1
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Lohrmann C, Holm C, Datta SS. Influence of bacterial swimming and hydrodynamics on attachment of phages. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:4795-4805. [PMID: 38847805 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00060a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Bacteriophages ("phages") are viruses that infect bacteria. Since they do not actively self-propel, phages rely on thermal diffusion to find target cells-but can also be advected by fluid flows, such as those generated by motile bacteria themselves in bulk fluids. How does the flow field generated by a swimming bacterium influence how it encounters phages? Here, we address this question using coupled molecular dynamics and lattice Boltzmann simulations of flagellated bacteria swimming through a bulk fluid containing uniformly-dispersed phages. We find that while swimming increases the rate at which phages attach to both the cell body and flagellar propeller, hydrodynamic interactions strongly suppress this increase at the cell body, but conversely enhance this increase at the flagellar bundle. Our results highlight the pivotal influence of hydrodynamics on the interactions between bacteria and phages, as well as other diffusible species, in microbial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Lohrmann
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Christian Holm
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Sujit S Datta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
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2
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Bozuyuk U, Wrede P, Yildiz E, Sitti M. Roadmap for Clinical Translation of Mobile Microrobotics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311462. [PMID: 38380776 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Medical microrobotics is an emerging field to revolutionize clinical applications in diagnostics and therapeutics of various diseases. On the other hand, the mobile microrobotics field has important obstacles to pass before clinical translation. This article focuses on these challenges and provides a roadmap of medical microrobots to enable their clinical use. From the concept of a "magic bullet" to the physicochemical interactions of microrobots in complex biological environments in medical applications, there are several translational steps to consider. Clinical translation of mobile microrobots is only possible with a close collaboration between clinical experts and microrobotics researchers to address the technical challenges in microfabrication, safety, and imaging. The clinical application potential can be materialized by designing microrobots that can solve the current main challenges, such as actuation limitations, material stability, and imaging constraints. The strengths and weaknesses of the current progress in the microrobotics field are discussed and a roadmap for their clinical applications in the near future is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Bozuyuk
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Paul Wrede
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Erdost Yildiz
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
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3
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Junot G, De Corato M, Tierno P. Large Scale Zigzag Pattern Emerging from Circulating Active Shakers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:068301. [PMID: 37625048 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.068301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
We report the emergence of large zigzag bands in a population of reversibly actuated magnetic rotors that behave as active shakers, namely squirmers that shake the fluid around them without moving. The shakers collectively organize into dynamic structures displaying self-similar growth and generate topological defects in the form of cusps that connect vortices of rolling particles with alternating chirality. By combining experimental analysis with particle-based simulation, we show that the special flow field created by the shakers is the only ingredient needed to reproduce the observed spatiotemporal pattern. We unveil a self-organization scenario in a collection of driven particles in a viscoelastic medium emerging from the reduced particle degrees of freedom, as here the frozen orientational motion of the shakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspard Junot
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco De Corato
- Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pietro Tierno
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Bozuyuk U, Ozturk H, Sitti M. The mismatch between experimental and computational fluid dynamics analyses for magnetic surface microrollers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10196. [PMID: 37353527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetically actuated Janus surface microrollers are promising microrobotic platform with numerous potential biomedical engineering applications. While the locomotion models based on a "rotating sphere on a nearby wall" can be adapted to surface microrollers, real-world dynamics may differ from the proposed theories/simulations. In this study, we examine the locomotion efficiency of surface microrollers with diameters of 5, 10, 25, and 50 µm and demonstrate that computational fluid dynamics simulations cannot accurately capture locomotion characteristics for different sizes of microrollers. Specifically, we observe a significant mismatch between lift forces predicted by simulations and opposite balancing forces, particularly for smaller microrollers. We propose the existence of an unaccounted force component in the direction of lift, which is not included in the computational fluid dynamics simulations. Overall, our findings provide a deeper understanding of the physical mechanisms underlying surface microroller locomotion and have important implications for future applications in biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Bozuyuk
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hakancan Ozturk
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
- School of Medicine and School of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey.
