z
Photoisomerization of Olefins as an Emergent Strategy for the Control of Stereodivergence in Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Corpas
- Department of Organic Chemistry Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) Center for Innovation in Advanced Chemistry (ORFEO-CINQA). Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Pablo Mauleón
- Department of Organic Chemistry Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) Center for Innovation in Advanced Chemistry (ORFEO-CINQA). Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Ramón Gómez Arrayás
- Department of Organic Chemistry Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) Center for Innovation in Advanced Chemistry (ORFEO-CINQA). Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Juan C. Carretero
- Department of Organic Chemistry Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) Center for Innovation in Advanced Chemistry (ORFEO-CINQA). Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
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36
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Yao W, Zhao G, Wu Y, Zhou L, Mukherjee U, Liu P, Ngai MY. Excited-State Palladium-Catalyzed Radical Migratory Mizoroki-Heck Reaction Enables C2-Alkenylation of Carbohydrates. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3353-3359. [PMID: 35188768 PMCID: PMC8970705 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Excited-state palladium catalysis has emerged as a promising strategy for developing novel and valuable reactions. Herein, we report the first excited-state Pd-catalyzed 1,2-radical migratory Mizoroki-Heck reaction that enables C2-alkenylation of carbohydrates using readily available 1-bromosugars and alkenes. The reaction tolerates a wide variety of functional groups and complex molecular architectures, including derivatives of natural products and marketed drugs. Preliminary mechanistic studies and DFT calculations suggest the involvement of visible-light-induced photoexcitation of Pd species, 1,2-spin-centered-shift (SCS) process, and Heck-type cross-coupling reaction. The reaction expands the reactivity profile of excited-state Pd catalysis and provides a streamlined protocol for the preparation of a wide variety of C2-alkenylated carbohydrate mimetics to aid the discovery and development of new therapeutics, agrochemicals, and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yao
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Gaoyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Upasana Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States;,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States;,Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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37
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Chen S, Van Meervelt L, Van der Eycken EV, Sharma UK. Visible-Light-Driven Palladium-Catalyzed Radical Tandem Dearomatization of Indoles with Unactivated Alkenes. Org Lett 2022; 24:1213-1218. [PMID: 35107015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A mild visible-light-driven palladium-catalyzed radical tandem dearomatization of indoles with unactivated alkenes is described with moderate to good yields and good to excellent diastereoselectivities. Under visible-light irradiation, the photoexcited state of the palladium complex was formed, which could transfer a single electron to N-(2-bromobenzoyl)indoles, leading to a hybrid palladium radical chemistry. This provides efficient and atom-economical access to diverse 2,3-disubstituted indoline derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Chen
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Meervelt
- Biomolecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik V Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.,People's Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, RU-117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Upendra K Sharma
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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38
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Abstract
In recent years, visible light-induced transition metal catalysis has emerged as a new paradigm in organic photocatalysis, which has led to the discovery of unprecedented transformations as well as the improvement of known reactions. In this subfield of photocatalysis, a transition metal complex serves a double duty by harvesting photon energy and then enabling bond forming/breaking events mostly via a single catalytic cycle, thus contrasting the established dual photocatalysis in which an exogenous photosensitizer is employed. In addition, this approach often synergistically combines catalyst-substrate interaction with photoinduced process, a feature that is uncommon in conventional photoredox chemistry. This Review describes the early development and recent advances of this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Pak Shing Cheung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Sumon Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M. Chernyshev
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Novocherkassk, 346428, Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Novocherkassk, 346428, Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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40
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Zhang Z, Kvasovs N, Dubrovina A, Gevorgyan V. Visible Light Induced Brønsted Acid Assisted Pd‐Catalyzed Alkyl Heck Reaction of Diazo Compounds and
N
‐Tosylhydrazones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Nikita Kvasovs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Anastasiia Dubrovina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd Richardson TX 75080 USA
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41
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Zhang Z, Kvasovs N, Dubrovina A, Gevorgyan V. Visible Light Induced Brønsted Acid Assisted Pd-Catalyzed Alkyl Heck Reaction of Diazo Compounds and N-Tosylhydrazones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202110924. [PMID: 34706124 PMCID: PMC8712420 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A mild visible light-induced palladium-catalyzed alkyl Heck reaction of diazo compounds and N-tosylhydrazones is reported. A broad range of vinyl arenes and heteroarenes with high functional group tolerance, as well as a range of different diazo compounds, can efficiently undergo this transformation. This method features Brønsted acid-assisted generation of hybrid palladium C(sp3 )-centered radical intermediate, which allowed for new selective C-H functionalization protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Nikita Kvasovs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Anastasiia Dubrovina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
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42
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Kancherla R, Muralirajan K, Rueping M. Excited-state palladium-catalysed reductive alkylation of imines: scope and mechanism. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8583-8589. [PMID: 35974758 PMCID: PMC9337745 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02363f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Palladium catalysis induced by visible-light irradiation is a promising tool for promoting unusual chemical reactivity. Here, the hybrid alkyl radical/Pd(i) species generated is used to promote the reductive alkylation of imines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kancherla
