1
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Cook A, Newman SG. Alcohols as Substrates in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Arylation, Alkylation, and Related Reactions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6078-6144. [PMID: 38630862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Alcohols are abundant and attractive feedstock molecules for organic synthesis. Many methods for their functionalization require them to first be converted into a more activated derivative, while recent years have seen a vast increase in the number of complexity-building transformations that directly harness unprotected alcohols. This Review discusses how transition metal catalysis can be used toward this goal. These transformations are broadly classified into three categories. Deoxygenative functionalizations, representing derivatization of the C-O bond, enable the alcohol to act as a leaving group toward the formation of new C-C bonds. Etherifications, characterized by derivatization of the O-H bond, represent classical reactivity that has been modernized to include mild reaction conditions, diverse reaction partners, and high selectivities. Lastly, chain functionalization reactions are described, wherein the alcohol group acts as a mediator in formal C-H functionalization reactions of the alkyl backbone. Each of these three classes of transformation will be discussed in context of intermolecular arylation, alkylation, and related reactions, illustrating how catalysis can enable alcohols to be directly harnessed for organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Cook
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Stephen G Newman
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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2
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Artault M, Cantin T, Longuet M, Vitse K, Mbengo CDM, Guégan F, Michelet B, Martin-Mingot A, Thibaudeau S. Exploring Superacid-Promoted Skeletal Reorganization of Aliphatic Nitrogen-Containing Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316458. [PMID: 37984060 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Here we report a method to reorganize the core structure of aliphatic unsaturated nitrogen-containing substrates exploiting polyprotonation in superacid solutions. The superelectrophilic activation of N-isopropyl systems allows for the selective formal Csp3 -H activation/cyclization or homologation / functionalization of nitrogen-containing substrates. This study also reveals that this skeletal reorganization can be controlled through protonation interplay. The mechanism of this process involves an original sequence of C-N bond cleavage, isopropyl cation generation and subsequent C-N bond and C-C bond formation. This was demonstrated through in situ NMR analysis and labelling experiments, also confirmed by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Artault
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073, Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Thomas Cantin
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073, Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Mélissa Longuet
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073, Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Kassandra Vitse
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073, Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | | | - Frédéric Guégan
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073, Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Bastien Michelet
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073, Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Agnès Martin-Mingot
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073, Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Sébastien Thibaudeau
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073, Poitiers cedex 9, France
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3
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Bertrand X, Pucheault M, Chabaud L, Paquin JF. Synthesis of Tertiary Fluorides through an Acid-Mediated Deoxyfluorination of Tertiary Alcohols. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14527-14539. [PMID: 37769207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The combination of methanesulfonic acid and potassium bifluoride is reported for the deoxyfluorination of tertiary alcohols. Under metal-free conditions that use readily available, cheap, and easy-to-handle reagents, a range of tertiary alcohols could be converted into the corresponding fluorides in excellent yields (average yields of 85% for 23 examples). Mechanistic investigation showed that the reaction proceeds at 0 °C, in part, through an elimination/hydrofluorination pathway, but no residual alkenes are observed. The application of these conditions for the fluorination of ether and ester is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Bertrand
- CCVC, PROTEO, Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Mathieu Pucheault
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Laurent Chabaud
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Jean-François Paquin
- CCVC, PROTEO, Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
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4
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Zou L, Gao Y, Zhang Q, Ye XY, Xie T, Wang LW, Ye Y. Recent Progress in Asymmetric Domino Intramolecular Cyclization/Cascade Reactions of Substituted Olefins. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300617. [PMID: 37462417 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The domino cyclization/coupling strategy is one of the most effective methods to produce cyclized and multi-functionalized compounds from olefins, which has attracted huge attention from chemists and biochemists especially for its considerable potential of enantiocontrol. Nowadays, more and more studies are developed to achieve difunctionalization of substituted olefins through an asymmetric domino intramolecular cyclization/cascade reaction, which is still an elegant choice to accomplish several synthetic ideas such as complex natural products and drugs. This review surveys the recent advances in this field through reaction type classification. It might serve as useful knowledge desktop for the community and accelerate their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200000, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoman Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China
| | - Li-Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China
| | - Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China
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5
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Ziółkowska A, Doroszuk J, Ponikiewski Ł. Overview of the Synthesis and Catalytic Reactivity of Transition Metal Complexes Based on C═P Bond Systems. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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6
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Osato A, Fujihara T, Shigehisa H. Constructing Four-Membered Heterocycles by Cycloisomerization. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayami Osato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujihara
- Comprehensive Analysis Center for Science, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama-Shi 338-8570, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shigehisa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
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7
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Miyauchi M, Hiraoka T, Raut VS, Asao N. Photocatalytic dehydrative etherification of alcohols with a nanoporous gold catalyst. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1221-1224. [PMID: 36629818 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04562a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient photocatalytic approach for dehydrative etherification of alcohols has been developed by a nanoporous gold catalyst. This protocol features no requirement of addition of acids or bases, broad substrate generality, and excellent acid-sensitive functional group tolerance. The mechanistic studies demonstrate the heterogeneous nature of the catalytic system and the recyclability of the catalyst was demonstrated repeatedly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Miyauchi
- Division of Chemistry and Materials, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda 386-8567, Japan.
