1
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Tanaka M, Song Y, Nomura T. Fabric soft pneumatic actuators with programmable turing pattern textures. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19175. [PMID: 39160199 PMCID: PMC11333703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a novel computational design and fabrication method for fabric-based soft pneumatic actuators (FSPAs) that use Turing patterns, inspired by Alan Turing's morphogenesis theory. These inflatable structures can adapt their shapes with simple pressure changes and are applicable in areas like soft robotics, airbags, and temporary shelters. Traditionally, the design of such structures relies on isotropic materials and the designer's expertise, often requiring a trial-and-error approach. The present study introduces a method to automate this process using advanced numerical optimization to design and manufacture fabric-based inflatable structures with programmable shape-morphing capabilities. Initially, an optimized distribution of the material orientation field on the surface membrane is achieved through gradient-based orientation optimization. This involves a comprehensive physical deployment simulation using the nonlinear shell finite element method, which is integrated into the inner loop of the optimization algorithm. This continuous adjustment of material orientations enhances the design objectives. These material orientation fields are transformed into discretized texture patterns that replicate the same anisotropic deformations. Anisotropic reaction-diffusion equations, using diffusion coefficients determined by local orientations from the optimization step, are then utilized to create space-filling Turing pattern textures. Furthermore, the fabrication methods of these optimized Turing pattern textures are explored using fabrics through heat bonding and embroidery. The performance of the fabricated FSPAs is evaluated through three different deformation shapes: C-shaped bending, S-shaped bending, and twisting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Tanaka
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan.
- Toyota Research Institute of North America, Toyota Motor North America, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
| | - Yuyang Song
- Toyota Research Institute of North America, Toyota Motor North America, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
| | - Tsuyoshi Nomura
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan
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2
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Ramos R, Swedlund B, Ganesan AK, Morsut L, Maini PK, Monuki ES, Lander AD, Chuong CM, Plikus MV. Parsing patterns: Emerging roles of tissue self-organization in health and disease. Cell 2024; 187:3165-3186. [PMID: 38906093 PMCID: PMC11299420 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Patterned morphologies, such as segments, spirals, stripes, and spots, frequently emerge during embryogenesis through self-organized coordination between cells. Yet, complex patterns also emerge in adults, suggesting that the capacity for spontaneous self-organization is a ubiquitous property of biological tissues. We review current knowledge on the principles and mechanisms of self-organized patterning in embryonic tissues and explore how these principles and mechanisms apply to adult tissues that exhibit features of patterning. We discuss how and why spontaneous pattern generation is integral to homeostasis and healing of tissues, illustrating it with examples from regenerative biology. We examine how aberrant self-organization underlies diverse pathological states, including inflammatory skin disorders and tumors. Lastly, we posit that based on such blueprints, targeted engineering of pattern-driving molecular circuits can be leveraged for synthetic biology and the generation of organoids with intricate patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Ramos
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Swedlund
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anand K Ganesan
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Leonardo Morsut
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Philip K Maini
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Edwin S Monuki
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Arthur D Lander
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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3
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Richardson AD, Antal T, Blythe RA, Schumacher LJ. Learning spatio-temporal patterns with Neural Cellular Automata. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011589. [PMID: 38669297 PMCID: PMC11078362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neural Cellular Automata (NCA) are a powerful combination of machine learning and mechanistic modelling. We train NCA to learn complex dynamics from time series of images and Partial Differential Equation (PDE) trajectories. Our method is designed to identify underlying local rules that govern large scale dynamic emergent behaviours. Previous work on NCA focuses on learning rules that give stationary emergent structures. We extend NCA to capture both transient and stable structures within the same system, as well as learning rules that capture the dynamics of Turing pattern formation in nonlinear PDEs. We demonstrate that NCA can generalise very well beyond their PDE training data, we show how to constrain NCA to respect given symmetries, and we explore the effects of associated hyperparameters on model performance and stability. Being able to learn arbitrary dynamics gives NCA great potential as a data driven modelling framework, especially for modelling biological pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex D. Richardson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- School of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tibor Antal
- School of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Blythe
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Linus J. Schumacher
- School of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institute of regeneration and repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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4