- KAUST Catalysis Center, KCC, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Krishnamoorthy Muralirajan
- KAUST Catalysis Center, KCC, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center, KCC, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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43
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Dohendou M, Pakzad K, Nezafat Z, Nasrollahzadeh M, Dekamin MG. Progresses in chitin, chitosan, starch, cellulose, pectin, alginate, gelatin and gum based (nano)catalysts for the Heck coupling reactions: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:771-819. [PMID: 34634337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heck cross-coupling reaction (HCR) is one of the few transition metal catalyzed CC bond-forming reactions, which has been considered as the most effective, direct, and atom economical synthetic method using various catalytic systems. Heck reaction is widely employed in numerous syntheses including preparation of pharmaceutical and biologically active compounds, agrochemicals, natural products, fine chemicals, etc. Commonly, Pd-based catalysts have been used in HCR. In recent decades, the application of biopolymers as natural and effective supports has received attention due to their being cost effective, abundance, and non-toxicity. In fact, recent studies demonstrated that biopolymer-based catalysts had high sorption capacities, chelating activities, versatility, and stability, which make them potentially applicable as green materials (supports) in HCR. These catalytic systems present high stability and recyclability after several cycles of reaction. This review aims at providing an overview of the current progresses made towards the application of various polysaccharide and gelatin-supported metal catalysts in HCR in recent years. Natural polymers such as starch, gum, pectin, chitin, chitosan, cellulose, alginate and gelatin have been used as natural supports for metal-based catalysts in HCR. Diverse aspects of the reactions, different methods of preparation and application of polysaccharide and gelatin-based catalysts and their reusability have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Dohendou
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Khatereh Pakzad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, PO Box 37185-359, Qom, Iran
| | - Zahra Nezafat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, PO Box 37185-359, Qom, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, PO Box 37185-359, Qom, Iran.
| | - Mohammad G Dekamin
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
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44
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Jia X, Zhang Z, Gevorgyan V. Three-Component Visible-Light-Induced Palladium-Catalyzed 1,2-Alkyl Carbamoylation/Cyanation of Alkenes. ACS Catal 2021; 11:13217-13222. [PMID: 35450399 PMCID: PMC9017990 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A mild visible-light-induced Pd-catalyzed one-pot three-component alkyl-carbamoylation and cyanation of alkenes was developed. This general transformation, which proceeds via the in situ formation of a reactive ketenimine intermediate, allows for a rapid construction of a broad range of valuable amides and nitriles from readily available alkenes, alkyl iodides, and isocyanides. An efficient synthesis of tetrazole and amidine via this approach was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqing Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Ziyan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
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45
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Muralirajan K, Kancherla R, Gimnkhan A, Rueping M. Unactivated Alkyl Chloride Reactivity in Excited-State Palladium Catalysis. Org Lett 2021; 23:6905-6910. [PMID: 34432470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Excited-state palladium catalysis is an efficient process for the alkylation of diverse organic compounds via the generation of alkyl radicals from alkyl bromides and iodides. However, the generation of alkyl radicals from more stable alkyl chlorides remains challenging. Herein, we demonstrate the excited-state palladium-catalyzed synthesis of oxindoles and isoquinolinediones via alkylation/annulation reaction by overcoming inherent limitations associated with unactivated C(sp3)-Cl bond activation at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamoorthy Muralirajan
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajesh Kancherla
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aidana Gimnkhan
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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46
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Wu C, Ying T, Yang X, Su W, Dushkin AV, Yu J. Mechanochemical Magnesium-Mediated Minisci C-H Alkylation of Pyrimidines with Alkyl Bromides and Chlorides. Org Lett 2021; 23:6423-6428. [PMID: 34351160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel method to synthesize 4-alkylpyrimidines by the mechanochemical magnesium-mediated Minisci reaction of pyrimidine derivatives and alkyl halides has been reported. The reaction process operates with a broad substrate scope and excellent regioselectivity under mild conditions with no requirement of transition-metal catalysts, solvents, and inert gas protection. The practicality of this protocol has been demonstrated by the up-scale synthesis, mechanochemical product derivatization, and antimalarial drug pyrimethamine preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology. Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Tao Ying
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology. Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xinjie Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology. Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Weike Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology. Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Alexandr V Dushkin
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology. Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
- Institute of Solid-State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Novosibirsk 630128, Russia
| | - Jingbo Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology. Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
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47
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Dong X, Xu LP, Yang Y, Liu Y, Li X, Liu Q, Zheng L, Wang F, Liu H. A palladium/Et 3N·HI-catalyzed highly selective 7- endo alkyl-Heck-type reaction of epoxides and a DFT study on the mechanism. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00942g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient 7-endo alkyl-Heck reaction was achieved via palladium catalyzed ring-opening of epoxides, providing a variety of 6-aryl-2,3,4,7-tetrahydro-1H-azepin-3-ols and 6-aryl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrooxepin-3-ols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Li-Ping Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Yunxia Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Liang Zheng
- Comprehensive Law Enforcement Detachment of Zibo Development and Reform Commission, No.4 West Renmin Road, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Fagang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, China
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