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5
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Kararsiz G, Duygu YC, Wang Z, Rogowski LW, Park SJ, Kim MJ. Navigation and Control of Motion Modes with Soft Microrobots at Low Reynolds Numbers. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1209. [PMID: 37374794 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the motion characteristics of soft alginate microrobots in complex fluidic environments utilizing wireless magnetic fields for actuation. The aim is to explore the diverse motion modes that arise due to shear forces in viscoelastic fluids by employing snowman-shaped microrobots. Polyacrylamide (PAA), a water-soluble polymer, is used to create a dynamic environment with non-Newtonian fluid properties. Microrobots are fabricated via an extrusion-based microcentrifugal droplet method, successfully demonstrating the feasibility of both wiggling and tumbling motions. Specifically, the wiggling motion primarily results from the interplay between the viscoelastic fluid environment and the microrobots' non-uniform magnetization. Furthermore, it is discovered that the viscoelasticity properties of the fluid influence the motion behavior of the microrobots, leading to non-uniform behavior in complex environments for microrobot swarms. Through velocity analysis, valuable insights into the relationship between applied magnetic fields and motion characteristics are obtained, facilitating a more realistic understanding of surface locomotion for targeted drug delivery purposes while accounting for swarm dynamics and non-uniform behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Kararsiz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA
| | - Yasin Cagatay Duygu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA
| | - Zhengguang Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA
| | - Louis William Rogowski
- Applied Research Associates, Inc. (ARA), 4300 San Mateo Blvd. NE, Suite A-220, Albuquerque, NM 87110, USA
| | - Sung Jea Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan 31253, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA
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6
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Bozuyuk U, Aghakhani A, Alapan Y, Yunusa M, Wrede P, Sitti M. Reduced rotational flows enable the translation of surface-rolling microrobots in confined spaces. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6289. [PMID: 36271078 PMCID: PMC9586970 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological microorganisms overcome the Brownian motion at low Reynolds numbers by utilizing symmetry-breaking mechanisms. Inspired by them, various microrobot locomotion methods have been developed at the microscale by breaking the hydrodynamic symmetry. Although the boundary effects have been extensively studied for microswimmers and employed for surface-rolling microrobots, the behavior of microrobots in the proximity of multiple wall-based "confinement" is yet to be elucidated. Here, we study the confinement effect on the motion of surface-rolling microrobots. Our experiments demonstrate that the locomotion efficiency of spherical microrollers drastically decreases in confined spaces due to out-of-plane rotational flows generated during locomotion. Hence, a slender microroller design, generating smaller rotational flows, is shown to outperform spherical microrollers in confined spaces. Our results elucidate the underlying physics of surface rolling-based locomotion in confined spaces and present a design strategy with optimal flow generation for efficient propulsion in such areas, including blood vessels and microchannels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Bozuyuk
- grid.419534.e0000 0001 1015 6533Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany ,grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amirreza Aghakhani
- grid.419534.e0000 0001 1015 6533Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yunus Alapan
- grid.419534.e0000 0001 1015 6533Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Muhammad Yunusa
- grid.419534.e0000 0001 1015 6533Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Paul Wrede
- grid.419534.e0000 0001 1015 6533Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany ,grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Metin Sitti
- grid.419534.e0000 0001 1015 6533Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany ,grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.15876.3d0000000106887552School of Medicine and School of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, 34450 Turkey
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7
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Rogowski LW, Kim MJ. Spontaneous symmetry breaking propulsion of chemically coated magnetic microparticles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17646. [PMID: 36271100 PMCID: PMC9587300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemically coated micro/nanoparticles are often used in medicine to enhance drug delivery and increase drug up-take into specific areas of the body. Using a recently discovered spontaneous symmetry breaking propulsion mechanism, we demonstrate that chemically coated microparticles can swim through mucus solution under precise navigation and that certain functionalizations can dynamically change propulsion behavior. For this investigation biotin, Bitotin-PEG3-amine, and biotin chitosan were chemically functionalized onto the surfaces of magnetic microparticles using an avidin-biotin complex. These chemicals were chosen because they are used prolifically in drug delivery applications, with PEG and chitosan having well known mucoadhesive effects. Coated microparticles were then suspended in mucus synthesized from porcine stomach mucins and propelled using rotating magnetic fields. The relationship between different chemical coatings, microparticle velocity, and controllability were thoroughly explored and discussed. Results indicate that the biotinylated surface coatings altered the propulsion behavior of microparticles, with performance differences interlinked to both magnetic field properties and localized mucus properties. Precisely controlled drug carrying microparticles are envisioned to help supplant traditional drug delivery methods and enhance existing medical techniques utilizing micro/nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Jun Kim
