1
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Luu DD, Ramesh N, Kazan IC, Shah KH, Lahiri G, Mana MD, Ozkan SB, Van Horn WD. Evidence that the cold- and menthol-sensing functions of the human TRPM8 channel evolved separately. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm9228. [PMID: 38905339 PMCID: PMC11192081 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm9228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) is a temperature- and menthol-sensitive ion channel that contributes to diverse physiological roles, including cold sensing and pain perception. Clinical trials targeting TRPM8 have faced repeated setbacks predominantly due to the knowledge gap in unraveling the molecular underpinnings governing polymodal activation. A better understanding of the molecular foundations between the TRPM8 activation modes may aid the development of mode-specific, thermal-neutral therapies. Ancestral sequence reconstruction was used to explore the origins of TRPM8 activation modes. By resurrecting key TRPM8 nodes along the human evolutionary trajectory, we gained valuable insights into the trafficking, stability, and function of these ancestral forms. Notably, this approach unveiled the differential emergence of cold and menthol sensitivity over evolutionary time, providing a fresh perspective on complex polymodal behavior. These studies provide a paradigm for understanding polymodal behavior in TRPM8 and other proteins with the potential to enhance our understanding of sensory receptor biology and pave the way for innovative therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin D. Luu
- School of Molecular Sciences and The Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Nikhil Ramesh
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - I. Can Kazan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Karan H. Shah
- School of Molecular Sciences and The Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Gourab Lahiri
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Miyeko D. Mana
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - S. Banu Ozkan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Wade D. Van Horn
- School of Molecular Sciences and The Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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2
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Fram B, Su Y, Truebridge I, Riesselman AJ, Ingraham JB, Passera A, Napier E, Thadani NN, Lim S, Roberts K, Kaur G, Stiffler MA, Marks DS, Bahl CD, Khan AR, Sander C, Gauthier NP. Simultaneous enhancement of multiple functional properties using evolution-informed protein design. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5141. [PMID: 38902262 PMCID: PMC11190266 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in protein design is to augment existing functional proteins with multiple property enhancements. Altering several properties likely necessitates numerous primary sequence changes, and novel methods are needed to accurately predict combinations of mutations that maintain or enhance function. Models of sequence co-variation (e.g., EVcouplings), which leverage extensive information about various protein properties and activities from homologous protein sequences, have proven effective for many applications including structure determination and mutation effect prediction. We apply EVcouplings to computationally design variants of the model protein TEM-1 β-lactamase. Nearly all the 14 experimentally characterized designs were functional, including one with 84 mutations from the nearest natural homolog. The designs also had large increases in thermostability, increased activity on multiple substrates, and nearly identical structure to the wild type enzyme. This study highlights the efficacy of evolutionary models in guiding large sequence alterations to generate functional diversity for protein design applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fram
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Yang Su
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ian Truebridge
- Institute for Protein Innovation, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- AI Proteins, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam J Riesselman
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John B Ingraham
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alessandro Passera
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eve Napier
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Nicole N Thadani
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Apriori Bio, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samuel Lim
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristen Roberts
- Selux Diagnostics Inc., 56 Roland Street, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Gurleen Kaur
- Selux Diagnostics Inc., 56 Roland Street, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Stiffler
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Dyno Therapeutics, 343 Arsenal Street, Watertown, MA, USA
| | - Debora S Marks
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher D Bahl
- Institute for Protein Innovation, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- AI Proteins, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amir R Khan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chris Sander
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas P Gauthier
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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3
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Yehorova D, Crean RM, Kasson PM, Kamerlin SCL. Friends and relatives: insight into conformational regulation from orthologues and evolutionary lineages using KIF and KIN. Faraday Discuss 2024. [PMID: 38842247 DOI: 10.1039/d4fd00018h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Noncovalent interaction networks provide a powerful means to represent and analyze protein structure. Such networks can represent both static structures and dynamic conformational ensembles. We have recently developed two tools for analyzing such interaction networks and generating hypotheses for protein engineering. Here, we apply these tools to the conformational regulation of substrate specificity in class A β-lactamases, particularly the evolutionary development from generalist to specialist catalytic function and how that can be recapitulated or reversed by protein engineering. These tools, KIF and KIN, generate a set of prioritized residues and interactions as targets for experimental protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariia Yehorova
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA.
| | - Rory M Crean
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Peter M Kasson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
- Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA.