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Tzika AC. On the role of TFEC in reptilian coloration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1358828. [PMID: 38385026 PMCID: PMC10879265 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1358828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Reptilian species, particularly snakes and lizards, are emerging models of animal coloration. Here, I focus on the role of the TFEC transcription factor in snake and lizard coloration based on a study on wild-type and piebald ball pythons. Genomic mapping previously identified a TFEC mutation linked to the piebald ball python phenotype. The association of TFEC with skin coloration was further supported by gene-editing experiments in the brown anole lizard. However, novel histological analyses presented here reveal discrepancies between the ball python and the anole TFEC mutants phenotype, cautioning against broad generalizations. Indeed, both wild-type and piebald ball pythons completely lack iridophores, whereas the TFEC anole lizard mutants lose their iridophores compared to the wild-type anole. Based on these findings, I discuss the potential role of the MiT/TFE family in skin pigmentation across vertebrate lineages and advocate the need for developmental analyses and additional gene-editing experiments to explore the reptilian coloration diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia C. Tzika
- Laboratory of Artificial and Natural Evolution (LANE), Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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5
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Rombouts J, Elliott J, Erzberger A. Forceful patterning: theoretical principles of mechanochemical pattern formation. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57739. [PMID: 37916772 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological pattern formation is essential for generating and maintaining spatial structures from the scale of a single cell to tissues and even collections of organisms. Besides biochemical interactions, there is an important role for mechanical and geometrical features in the generation of patterns. We review the theoretical principles underlying different types of mechanochemical pattern formation across spatial scales and levels of biological organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rombouts
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jenna Elliott
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Erzberger
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Milinkovitch MC, Jahanbakhsh E, Zakany S. The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Reaction Diffusion in Vertebrate Skin Color Patterning. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2023; 39:145-174. [PMID: 37843926 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120319-024414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
In 1952, Alan Turing published the reaction-diffusion (RD) mathematical framework, laying the foundations of morphogenesis as a self-organized process emerging from physicochemical first principles. Regrettably, this approach has been widely doubted in the field of developmental biology. First, we summarize Turing's line of thoughts to alleviate the misconception that RD is an artificial mathematical construct. Second, we discuss why phenomenological RD models are particularly effective for understanding skin color patterning at the meso/macroscopic scales, without the need to parameterize the profusion of variables at lower scales. More specifically, we discuss how RD models (a) recapitulate the diversity of actual skin patterns, (b) capture the underlying dynamics of cellular interactions, (c) interact with tissue size and shape, (d) can lead to ordered sequential patterning, (e) generate cellular automaton dynamics in lizards and snakes, (f) predict actual patterns beyond their statistical features, and (g) are robust to model variations. Third, we discuss the utility of linear stability analysis and perform numerical simulations to demonstrate how deterministic RD emerges from the underlying chaotic microscopic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel C Milinkovitch
- Laboratory of Artificial and Natural Evolution, Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Ebrahim Jahanbakhsh
- Laboratory of Artificial and Natural Evolution, Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Szabolcs Zakany
- Laboratory of Artificial and Natural Evolution, Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland;
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7
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Liu Y, Tian H, Wu F, Liu A, Li Y, Sun H, Lanza M, Ren TL. Cellular automata imbedded memristor-based recirculated logic in-memory computing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2695. [PMID: 37165017 PMCID: PMC10172358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Memristor-based circuits offer low hardware costs and in-memory computing, but full-memristive circuit integration for different algorithm remains limited. Cellular automata (CA) has been noticed for its well-known parallel, bio-inspired, computational characteristics. Running CA on conventional chips suffers from low parallelism and high hardware costs. Establishing dedicated hardware for CA remains elusive. We propose a recirculated logic operation scheme (RLOS) using memristive hardware and 2D transistors for CA evolution, significantly reducing hardware complexity. RLOS's versatility supports multiple CA algorithms on a single circuit, including elementary CA rules and more complex majority classification and edge detection algorithms. Results demonstrate up to a 79-fold reduction in hardware costs compared to FPGA-based approaches. RLOS-based reservoir computing is proposed for edge computing development, boasting the lowest hardware cost (6 components/per cell) among existing implementations. This work advances efficient, low-cost CA hardware and encourages edge computing hardware exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Fan Wu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Anhan Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yihao Li