- grid.263864.d0000 0004 1936 7929Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275 USA
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8
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Ignés-Mullol J, Sagués F. Experiments with active and driven synthetic colloids in complex fluids. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Kararsiz G, Duygu YC, Rogowski LW, Bhattacharjee A, Kim MJ. Rolling Motion of a Soft Microsnowman under Rotating Magnetic Field. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13071005. [PMID: 35888822 PMCID: PMC9321327 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates a manipulation of snowman-shaped soft microrobots under a uniform rotating magnetic field. Each microsnowman robot consists of two biocompatible alginate microspheres with embedded magnetic nanoparticles. The soft microsnowmen were fabricated using a microfluidic device by following a centrifuge-based microfluidic droplet method. Under a uniform rotating magnetic field, the microsnowmen were rolled on the substrate surface, and the velocity response for increasing magnetic field frequencies was analyzed. Then, a microsnowman was rolled to follow different paths, which demonstrated directional controllability of the microrobot. Moreover, swarms of microsnowmen and single alginate microrobots were manipulated under the rotating magnetic field, and their velocity responses were analyzed for comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Kararsiz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA; (G.K.); (Y.C.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Yasin Cagatay Duygu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA; (G.K.); (Y.C.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Louis William Rogowski
- Applied Research Associates, Inc. (ARA), 4300 San Mateo Blvd. NE, Suite A-220, Albuquerque, NM 87110, USA;
| | - Anuruddha Bhattacharjee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA; (G.K.); (Y.C.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Min Jun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA; (G.K.); (Y.C.D.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-214-768-3972
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10
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Pednekar DD, Liguori MA, Marques CNH, Zhang T, Zhang N, Zhou Z, Amoako K, Gu H. From Static to Dynamic: A Review on the Role of Mucus Heterogeneity in Particle and Microbial Transport. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:2825-2848. [PMID: 35696291 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mucus layers (McLs) are on the front line of the human defense system that protect us from foreign abiotic/biotic particles (e.g., airborne virus SARS-CoV-2) and lubricates our organs. Recently, the impact of McLs on human health (e.g., nutrient absorption and drug delivery) and diseases (e.g., infections and cancers) has been studied extensively, yet their mechanisms are still not fully understood due to their high variety among organs and individuals. We characterize these variances as the heterogeneity of McLs, which lies in the thickness, composition, and physiology, making the systematic research on the roles of McLs in human health and diseases very challenging. To advance mucosal organoids and develop effective drug delivery systems, a comprehensive understanding of McLs' heterogeneity and how it impacts mucus physiology is urgently needed. When the role of airway mucus in the penetration and transmission of coronavirus (CoV) is considered, this understanding may also enable a better explanation and prediction of the CoV's behavior. Hence, in this Review, we summarize the variances of McLs among organs, health conditions, and experimental settings as well as recent advances in experimental measurements, data analysis, and model development for simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh Dinanath Pednekar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Madison A Liguori
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | | | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States.,BioInspired Syracuse, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Zejian Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Computer Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Kagya Amoako
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Huan Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
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11
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Harraq A, Choudhury BD, Bharti B. Field-Induced Assembly and Propulsion of Colloids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:3001-3016. [PMID: 35238204 PMCID: PMC8928473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Electric and magnetic fields have enabled both technological applications and fundamental discoveries in the areas of bottom-up material synthesis, dynamic phase transitions, and biophysics of living matter. Electric and magnetic fields are versatile external sources of energy that power the assembly and self-propulsion of colloidal particles. In this Invited Feature Article, we classify the mechanisms by which external fields impact the structure and dynamics in colloidal dispersions and augment their nonequilibrium behavior. The paper is purposely intended to highlight the similarities between electrically and magnetically actuated phenomena, providing a brief treatment of the origin of the two fields to understand the intrinsic analogies and differences. We survey the progress made in the static and dynamic assembly of colloids and the self-propulsion of active particles. Recent reports of assembly-driven propulsion and propulsion-driven assembly have blurred the conceptual boundaries and suggest an evolution in the research of nonequilibrium colloidal materials. We highlight the emergence of colloids powered by external fields as model systems to understand living matter and provide a perspective on future challenges in the area of field-induced colloidal phenomena.