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4
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Ose NJ, Campitelli P, Modi T, Kazan IC, Kumar S, Ozkan SB. Some mechanistic underpinnings of molecular adaptations of SARS-COV-2 spike protein by integrating candidate adaptive polymorphisms with protein dynamics. eLife 2024; 12:RP92063. [PMID: 38713502 PMCID: PMC11076047 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
We integrate evolutionary predictions based on the neutral theory of molecular evolution with protein dynamics to generate mechanistic insight into the molecular adaptations of the SARS-COV-2 spike (S) protein. With this approach, we first identified candidate adaptive polymorphisms (CAPs) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and assessed the impact of these CAPs through dynamics analysis. Not only have we found that CAPs frequently overlap with well-known functional sites, but also, using several different dynamics-based metrics, we reveal the critical allosteric interplay between SARS-CoV-2 CAPs and the S protein binding sites with the human ACE2 (hACE2) protein. CAPs interact far differently with the hACE2 binding site residues in the open conformation of the S protein compared to the closed form. In particular, the CAP sites control the dynamics of binding residues in the open state, suggesting an allosteric control of hACE2 binding. We also explored the characteristic mutations of different SARS-CoV-2 strains to find dynamic hallmarks and potential effects of future mutations. Our analyses reveal that Delta strain-specific variants have non-additive (i.e., epistatic) interactions with CAP sites, whereas the less pathogenic Omicron strains have mostly additive mutations. Finally, our dynamics-based analysis suggests that the novel mutations observed in the Omicron strain epistatically interact with the CAP sites to help escape antibody binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas James Ose
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Paul Campitelli
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Tushar Modi
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - I Can Kazan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Department of Biology, Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Center for Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Sefika Banu Ozkan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
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5
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Ose NJ, Campitelli P, Modi T, Can Kazan I, Kumar S, Banu Ozkan S. Some mechanistic underpinnings of molecular adaptations of SARS-COV-2 spike protein by integrating candidate adaptive polymorphisms with protein dynamics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.14.557827. [PMID: 37745560 PMCID: PMC10515954 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.14.557827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
We integrate evolutionary predictions based on the neutral theory of molecular evolution with protein dynamics to generate mechanistic insight into the molecular adaptations of the SARS-COV-2 Spike (S) protein. With this approach, we first identified Candidate Adaptive Polymorphisms (CAPs) of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and assessed the impact of these CAPs through dynamics analysis. Not only have we found that CAPs frequently overlap with well-known functional sites, but also, using several different dynamics-based metrics, we reveal the critical allosteric interplay between SARS-CoV-2 CAPs and the S protein binding sites with the human ACE2 (hACE2) protein. CAPs interact far differently with the hACE2 binding site residues in the open conformation of the S protein compared to the closed form. In particular, the CAP sites control the dynamics of binding residues in the open state, suggesting an allosteric control of hACE2 binding. We also explored the characteristic mutations of different SARS-CoV-2 strains to find dynamic hallmarks and potential effects of future mutations. Our analyses reveal that Delta strain-specific variants have non-additive (i.e., epistatic) interactions with CAP sites, whereas the less pathogenic Omicron strains have mostly additive mutations. Finally, our dynamics-based analysis suggests that the novel mutations observed in the Omicron strain epistatically interact with the CAP sites to help escape antibody binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Ose
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Paul Campitelli
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tushar Modi
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - I. Can Kazan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - S. Banu Ozkan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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6
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Lu J, Rahman MI, Kazan IC, Halloran NR, Bobkov AA, Ozkan SB, Ghirlanda G. Engineering gain-of-function mutants of a WW domain by dynamics and structural analysis. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4759. [PMID: 37574787 PMCID: PMC10464296 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Proteins gain optimal fitness such as foldability and function through evolutionary selection. However, classical studies have found that evolutionarily designed protein sequences alone cannot guarantee foldability, or at least not without considering local contacts associated with the initial folding steps. We previously showed that foldability and function can be restored by removing frustration in the folding energy landscape of a model WW domain protein, CC16, which was designed based on Statistical Coupling Analysis (SCA). Substitutions ensuring the formation of five local contacts identified as "on-path" were selected using the closest homolog native folded sequence, N21. Surprisingly, the resulting sequence, CC16-N21, bound to Group I peptides, while N21 did not. Here, we identified single-point mutations that enable N21 to bind a Group I peptide ligand through structure and dynamic-based computational design. Comparison of the docked position of the CC16-N21/ligand complex with the N21 structure showed that residues at positions 9 and 19 are important for peptide binding, whereas the dynamic profiles identified position 10 as allosterically coupled to the binding site and exhibiting different dynamics between N21 and CC16-N21. We found that swapping these positions in N21 with matched residues from CC16-N21 recovers nature-like binding affinity to N21. This study validates the use of dynamic profiles as guiding principles for affecting the binding affinity of small proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lu
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological PhysicsArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | | | - I. Can Kazan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological PhysicsArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | | | - Andrey A. Bobkov
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical GenomicsSanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteCaliforniaUSA
| | - S. Banu Ozkan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological PhysicsArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
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7
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Tran TV, Hoang T, Jang SH, Lee C. Unraveling the roles of aromatic cluster side-chain interactions on the structural stability and functional significance of psychrophilic Sphingomonas sp. glutaredoxin 3. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290686. [PMID: 37651358 PMCID: PMC10470887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of aromatic cluster side-chain interactions in Grx3 (SpGrx3) from the psychrophilic Arctic bacterium Sphingomonas sp. Grx3 is a class I oxidoreductase with a unique parallel arrangement of aromatic residues in its aromatic cluster, unlike the tetrahedral geometry observed in Trxs. Hydrophilic-to-hydrophobic substitutions were made in the aromatic cluster, in β1 (E5V and Y7F), adjacent β2 (Y32F and Y32L), both β1 and β2 (E5V/Y32L), and short α2 (R47F). The hydrophobic substitutions, particularly those at or near Tyr7 (E5V, Y7F, Y32F, and R47F), increased melting temperatures and conformational stability, whereas disrupting β1-β2 interactions (Y32L and E5V/Y32L) led to structural instability of SpGrx3. However, excessive hydrophobic interactions (Y7F and E5V/Y32L) caused protein aggregation at elevated temperatures. All mutations resulted in a reduction in α-helical content and an increase in β-strand content. The R47F mutant, which formed dimers and exhibited the highest β-strand content, showed increased conformational flexibility and a significant decrease in catalytic rate due to the disturbance of β1-α2 interactions. In summary, the configuration of the aromatic cluster, especially Tyr7 in the buried β1 and Arg47 in the short α2, played crucial roles in maintaining the active conformation of SpGrx3 and preventing its protein aggregation. These modifications, reducing hydrophobicity in the central β-sheet, distinguish Grx3 from other Trx-fold proteins, highlighting evolutionary divergence within the Trx-fold superfamily and its functional versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Van Tran