- Weiyang College, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Sun
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Mario Lanza
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
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8
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Heran W, Xin L, Qi G, Xiongfei Z. Vascularized organ bioprinting: From strategy to paradigm. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13453. [PMID: 36929675 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, bioprinting has become a popular research topic worldwide, as it is the most promising approach for manufacturing vascularized organ in vitro. However, transitioning bioprinting from simple tissue models to real biomedical applications is still a challenge due to the lack of interdisciplinary theoretical knowledge and perfect multitechnology integration. This review examines the goals of vasculature manufacturing and proposes the objectives in three stages. We then outline a bidirectional manufacturing strategy consisting of top-down reproduction (bioprinting) and bottom-up regeneration (cellular behaviour). We also provide an in-depth analysis of the views from the four aspects of design, ink, printing, and culture. Furthermore, we present the 'constructing-comprehension cycle' research paradigm in Strategic Priority Research Program and the 'math-model-based batch insights generator' research paradigm for the future, which have the potential to revolutionize the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Heran
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.,Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110169, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liu Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Gu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zheng Xiongfei
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.,Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110169, China
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9
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Holroyd NA, Walsh C, Gourmet L, Walker-Samuel S. Quantitative Image Processing for Three-Dimensional Episcopic Images of Biological Structures: Current State and Future Directions. Biomedicines 2023; 11:909. [PMID: 36979887 PMCID: PMC10045950 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Episcopic imaging using techniques such as High Resolution Episcopic Microscopy (HREM) and its variants, allows biological samples to be visualized in three dimensions over a large field of view. Quantitative analysis of episcopic image data is undertaken using a range of methods. In this systematic review, we look at trends in quantitative analysis of episcopic images and discuss avenues for further research. Papers published between 2011 and 2022 were analyzed for details about quantitative analysis approaches, methods of image annotation and choice of image processing software. It is shown that quantitative processing is becoming more common in episcopic microscopy and that manual annotation is the predominant method of image analysis. Our meta-analysis highlights where tools and methods require further development in this field, and we discuss what this means for the future of quantitative episcopic imaging, as well as how annotation and quantification may be automated and standardized across the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire Walsh
- Centre for Computational Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Lucie Gourmet
- Centre for Computational Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Simon Walker-Samuel
- Centre for Computational Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
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10
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Tanaka M, Montgomery SM, Yue L, Wei Y, Song Y, Nomura T, Qi HJ. Turing pattern-based design and fabrication of inflatable shape-morphing structures. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade4381. [PMID: 36763653 PMCID: PMC9916983 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade4381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Turing patterns are self-organizing stripes or spots widely found in biological systems and nature. Although inspiring, their applications are limited. Inflatable shape-morphing structures have attracted substantial research attention. Traditional inflatable structures use isotropic materials with geometrical features to achieve shape morphing. Recently, gradient-based optimization methods have been used to design these structures. These methods assume anisotropic materials whose orientation can vary freely. However, this assumption makes fabrication a considerable challenge by methods such as additive manufacturing, which print isotropic materials. Here, we present a methodology of using Turing patterns to bridge this gap. Specifically, we use Turing patterns to convert a design with distributed anisotropic materials to a distribution with two materials, which can be fabricated by grayscale digital light processing 3D printing. This work suggests that it is possible to apply patterns in biological systems and nature to engineering composites and offers new concepts for future material design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Tanaka
- Toyota Research Institute of North America, Toyota Motor North America, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - S. Macrae Montgomery
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Liang Yue
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Yaochi Wei
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Yuyang Song
- Toyota Research Institute of North America, Toyota Motor North America, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Nomura
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories Inc. , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0004, Japan
| | - H. Jerry Qi
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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11