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12
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Aghakhani A, Pena-Francesch A, Bozuyuk U, Cetin H, Wrede P, Sitti M. High shear rate propulsion of acoustic microrobots in complex biological fluids. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm5126. [PMID: 35275716 PMCID: PMC8916727 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm5126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Untethered microrobots offer a great promise for localized targeted therapy in hard-to-access spaces in our body. Despite recent advancements, most microrobot propulsion capabilities have been limited to homogenous Newtonian fluids. However, the biological fluids present in our body are heterogeneous and have shear rate-dependent rheological properties, which limit the propulsion of microrobots using conventional designs and actuation methods. We propose an acoustically powered microrobotic system, consisting of a three-dimensionally printed 30-micrometer-diameter hollow body with an oscillatory microbubble, to generate high shear rate fluidic flow for propulsion in complex biofluids. The acoustically induced microstreaming flow leads to distinct surface-slipping and puller-type propulsion modes in Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, respectively. We demonstrate efficient propulsion of the microrobots in diverse biological fluids, including in vitro navigation through mucus layers on biologically relevant three-dimensional surfaces. The microrobot design and high shear rate propulsion mechanism discussed herein could open new possibilities to deploy microrobots in complex biofluids toward minimally invasive targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Aghakhani
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Abdon Pena-Francesch
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Robotics Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ugur Bozuyuk
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich,, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hakan Cetin
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Özyegin University, 34794 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Paul Wrede
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich,, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Ramish SM, Ghorbani-Choghamarani A, Mohammadi M. Microporous hierarchically Zn-MOF as an efficient catalyst for the Hantzsch synthesis of polyhydroquinolines. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1479. [PMID: 35087116 PMCID: PMC8795191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A three-dimensional walnut-like Zn-based MOF microsphere system was designed and synthesized via hydrothermal reaction of zinc salt with 4,6-diamino-2-pyrimidinethiol as a tridentate ligand. Besides, Zn ions were coordinated to the functional groups of the ligand to give a novel Zn-MOF microsphere material. Afterward, the resultant material was thoroughly characterized using various analysis and physico-chemical methods; including, FT-IR, XRD, TGA, EDX, X-ray mapping, SEM, TEM, and BET analysis. The Zn-MOF microspheres were utilized in the Hantzsch reaction for a selective synthesis of asymmetric polyhydroquinolines, using various aromatic aldehydes. Our strategy aims at providing a controlled synthesis of hierarchically nanoporous Zn-MOF microspheres with a well-defined morphology, structure, and excellent catalytic properties. Besides, it would result in having a promising heterogeneous catalyst for a selective synthesis with good yields, short reaction time, a low limit of steric hindrance and electronic effects. Moreover, the heterogeneity of the catalyst is further tested with hot filtration and also the reusability results point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Mohammad Ramish
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, P. O. BOX. 69315516, Ilam, Iran
| | | | - Masoud Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, P. O. BOX. 69315516, Ilam, Iran
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14
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De Corato M, Pagonabarraga I, Natale G. Spontaneous chiralization of polar active particles. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:044607. [PMID: 34781499 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.044607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Polar active particles constitute a wide class of active matter that is able to propel along a preferential direction, given by their polar axis. Here, we demonstrate a generic active mechanism that leads to their spontaneous chiralization through a symmetry-breaking instability. We find that the transition of an active particle from a polar to a chiral symmetry is characterized by the emergence of active rotation and of circular trajectories. The instability is driven by the advection of a solute that interacts differently with the two portions of the particle surface and it occurs through a supercritical pitchfork bifurcation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Corato
- Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio Pagonabarraga
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, C. Martí Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain University of Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain and CECAM, Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Batochime, Avenue Forel 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanniantonio Natale
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Canada
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15
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Rogowski LW, Zhang X, Tang J, Oxner M, Kim MJ. Flagellated Janus particles for multimodal actuation and transport. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:044104. [PMID: 34504637 PMCID: PMC8407861 DOI: 10.1063/5.0053647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic Janus particles rely on chemical decomposition to self-propel and have displayed enormous potential for targeted drug delivery and cellular penetration. Catalytic propulsion mechanisms are limiting, however, with fuel requirements and specialized fluid properties being necessary to achieve propulsion. We have improved the dynamic propulsion of catalytic Janus particles by functionalizing flagellar filaments to one of their hemispheres. Flagellated Janus particles, torqued by rotating magnetic fields, swim along their rotation axis using the explicit chirality and flexibility of flagella, mimicking flagellar rotation of live bacteria. Depending on the working fluid, flagellated Janus particles can propel using either catalytic or swimming propulsion. We demonstrate experimentally that flagellated Janus particles behave predictably under the two actuation modes and can precisely follow trajectories under closed-loop feedback control. Flagellated Janus particles were demonstrated to swim in both Newtonian and shear-thickening fluids. These are the first Janus particles developed that can be propelled interchangeably between catalytic and flagellar swimming propulsion, allowing two distinct propulsion mechanisms for future use within in vivo operations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Min Jun Kim
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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