- Department of Biomedical Science and Center for Bio-Nanomaterials, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Trang Hoang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Center for Bio-Nanomaterials, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Sei-Heon Jang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Center for Bio-Nanomaterials, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - ChangWoo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Center for Bio-Nanomaterials, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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8
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Kazan IC, Mills JH, Ozkan SB. Allosteric regulatory control in dihydrofolate reductase is revealed by dynamic asymmetry. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4700. [PMID: 37313628 PMCID: PMC10357497 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between mutations and dynamics in Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) using computational methods. Our study focused on the M20 and FG loops, which are known to be functionally important and affected by mutations distal to the loops. We used molecular dynamics simulations and developed position-specific metrics, including the dynamic flexibility index (DFI) and dynamic coupling index (DCI), to analyze the dynamics of wild-type DHFR and compared our results with existing deep mutational scanning data. Our analysis showed a statistically significant association between DFI and mutational tolerance of the DHFR positions, indicating that DFI can predict functionally beneficial or detrimental substitutions. We also applied an asymmetric version of our DCI metric (DCIasym ) to DHFR and found that certain distal residues control the dynamics of the M20 and FG loops, whereas others are controlled by them. Residues that are suggested to control the M20 and FG loops by our DCIasym metric are evolutionarily nonconserved; mutations at these sites can enhance enzyme activity. On the other hand, residues controlled by the loops are mostly deleterious to function when mutated and are also evolutionary conserved. Our results suggest that dynamics-based metrics can identify residues that explain the relationship between mutation and protein function or can be targeted to rationally engineer enzymes with enhanced activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Can Kazan
- Center for Biological Physics and Department of PhysicsArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Jeremy H. Mills
- School of Molecular Sciences and The Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and BiomimeticsArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - S. Banu Ozkan
- Center for Biological Physics and Department of PhysicsArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
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9
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Corbella M, Pinto GP, Kamerlin SCL. Loop dynamics and the evolution of enzyme activity. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:536-547. [PMID: 37225920 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00495-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the early 2000s, Tawfik presented his 'New View' on enzyme evolution, highlighting the role of conformational plasticity in expanding the functional diversity of limited repertoires of sequences. This view is gaining increasing traction with increasing evidence of the importance of conformational dynamics in both natural and laboratory evolution of enzymes. The past years have seen several elegant examples of harnessing conformational (particularly loop) dynamics to successfully manipulate protein function. This Review revisits flexible loops as critical participants in regulating enzyme activity. We showcase several systems of particular interest: triosephosphate isomerase barrel proteins, protein tyrosine phosphatases and β-lactamases, while briefly discussing other systems in which loop dynamics are important for selectivity and turnover. We then discuss the implications for engineering, presenting examples of successful loop manipulation in either improving catalytic efficiency, or changing selectivity completely. Overall, it is becoming clearer that mimicking nature by manipulating the conformational dynamics of key protein loops is a powerful method of tailoring enzyme activity, without needing to target active-site residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Corbella
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gaspar P Pinto
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Cortex Discovery GmbH, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Shina C L Kamerlin
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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10
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Ose NJ, Campitelli P, Patel R, Kumar S, Ozkan SB. Protein dynamics provide mechanistic insights about epistasis among common missense polymorphisms. Biophys J 2023; 122:2938-2947. [PMID: 36726312 PMCID: PMC10398253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequencing of the protein coding genome has revealed many different missense mutations of human proteins and different population frequencies of corresponding haplotypes, which consist of different sets of those mutations. Here, we present evidence for pairwise intramolecular epistasis (i.e., nonadditive interactions) between many such mutations through an analysis of protein dynamics. We suggest that functional compensation for conserving protein dynamics is a likely evolutionary mechanism that maintains high-frequency mutations that are individually nonneutral but epistatically compensating within proteins. This analysis is the first of its type to look at human proteins with specific high population frequency mutations and examine the relationship between mutations that make up that observed high-frequency protein haplotype. Importantly, protein dynamics revealed a separation between high and low frequency haplotypes within a target protein cytochrome P450 2A7, with the high-frequency haplotypes showing behavior closer to the wild-type protein. Common protein haplotypes containing two mutations display dynamic compensation in which one mutation can correct for the dynamic effects of the other. We also utilize a dynamics-based metric, EpiScore, that evaluates the epistatic interactions and allows us to see dynamic compensation within many other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Ose
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Paul Campitelli
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Ravi Patel
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - S Banu Ozkan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.
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11
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Deng J, Cui Q. Second-Shell Residues Contribute to Catalysis by Predominately Preorganizing the Apo State in PafA. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11333-11347. [PMID: 37172218 PMCID: PMC10810092 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Residues beyond the first coordination shell are often observed to make considerable cumulative contributions in enzymes. Due to typically indirect perturbations of multiple physicochemical properties of the active site, however, their individual and specific roles in enzyme catalysis and disease-causing mutations remain difficult to predict and understand at the molecular level. Here we analyze the contributions of several second-shell residues in phosphate-irrepressible alkaline phosphatase of flavobacterium (PafA), a representative system as one of the most efficient enzymes. By adopting a multifaceted approach that integrates quantum-mechanical/molecular-mechanical free energy computations, molecular-mechanical molecular dynamics simulations, and density functional theory cluster model calculations, we probe the rate-limiting phosphoryl transfer step and structural properties of all relevant enzyme states. In combination with available experimental data, our computational results show that mutations of the studied second-shell residues impact catalytic efficiency mainly by perturbation of the apo state and therefore substrate binding, while they do not affect the ground state or alter the nature of phosphoryl transfer transition state significantly. Several second-shell mutations also modulate the active site hydration level, which in turn influences the energetics of phosphoryl transfer. These mechanistic insights also help inform strategies that may improve the efficiency of enzyme design and engineering by going beyond the current focus on the first coordination shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Qiang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Physics, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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12