| | - Takehiro Hiraoka
- Division of Chemistry and Materials, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda 386-8567, Japan.
| | - Vivek S Raut
- Research Initiatives for Supra-Materials, Shinshu University, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
| | - Naoki Asao
- Division of Chemistry and Materials, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda 386-8567, Japan.
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8
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Bumraiwha HF, Sterenberg BT. Synthesis of 1,1′‐bisphosphinoferrocenes using electrophilic addition reactions of tungsten coordinated phosphenium ions and phosphine triflates. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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9
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Fernandes RA, Chandra N, Gangani AJ, Khatun GN. Palladium-Catalyzed Regioselective Intermolecular Hydroalkoxylation of 1-Arylbutadienes. J Org Chem 2022. [PMID: 35895934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of (E)-(3-alkoxybut-1-enyl)benzenes by Pd-catalyzed regioselective intermolecular hydroalkoxylation of 1-arylbutadienes has been developed. This method can be executed in a simple operation with no dry reaction conditions required and having tolerance to a wide range of substrates. Chloromethyl methyl ether (MOMCl) as an additive was found to be essential for the success of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Naveen Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Ashvin J Gangani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Gulenur N Khatun
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
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10
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Alam K, Li T, Hyatt IFD, Croatt MP. AlCl 3-catalyzed regioselective intermolecular α or γ mono- or α,γ bis-hydroalkoxylation of allenamides with alcohols. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4719-4723. [PMID: 35660842 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00844k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective intermolecular mono- or bis-hydroalkoxylation of allenamides with alcohols using simple aluminum-catalyzed reaction conditions is reported. When the reaction was carried out with 1.1 equivalents of alcohol at 50 °C, N,O-acetals were generated by 1,2-addition of an alcohol. An increase in temperature to 80 °C leads to γ-substituted ethers by an intermolecular isomerization process. Treatment with an excess of alcohol (3 equiv.) at 50 °C gave 1,3-bis(alkoxy)propanamines. The reactions exhibited good functional group tolerance and efficiency, affording the products in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khyarul Alam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA.
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA.
| | - I F Dempsey Hyatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Adelphi University, 1 South Ave., Garden City, New York, 11530, USA
| | - Mitchell P Croatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA.