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Saunders TE, Monteiro A. Colour patterns: Predicting patterns without knowing the details. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R1306-R1308. [PMID: 36473439 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A bewildering array of colour patterns occurs across animals. New work studying five lizard species reveals that reaction-diffusion models can be remarkably predictive of future adult skin patterning, even though molecular details are unknown. This has implications for understanding how complex patterns evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Saunders
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Antónia Monteiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Jahanbakhsh E, Milinkovitch MC. Modeling convergent scale-by-scale skin color patterning in multiple species of lizards. Curr Biol 2022; 32:5069-5082.e13. [PMID: 36379217 PMCID: PMC9763091 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Skin color patterning in vertebrates emerges at the macroscale from microscopic cell-cell interactions among chromatophores. Taking advantage of the convergent scale-by-scale skin color patterning dynamics in five divergent species of lizards, we quantify the respective efficiencies of stochastic (Lenz-Ising and cellular automata, sCA) and deterministic reaction-diffusion (RD) models to predict individual patterns and their statistical attributes. First, we show that all models capture the underlying microscopic system well enough to predict, with similar efficiencies, neighborhood statistics of adult patterns. Second, we show that RD robustly generates, in all species, a substantial gain in scale-by-scale predictability of individual adult patterns without the need to parametrize the system down to its many cellular and molecular variables. Third, using 3D numerical simulations and Lyapunov spectrum analyses, we quantitatively demonstrate that, given the non-linearity of the dynamical system, uncertainties in color measurements at the juvenile stage and in skin geometry variation explain most, if not all, of the residual unpredictability of adult individual scale-by-scale patterns. We suggest that the efficiency of RD is due to its intrinsic ability to exploit mesoscopic information such as continuous scale colors and the relations among growth, scales geometries, and the pattern length scale. Our results indicate that convergent evolution of CA patterning dynamics, leading to dissimilar macroscopic patterns in different species, is facilitated by their spontaneous emergence under a large range of RD parameters, as long as a Turing instability occurs in a skin domain with periodic thickness. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Jahanbakhsh
- Laboratory of Artificial & Natural Evolution (LANE), Department of Genetics & Evolution, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michel C Milinkovitch
- Laboratory of Artificial & Natural Evolution (LANE), Department of Genetics & Evolution, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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13
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Ascarrunz E, Sánchez-Villagra MR. The macroevolutionary and developmental evolution of the turtle carapacial scutes. VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/vz.72.e76256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The scutes of the carapace of extant turtles exhibit common elements in a narrow range of topographical arrangements. The typical arrangement has remained constant since its origin in the clade Mesochelydia (Early Jurassic), after a period of apparent greater diversity in the Triassic. This contribution is a review of the development and evolutionary history of the scute patterns of the carapace, seen through the lens of recent developmental models. This yields insights on pattern variations in the fossil record. We reinterpret the “supracaudal” scute and propose that Proganochelys had five vertebral scutes. We discuss the relationship between supramarginal scutes and Turing processes, and we show how a simple change during embryogenesis could account for origin of the configuration of the caudal region of the carapace in mesochelydians. We also discuss the nature of the decrease in number of scutes over the course of evolution, and whether macroevolutionary trends can be discerned. We argue that turtles with complete loss of scutes (e.g., softshells) follow clade-specific macroevolutionary regimes, which are distinct from the majority of other turtles. Finally, we draw a parallel between the variation of scute patterns on the carapace of turtles and the scale patterns in the pileus region (roof of the head) of squamates. The size and numbers of scales in the pileus region can evolve over a wide range, but we recognized tentative evidence of convergence towards a typical configuration when the scales become larger and fewer. Thus, typical patterns could be a more general property of similar systems of integumentary appendages.
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14
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Zakany S, Smirnov S, Milinkovitch MC. Lizard Skin Patterns and the Ising Model. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:048102. [PMID: 35148152 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.048102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ocellated lizard (Timon lepidus) exhibits an intricate skin color pattern made of monochromatic black and green skin scales, whose dynamics of color flipping are known to be well modeled by a stochastic cellular automaton. We show that the late-time probability distribution of the pattern corresponds to the canonical probability distribution of the antiferromagnetic Ising model and can be generated by dynamics different from the commonly-used Glauber. We comment on skin scale patterns generated by the Ising model on the triangular lattice in the low-temperature limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Zakany
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stanislav Smirnov
- Section of Mathematics, University of Geneva, 7-9 rue du Conseil-Général, 1205 Genève, Switzerland
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- St. Petersburg University, 199034 St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Michel C Milinkovitch
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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