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Fram B, Truebridge I, Su Y, Riesselman AJ, Ingraham JB, Passera A, Napier E, Thadani NN, Lim S, Roberts K, Kaur G, Stiffler M, Marks DS, Bahl CD, Khan AR, Sander C, Gauthier NP. Simultaneous enhancement of multiple functional properties using evolution-informed protein design. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.09.539914. [PMID: 37214973 PMCID: PMC10197589 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.09.539914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Designing optimized proteins is important for a range of practical applications. Protein design is a rapidly developing field that would benefit from approaches that enable many changes in the amino acid primary sequence, rather than a small number of mutations, while maintaining structure and enhancing function. Homologous protein sequences contain extensive information about various protein properties and activities that have emerged over billions of years of evolution. Evolutionary models of sequence co-variation, derived from a set of homologous sequences, have proven effective in a range of applications including structure determination and mutation effect prediction. In this work we apply one of these models (EVcouplings) to computationally design highly divergent variants of the model protein TEM-1 β-lactamase, and characterize these designs experimentally using multiple biochemical and biophysical assays. Nearly all designed variants were functional, including one with 84 mutations from the nearest natural homolog. Surprisingly, all functional designs had large increases in thermostability and most had a broadening of available substrates. These property enhancements occurred while maintaining a nearly identical structure to the wild type enzyme. Collectively, this work demonstrates that evolutionary models of sequence co-variation (1) are able to capture complex epistatic interactions that successfully guide large sequence departures from natural contexts, and (2) can be applied to generate functional diversity useful for many applications in protein design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fram
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ian Truebridge
- Institute for Protein Innovation, Boston, Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- current address: AI Proteins; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yang Su
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam J. Riesselman
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John B. Ingraham
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alessandro Passera
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- current address: Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eve Napier
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Nicole N. Thadani
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel Lim
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristen Roberts
- Selux Diagnostics, Inc., 56 Roland Street, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Gurleen Kaur
- Selux Diagnostics, Inc., 56 Roland Street, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Michael Stiffler
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Debora S. Marks
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher D. Bahl
- Institute for Protein Innovation, Boston, Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- current address: AI Proteins; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amir R. Khan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chris Sander
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Gauthier
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Functional, structural properties and interaction mechanism of soy protein isolate nanoparticles modified by high-performance protein-glutaminase. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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14
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Wordom update 2: A user-friendly program for the analysis of molecular structures and conformational ensembles. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1390-1402. [PMID: 36817953 PMCID: PMC9929209 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the second update of Wordom, a user-friendly and efficient program for manipulation and analysis of conformational ensembles from molecular simulations. The actual update expands some of the existing modules and adds 21 new modules to the update 1 published in 2011. The new adds can be divided into three sets that: 1) analyze atomic fluctuations and structural communication; 2) explore ion-channel conformational dynamics and ionic translocation; and 3) compute geometrical indices of structural deformation. Set 1 serves to compute correlations of motions, find geometrically stable domains, identify a dynamically invariant core, find changes in domain-domain separation and mutual orientation, perform wavelet analysis of large-scale simulations, process the output of principal component analysis of atomic fluctuations, perform functional mode analysis, infer regions of mechanical rigidity, analyze overall fluctuations, and perform the perturbation response scanning. Set 2 includes modules specific for ion channels, which serve to monitor the pore radius as well as water or ion fluxes, and measure functional collective motions like receptor twisting or tilting angles. Finally, set 3 includes tools to monitor structural deformations by computing angles, perimeter, area, volume, β-sheet curvature, radial distribution function, and center of mass. The ring perception module is also included, helpful to monitor supramolecular self-assemblies. This update places Wordom among the most suitable, complete, user-friendly, and efficient software for the analysis of biomolecular simulations. The source code of Wordom and the relative documentation are available under the GNU general public license at http://wordom.sf.net.
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15
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Modi T, Campitelli P, Heyden M, Ozkan SB. Correlated Evolution of Low-Frequency Vibrations and Function in Enzymes. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:616-622. [PMID: 36633931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies of the flexibility of ancestral proteins suggest that proteins evolve their function by altering their native state ensemble. Here, we propose a more direct method to analyze such changes during protein evolution by comparing thermally activated vibrations at frequencies below 6 THz, which report on the dynamics of collective protein modes. We analyzed the backbone vibrational density of states of ancestral and extant β-lactamases and thioredoxins and observed marked changes in the vibrational spectrum in response to evolution. Coupled with previously observed changes in protein flexibility, the observed shifts of vibrational mode densities suggest that protein dynamics and dynamical allostery are critical factors for the evolution of enzymes with specialized catalytic and biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Modi
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85287, United States
| | - Paul Campitelli
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85287, United States
| | - Matthias Heyden
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85287, United States
| | - S Banu Ozkan
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85287, United States
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16
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Fisher JF, Mobashery S. β-Lactams from the Ocean. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:86. [PMID: 36827127 PMCID: PMC9963991 DOI: 10.3390/md21020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The title of this essay is as much a question as it is a statement. The discovery of the β-lactam antibiotics-including penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems-as largely (if not exclusively) secondary metabolites of terrestrial fungi and bacteria, transformed modern medicine. The antibiotic β-lactams inactivate essential enzymes of bacterial cell-wall biosynthesis. Moreover, the ability of the β-lactams to function as enzyme inhibitors is of such great medical value, that inhibitors of the enzymes which degrade hydrolytically the β-lactams, the β-lactamases, have equal value. Given this privileged status for the β-lactam ring, it is therefore a disappointment that the exemplification of this ring in marine secondary metabolites is sparse. It may be that biologically active marine β-lactams are there, and simply have yet to be encountered. In this report, we posit a second explanation: that the value of the β-lactam to secure an ecological advantage in the marine environment might be compromised by its close structural similarity to the β-lactones of quorum sensing. The steric and reactivity similarities between the β-lactams and the β-lactones represent an outside-of-the-box opportunity for correlating new structures and new enzyme targets for the discovery of compelling biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed F Fisher
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 354 McCourtney Hall, University of Note Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-5670, USA
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 354 McCourtney Hall, University of Note Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-5670, USA
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17
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Li W, Wang J, Li C, Zong Z, Zhao J, Gao H, Liu D. Achieving Ultrasensitive Chromogenic Probes for Rapid, Direct Detection of Carbapenemase-Producing Bacteria in Sputum. JACS AU 2023; 3:227-238. [PMID: 36711106 PMCID: PMC9875220 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbapenemase-producing bacteria (CPB) stand as the most dangerous "superbugs" in the clinic. Rapid point-of-care (POC) detection of CPB in clinical samples is key to timely and effective infection management. We herein report the first ultrasensitive chromogenic probe that allows direct POC detection of CPB in clinical sputum samples at a sample-to-result time of less than 15 min. This chromogenic probe is modularly designed by conjugating the carbapenem core with a benzene derivative bearing an electronegativity-tunable substituent. Unexpectedly high sensitivity was achieved simply by choosing strong electron-withdrawing substituents, such as -N+(CH3)3, without resorting to complex molecular design. Through integrating the probes with a portable paper chip, 24 out of 80 clinical sputum samples from sepsis patients with lung infections were quickly diagnosed as CPB-positive, exhibiting 100% clinical sensitivity and specificity. This low-cost paper chip assay can be readily performed on-site, breaking through the dilemma of rapid CPB detection, especially in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuai Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for