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11
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Luo C, Alegre-Requena JV, Sujansky SJ, Pajk SP, Gallegos LC, Paton RS, Bandar JS. Mechanistic Studies Yield Improved Protocols for Base-Catalyzed Anti-Markovnikov Alcohol Addition Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9586-9596. [PMID: 35605253 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic anti-Markovnikov addition of alcohols to simple alkenes is a longstanding synthetic challenge. We recently disclosed the use of organic superbase catalysis for the nucleophilic addition of alcohols to activated styrene derivatives. This article describes mechanistic studies on this reversible reaction, including thermodynamic and kinetic profiling as well as computational modeling. Our findings show the negative entropy of addition is counterbalanced by an enthalpy that is most favored in nonpolar solvents. However, a large negative alcohol rate order under these conditions indicates excess alcohol sequesters the active alkoxide ion pairs, slowing the reaction rate. These observations led to an unexpected solution to a thermodynamically challenging reaction: use of less alcohol enables faster addition, which in turn allows for lower reaction temperatures to counteract Le Chatelier's principle. Thus, our original method has been improved with new protocols that do not require excess alcohol stoichiometry, enable an expanded alkene substrate scope, and allow for the use of more practical catalyst systems. The generality of this insight for other challenging hydroetherification reactions is also demonstrated through new alkenol cyclization and oxa-Michael addition reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaosheng Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Juan V Alegre-Requena
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Stephen J Sujansky
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Spencer P Pajk
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Liliana C Gallegos
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Robert S Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Bandar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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12
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Han C, Meng W, Feng X, Du H. Asymmetric Intramolecular Hydroalkoxylation of 2‐Vinylbenzyl Alcohols with Chiral Boro‐Phosphates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200100. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caifang Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Wei Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiangqing Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Haifeng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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13
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Asymmetric Intramolecular Hydroalkoxylation of 2‐Vinylbenzyl Alcohols with Chiral Boro‐Phosphates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Kennemur J, Maji R, Scharf MJ, List B. Catalytic Asymmetric Hydroalkoxylation of C-C Multiple Bonds. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14649-14681. [PMID: 34860509 PMCID: PMC8704240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric hydroalkoxylation of alkenes constitutes a redox-neutral and 100% atom-economical strategy toward enantioenriched oxygenated building blocks from readily available starting materials. Despite their great potential, catalytic enantioselective additions of alcohols across a C-C multiple bond are particularly underdeveloped, especially compared to other hydrofunctionalization methods such as hydroamination. However, driven by some recent innovations, e.g., asymmetric MHAT methods, asymmetric photocatalytic methods, and the development of extremely strong chiral Brønsted acids, there has been a gratifying surge of reports in this burgeoning field. The goal of this review is to survey the growing landscape of asymmetric hydroalkoxylation by highlighting exciting new advances, deconstructing mechanistic underpinnings, and drawing insight from related asymmetric hydroacyloxylation and hydration. A deep appreciation of the underlying principles informs an understanding of the various selectivity parameters and activation modes in the realm of asymmetric alkene hydrofunctionalization while simultaneously evoking the outstanding challenges to the field moving forward. Overall, we aim to lay a foundation for cross-fertilization among various catalytic fields and spur further innovation in asymmetric hydroalkoxylations of C-C multiple bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manuel J. Scharf
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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15
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Davies G, McGregor J. Hydrothermal Synthesis of Biomass-Derived Magnetic Carbon Composites for Adsorption and Catalysis. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33000-33009. [PMID: 34901651 PMCID: PMC8655907 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of magnetic iron-carbon composites (Fe/C) from waste avocado seeds via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has been demonstrated for the first time. These materials are shown to be effective in adsorption and catalytic applications, with performances comparable to or higher than materials produced through conventional processing routes. Avocado seeds have been processed in high-temperature water (230 °C) at elevated pressure (30 bar at room temperature) in the presence of iron nitrate and iron sulfate, in a process mimicking natural coalification. Characterization of the synthesized material has been carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), magnetometry, and through surface area measurements. The supported iron particles are observed to be predominately magnetite, with an oxidized hematite surface region. The presence of iron catalyzes the formation of an extended, ordered polymeric structure in the avocado seed-derived carbon. The magnetic Fe/C has been demonstrated as an adsorbent for environmental wastewater treatment using methylene blue and indigo carmine. Kinetic analysis suggests that the adsorbates are chemisorbed, with the positive surface charge of Fe/C being preferential for indigo carmine adsorption (49 mg g-1). Additionally, Fe/C has been evaluated as a heterogeneous catalyst for the hydroalkoxylation of phenylacetylene with ethylene glycol to 2-benzyl-1,3-dioxolane. Product yields of 45% are obtained, with 100% regioselectivity to the formed isomer. The solid catalyst has the advantages of being prepared from a waste material and of easy removal after reaction via magnetic separation. These developments provide opportunities to produce carbon-based materials for a variety of high-value applications, potentially also including energy storage and biopharmaceuticals, from a wide range of lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Davies
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
| | - James McGregor
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
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16
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Earth-Abundant 3d Transition Metal Catalysts for Hydroalkoxylation and Hydroamination of Unactivated Alkenes. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11060674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the most noteworthy achievements in the field of C–O and C–N bond formation by hydroalkoxylation and hydroamination reactions on unactivated alkenes (including 1,2- and 1,3-dienes) promoted by earth-abundant 3d transition metal catalysts based on manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc. The relevant literature from 2012 until early 2021 has been covered.
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