Analytical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition
and Biosensing, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College
of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department
of Intensive Care Unit, Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine
of the Ministry of Health, Emergency Medicine Research Institute,
Tianjin First Center Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
| | - Chen Li
- College
of Arts and Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural
University, Taigu030801, China
| | - Zhiyou Zong
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for
Analytical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition
and Biosensing, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College
of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
| | - Jinzhong Zhao
- College
of Arts and Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural
University, Taigu030801, China
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Department
of Intensive Care Unit, Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine
of the Ministry of Health, Emergency Medicine Research Institute,
Tianjin First Center Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
| | - Dingbin Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for
Analytical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition
and Biosensing, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College
of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
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18
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Cetin E, Atilgan AR, Atilgan C. DHFR Mutants Modulate Their Synchronized Dynamics with the Substrate by Shifting Hydrogen Bond Occupancies. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:6715-6726. [PMID: 35984987 PMCID: PMC9795552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global health problem in which mutations occurring in functional proteins render drugs ineffective. The working mechanisms of the arising mutants are seldom apparent; a methodology to decipher these mechanisms systematically would render devising therapies to control the arising mutational pathways possible. Here we utilize Cα-Cβ bond vector relaxations obtained from moderate length MD trajectories to determine conduits for functionality of the resistance conferring mutants of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase. We find that the whole enzyme is synchronized to the motions of the substrate, irrespective of the mutation introducing gain-of-function or loss-of function. The total coordination of the motions suggests changes in the hydrogen bond dynamics with respect to the wild type as a possible route to determine and classify the mode-of-action of individual mutants. As a result, nine trimethoprim-resistant point mutations arising frequently in evolution experiments are categorized. One group of mutants that display the largest occurrence (L28R, W30G) work directly by modifying the dihydrofolate binding region. Conversely, W30R works indirectly by the formation of the E139-R30 salt bridge which releases energy resulting from tight binding by distorting the binding cavity. A third group (D27E, F153S, I94L) arising as single, resistance invoking mutants in evolution experiment trajectories allosterically and dynamically affects a hydrogen bonding motif formed at residues 59-69-71 which in turn modifies the binding site dynamics. The final group (I5F, A26T, R98P) consists of those mutants that have properties most similar to the wild type; these only appear after one of the other mutants is fixed on the protein structure and therefore display clear epistasis. Thus, we show that the binding event is governed by the entire enzyme dynamics while the binding site residues play gating roles. The adjustments made in the total enzyme in response to point mutations are what make quantifying and pinpointing their effect a hard problem. Here, we show that hydrogen bond dynamics recorded on sub-μs time scales provide the necessary fingerprints to decipher the various mechanisms at play.
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19
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Stevens AO, Kazan IC, Ozkan B, He Y. Investigating the allosteric response of the PICK1 PDZ domain to different ligands with all-atom simulations. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4474. [PMID: 36251217 PMCID: PMC9667829 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The PDZ family is comprised of small modular domains that play critical roles in the allosteric modulation of many cellular signaling processes by binding to the C-terminal tail of different proteins. As dominant modular proteins that interact with a diverse set of peptides, it is of particular interest to explore how different binding partners induce different allosteric effects on the same PDZ domain. Because the PICK1 PDZ domain can bind different types of ligands, it is an ideal test case to answer this question and explore the network of interactions that give rise to dynamic allostery. Here, we use all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to explore dynamic allostery in the PICK1 PDZ domain by modeling two PICK1 PDZ systems: PICK1 PDZ-DAT and PICK1 PDZ-GluR2. Our results suggest that ligand binding to the PICK1 PDZ domain induces dynamic allostery at the αA helix that is similar to what has been observed in other PDZ domains. We found that the PICK1 PDZ-ligand distance is directly correlated with both dynamic changes of the αA helix and the distance between the αA helix and βB strand. Furthermore, our work identifies a hydrophobic core between DAT/GluR2 and I35 as a key interaction in inducing such dynamic allostery. Finally, the unique interaction patterns between different binding partners and the PICK1 PDZ domain can induce unique dynamic changes to the PICK1 PDZ domain. We suspect that unique allosteric coupling patterns with different ligands may play a critical role in how PICK1 performs its biological functions in various signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy O. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyThe University of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | - I. Can Kazan
- Department of Physics, Center for Biological PhysicsArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Banu Ozkan
- Department of Physics, Center for Biological PhysicsArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Yi He
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyThe University of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
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20
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Chen X, Dou Z, Luo T, Sun Z, Ma H, Xu G, Ni Y. Directed reconstruction of a novel ancestral alcohol dehydrogenase featuring shifted pH-profile, enhanced thermostability and expanded substrate spectrum. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 363:127886. [PMID: 36067899 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ancestral enzymes are promising for industrial biotechnology due to high stability and catalytic promiscuity. An effective protocol was developed for the directed resurrection of ancestral enzymes. Employing genome mining with diaryl alcohol dehydrogenase KpADH as the probe, descendant enzymes D10 and D11 were firstly identified. Then through ancestral sequence reconstruction, A64 was resurrected with a specific activity of 4.3 U·mg-1. The optimum pH of A64 was 7.5, distinct from 5.5 of D10. The T15 50 and Tm values of A64 were 57.5 °C and 61.7 °C, significantly higher than those of the descendant counterpart. Substrate spectrum of A64 was quantitively characterized with a Shannon-Wiener index of 2.38, more expanded than D10, especially, towards bulky ketones in Group A and B. A64 also exhibited higher enantioselectivity. This study provides an effective protocol for constructing of ancestral enzymes and an efficient ancestral enzyme of industrial relevance for asymmetric synthesis of chiral alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Chen
- Key laboratory of industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhe Dou
- Key laboratory of industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianwei Luo
- Key laboratory of industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zewen Sun
- Key laboratory of industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongmin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Guochao Xu
- Key laboratory of industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ye Ni
- Key laboratory of industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
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21
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Rossi MA, Palzkill T, Almeida FCL, Vila AJ. Slow Protein Dynamics Elicits New Enzymatic Functions by Means of Epistatic Interactions. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6711538. [PMID: 36136729 PMCID: PMC9547502 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein evolution depends on the adaptation of these molecules to different functional challenges. This occurs by tuning their biochemical, biophysical, and structural traits through the accumulation of mutations. While the role of protein dynamics in biochemistry is well recognized, there are limited examples providing experimental evidence of the optimization of protein dynamics during evolution. Here we report an NMR study of four variants of the CTX-M β-lactamases, in which the interplay of two mutations outside the active site enhances the activity against a cephalosporin substrate, ceftazidime. The crystal structures of these enzymes do not account for this activity enhancement. By using NMR, here we show that the combination of these two mutations increases the backbone dynamics in a slow timescale and the exposure to the solvent of an otherwise buried β-sheet. The two mutations located in this β-sheet trigger conformational changes in loops located at the opposite side of the active site. We postulate that the most active variant explores alternative conformations that enable binding of the more challenging substrate ceftazidime. The impact of the mutations in the dynamics is context-dependent, in line with the epistatic effect observed in the catalytic activity of the different variants. These results reveal the existence of a dynamic network in CTX-M β-lactamases that has been exploited in evolution to provide a net gain-of-function, highlighting the role of alternative conformations in protein evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Agustina Rossi
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET-UNR), Ocampo and Esmeralda, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Timothy Palzkill
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA,Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
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22
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Tang QY, Ren W, Wang J, Kaneko K. The Statistical Trends of Protein Evolution: A Lesson from AlphaFold Database. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6701686. [PMID: 36108094 PMCID: PMC9550990 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent development of artificial intelligence provides us with new and powerful tools for studying the mysterious relationship between organism evolution and protein evolution. In this work, based on the AlphaFold Protein Structure Database (AlphaFold DB), we perform comparative analyses of the proteins of different organisms. The statistics of AlphaFold-predicted structures show that, for organisms with higher complexity, their constituent proteins will have larger radii of gyration, higher coil fractions, and slower vibrations, statistically. By conducting normal mode analysis and scaling analyses, we demonstrate that higher organismal complexity correlates with lower fractal dimensions in both the structure and dynamics of the constituent proteins, suggesting that higher functional specialization is associated with higher organismal complexity. We also uncover the topology and sequence bases of these correlations. As the organismal complexity increases, the residue contact networks of the constituent proteins will be more assortative, and these proteins will have a higher degree of hydrophilic-hydrophobic segregation in the sequences. Furthermore, by comparing the statistical structural proximity across the proteomes with the phylogenetic tree of homologous proteins, we show that, statistical structural proximity across the proteomes may indirectly reflect the phylogenetic proximity, indicating a statistical trend of protein evolution in parallel with organism evolution. This study provides new insights into how the diversity in the functionality of proteins increases and how the dimensionality of the manifold of protein dynamics reduces during evolution, contributing to the understanding of the origin and evolution of lives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weitong Ren
- Theoretical Molecular Science Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Physics, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People’s Republic of China
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23
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Smith IN, Dawson JE, Krieger J, Thacker S, Bahar I, Eng C. Structural and Dynamic Effects of PTEN C-Terminal Tail Phosphorylation. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:4175-4190. [PMID: 36001481 PMCID: PMC9472802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) tumor suppressor gene encodes a tightly regulated dual-specificity phosphatase that serves as the master regulator of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. The carboxy-terminal tail (CTT) is key to regulation and harbors multiple phosphorylation sites (Ser/Thr residues 380-385). CTT phosphorylation suppresses the phosphatase activity by inducing a stable, closed conformation. However, little is known about the mechanisms of phosphorylation-induced CTT-deactivation dynamics. Using explicit solvent microsecond molecular dynamics simulations, we show that CTT phosphorylation leads to a partially collapsed conformation, which alters the secondary structure of PTEN and induces long-range conformational rearrangements that encompass the active site. The active site rearrangements prevent localization of PTEN to the membrane, precluding lipid phosphatase activity. Notably, we have identified phosphorylation-induced allosteric coupling between the interdomain region and a hydrophobic site neighboring the active site in the phosphatase domain. Collectively, the results provide a mechanistic understanding of CTT phosphorylation dynamics and reveal potential druggable allosteric sites in a previously believed clinically undruggable protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris N. Smith
- Genomic
Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NE-50, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Dawson
- Genomic
Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NE-50, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
| | - James Krieger
- Department
of Computational and Systems Biology, University
of Pittsburgh, 800 Murdoch Building, 3420 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Stetson Thacker
- Genomic
Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NE-50, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
- Cleveland
Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case
Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United
States
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department
of Computational and Systems Biology, University
of Pittsburgh, 800 Murdoch Building, 3420 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic
Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NE-50, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
- Cleveland
Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case
Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United
States
- Case
Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western
Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Taussig
Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
- Department
of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western
Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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24
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Gutierrez-Rus LI, Alcalde M, Risso VA, Sanchez-Ruiz JM. Efficient Base-Catalyzed Kemp Elimination in an Engineered Ancestral Enzyme. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168934. [PMID: 36012203 PMCID: PMC9408544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The routine generation of enzymes with completely new active sites is a major unsolved problem in protein engineering. Advances in this field have thus far been modest, perhaps due, at least in part, to the widespread use of modern natural proteins as scaffolds for de novo engineering. Most modern proteins are highly evolved and specialized and, consequently, difficult to repurpose for completely new functionalities. Conceivably, resurrected ancestral proteins with the biophysical properties that promote evolvability, such as high stability and conformational diversity, could provide better scaffolds for de novo enzyme generation. Kemp elimination, a non-natural reaction that provides a simple model of proton abstraction from carbon, has been extensively used as a benchmark in de novo enzyme engineering. Here, we present an engineered ancestral β-lactamase with a new active site that is capable of efficiently catalyzing Kemp elimination. The engineering of our Kemp eliminase involved minimalist design based on a single function-generating mutation, inclusion of an extra polypeptide segment at a position close to the de novo active site, and sharply focused, low-throughput library screening. Nevertheless, its catalytic parameters (kcat/KM~2·105 M−1 s−1, kcat~635 s−1) compare favorably with the average modern natural enzyme and match the best proton-abstraction de novo Kemp eliminases that are reported in the literature. The general implications of our results for de novo enzyme engineering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis I. Gutierrez-Rus
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Quimica Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Valeria A. Risso
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Quimica Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (V.A.R.); (J.M.S.-R.)
| | - Jose M. Sanchez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Quimica Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (V.A.R.); (J.M.S.-R.)
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25
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Torgeson KR, Clarkson MW, Granata D, Lindorff-Larsen K, Page R, Peti W. Conserved conformational dynamics determine enzyme activity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo5546. [PMID: 35921420 PMCID: PMC9348788 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo5546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Homologous enzymes often exhibit different catalytic rates despite a fully conserved active site. The canonical view is that an enzyme sequence defines its structure and function and, more recently, that intrinsic protein dynamics at different time scales enable and/or promote catalytic activity. Here, we show that, using the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B, residues surrounding the PTP1B active site promote dynamically coordinated chemistry necessary for PTP1B function. However, residues distant to the active site also undergo distinct intermediate time scale dynamics and these dynamics are correlated with its catalytic activity and thus allow for different catalytic rates in this enzyme family. We identify these previously undetected motions using coevolutionary coupling analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Our findings strongly indicate that conserved dynamics drives the enzymatic activity of the PTP family. Characterization of these conserved dynamics allows for the identification of novel regulatory elements (therapeutic binding pockets) that can be leveraged for the control of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiane R. Torgeson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Michael W. Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Daniele Granata
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kresten Lindorff-Larsen
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Page
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Wolfgang Peti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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26
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Zhang S, Zhang J, Luo W, Wang P, Zhu Y. A preorganization oriented computational method for de novo design of Kemp elimination enzymes. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 160:110093. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Morellon-Sterling R, Tavano O, Bolivar JM, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Vela-Gutiérrez G, Sabir JSM, Tacias-Pascacio VG, Fernandez-Lafuente R. A review on the immobilization of pepsin: A Lys-poor enzyme that is unstable at alkaline pH values. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:682-702. [PMID: 35508226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pepsin is a protease used in many different applications, and in many instances, it is utilized in an immobilized form to prevent contamination of the reaction product. This enzyme has two peculiarities that make its immobilization complex. The first one is related to the poor presence of primary amino groups on its surface (just one Lys and the terminal amino group). The second one is its poor stability at alkaline pH values. Both features make the immobilization of this enzyme to be considered a complicated goal, as most of the immobilization protocols utilize primary amino groups for immobilization. This review presents some of the attempts to get immobilized pepsin biocatalyst and their applications. The high density of anionic groups (Asp and Glu) make the anion exchange of the enzyme simpler, but this makes many of the strategies utilized to immobilize the enzyme (e.g., amino-glutaraldehyde supports) more related to a mixed ion exchange/hydrophobic adsorption than to real covalent immobilization. Finally, we propose some possibilities that can permit not only the covalent immobilization of this enzyme, but also their stabilization via multipoint covalent attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Morellon-Sterling
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Student of Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Tavano
- Faculty of Nutrition, Alfenas Federal Univ., 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St, Alfenas, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Juan M Bolivar
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Complutense Ave., Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ángel Berenguer-Murcia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Gilber Vela-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Norte Pte. 1150, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Jamal S M Sabir
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Veymar G Tacias-Pascacio
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Norte Pte. 1150, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico; Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Carretera Panamericana Km. 1080, 29050 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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28
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Ose NJ, Butler BM, Kumar A, Kazan IC, Sanderford M, Kumar S, Ozkan SB. Dynamic coupling of residues within proteins as a mechanistic foundation of many enigmatic pathogenic missense variants. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010006. [PMID: 35389981 PMCID: PMC9017885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathogenic missense mutations are found in protein positions that are neither well-conserved nor fall in any known functional domains. Consequently, we lack any mechanistic underpinning of dysfunction caused by such mutations. We explored the disruption of allosteric dynamic coupling between these positions and the known functional sites as a possible mechanism for pathogenesis. In this study, we present an analysis of 591 pathogenic missense variants in 144 human enzymes that suggests that allosteric dynamic coupling of mutated positions with known active sites is a plausible biophysical mechanism and evidence of their functional importance. We illustrate this mechanism in a case study of β-Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) in which a vast majority of 94 sites harboring Gaucher disease-associated missense variants are located some distance away from the active site. An analysis of the conformational dynamics of GCase suggests that mutations on these distal sites cause changes in the flexibility of active site residues despite their distance, indicating a dynamic communication network throughout the protein. The disruption of the long-distance dynamic coupling caused by missense mutations may provide a plausible general mechanistic explanation for biological dysfunction and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Ose
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Brandon M. Butler
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Avishek Kumar
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - I. Can Kazan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Maxwell Sanderford
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - S. Banu Ozkan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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29
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Campitelli P, Lu J, Ozkan SB. Dynamic Allostery Highlights the Evolutionary Differences between the CoV-1 and CoV-2 Main Proteases. Biophys J 2022; 121:1483-1492. [PMID: 35300968 PMCID: PMC8920573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has become one of the most immediate and widely-studied systems since its identification and subsequent global outbreak from 2019-2021. In an effort to understand the biophysical changes as a result of mutations, the mechanistic details of multiple different proteins within the SARS-CoV-2 virus have been studied and compared with SARS-CoV-1. Focusing on the main protease (mPro), we first explored the long-range dynamics using the Dynamic Coupling Index (DCI) to investigate the dynamic coupling between the catalytic site residues and the rest of the protein, both inter and intra chain, for the CoV-1 and CoV-2 mPro. We found that there is significant cross-chain coupling between these active sites and specific distal residues in the CoV-2 mPro not present in CoV-1. The enhanced long distance interactions, particularly between the two chains, suggest subsequently enhanced cooperativity for CoV-2. A further comparative analysis of the dynamic flexibility using the Dynamic Flexibility Index (DFI) between the CoV-1 and CoV-2 mPros shows that the inhibitor binding near active sites induces change in flexibility to a distal region of the protein, opposite in behavior between the two systems; this region becomes more flexible upon inhibitor binding in CoV-1 while it becomes less flexible in the CoV-2 mPro. Upon inspection, we show that, on average, the dynamic flexibility of the sites substituted from CoV-1 to CoV-2 changes significantly less than the average calculated across all residues within the structure, indicating that the differences in behaviors between the two systems is likely the result of allosteric influence, where the new substitutions in CoV-2 induce flexibility and dynamical changes elsewhere in the structure.
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30
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Kazan IC, Sharma P, Rahman MI, Bobkov A, Fromme R, Ghirlanda G, Ozkan SB. Design of novel cyanovirin-N variants by modulation of binding dynamics through distal mutations. eLife 2022; 11:67474. [PMID: 36472898 PMCID: PMC9725752 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop integrated co-evolution and dynamic coupling (ICDC) approach to identify, mutate, and assess distal sites to modulate function. We validate the approach first by analyzing the existing mutational fitness data of TEM-1 β-lactamase and show that allosteric positions co-evolved and dynamically coupled with the active site significantly modulate function. We further apply ICDC approach to identify positions and their mutations that can modulate binding affinity in a lectin, cyanovirin-N (CV-N), that selectively binds to dimannose, and predict binding energies of its variants through Adaptive BP-Dock. Computational and experimental analyses reveal that binding enhancing mutants identified by ICDC impact the dynamics of the binding pocket, and show that rigidification of the binding residues compensates for the entropic cost of binding. This work suggests a mechanism by which distal mutations modulate function through dynamic allostery and provides a blueprint to identify candidates for mutagenesis in order to optimize protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Can Kazan
- Center for Biological Physics and Department of Physics, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States,School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Prerna Sharma
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | | | - Andrey Bobkov
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Raimund Fromme
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Giovanna Ghirlanda
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - S Banu Ozkan
- Center for Biological Physics and Department of Physics, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
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31
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Jian Y, Han Y, Fu Z, Xia M, Jiang G, Lu D, Wu J, Liu Z. The role of conformational dynamics on the activity of polymer-conjugated CalB in organic solvents. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:22028-22037. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02208g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A perennial interest in enzyme catalysis has been expanding its applicability from aqueous phase where enzymes are naturally evolved to organic solvents in which the majority of industrial chemical synthesis...
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32
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Schneider S, Kozuch J, Boxer SG. The Interplay of Electrostatics and Chemical Positioning in the Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance in TEM β-Lactamases. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:1996-2008. [PMID: 34963893 PMCID: PMC8704030 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The interplay of enzyme active site electrostatics and chemical positioning is important for understanding the origin(s) of enzyme catalysis and the design of novel catalysts. We reconstruct the evolutionary trajectory of TEM-1 β-lactamase to TEM-52 toward extended-spectrum activity to better understand the emergence of antibiotic resistance and to provide insights into the structure-function paradigm and noncovalent interactions involved in catalysis. Utilizing a detailed kinetic analysis and the vibrational Stark effect, we quantify the changes in rates and electric fields in the Michaelis and acyl-enzyme complexes for penicillin G and cefotaxime to ascertain the evolutionary role of electric fields to modulate function. These data are combined with MD simulations to interpret and quantify the substrate-dependent structural changes during evolution. We observe that this evolutionary trajectory utilizes a large preorganized electric field and substrate-dependent chemical positioning to facilitate catalysis. This governs the evolvability, substrate promiscuity, and protein fitness landscape in TEM β-lactamase antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven G. Boxer
- Chemistry Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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33
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Verkhivker GM, Agajanian S, Oztas DY, Gupta G. Allosteric Control of Structural Mimicry and Mutational Escape in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Complexes with the ACE2 Decoys and Miniprotein Inhibitors: A Network-Based Approach for Mutational Profiling of Binding and Signaling. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:5172-5191. [PMID: 34551245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We developed a computational framework for comprehensive and rapid mutational scanning of binding energetics and residue interaction networks in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein complexes. Using this approach, we integrated atomistic simulations and conformational landscaping of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein complexes with ensemble-based mutational screening and network modeling to characterize mechanisms of structure-functional mimicry and resilience toward mutational escape by the ACE2 protein decoy and de novo designed miniprotein inhibitors. A detailed analysis of structural plasticity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins obtained from atomistic simulations of conformational landscapes and sequence-based profiling of the disorder propensities revealed the intrinsically flexible regions that harbor key functional sites targeted by circulating variants. The conservation of collective dynamics in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein complexes showed that mutational escape positions are important for modulation of functional motions and that mutational changes in these sites can alter allosteric interaction networks. Through mutational profiling of binding and allosteric propensities in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein complexes, we identified the key binding and regulatory hotspots that collectively determine functional response and resilience of miniproteins to mutational variants. The results suggest that binding affinities and allosteric signatures of the SARS-CoV-2 complexes can be determined by dynamic crosstalk between structurally stable regulatory centers and conformationally adaptable allosteric hotspots that collectively control the resilience toward mutational escape. This may underlie a mechanism in which moderate perturbations in the mutational escape positions can induce global allosteric changes and alter functional protein response by modulating signaling in the residue interaction networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady M Verkhivker
- Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, California 92866, United States.,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California 92618, United States
| | - Steve Agajanian
- Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, California 92866, United States
| | - Deniz Yasar Oztas
- Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, California 92866, United States
| | - Grace Gupta
- Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, California 92866, United States
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34
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Atilgan AR, Atilgan C. Computational strategies for protein conformational ensemble detection. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 72:79-87. [PMID: 34563946 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein function is constrained by the three-dimensional structure but is delineated by its dynamics. This framework must satisfy specificity of function along with adaptability to changing environments and evolvability under external constraints. The accessibility of the available regions of the energy landscape for a set of conditions and shifts in the populations upon their modulation have effects propagating across scales, from biomolecular interactions, to organisms, to populations. Developing the ability to detect and juggle protein conformations supplemented by a physics-based understanding has implications for not only in vivo problems but also for resistance impeding drug discovery and bionano-sensor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rana Atilgan
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Canan Atilgan
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
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