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Altamura MM, Piacentini D, Della Rovere F, Fattorini L, Valletta A, Falasca G. Plastid dynamism integrates development and environment. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 213:108813. [PMID: 38861821 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
In land plants plastid type differentiation occurs concomitantly with cellular differentiation and the transition from one type to another is under developmental and environmental control. Plastid dynamism is based on a bilateral communication between plastids and nucleus through anterograde and retrograde signaling. Signaling occurs through the interaction with specific phytohormones (abscisic acid, strigolactones, jasmonates, gibberellins, brassinosteroids, ethylene, salicylic acid, cytokinin and auxin). The review is focused on the modulation of plastid capabilities at both transcriptional and post-translational levels at the crossroad between development and stress, with a particular attention to the chloroplast, because the most studied plastid type. The role of plastid-encoded and nuclear-encoded proteins for plastid development and stress responses, and the changes of plastid fate through the activity of stromules and plastoglobules, are discussed. Examples of plastid dynamism in response to soil stress agents (salinity, lead, cadmium, arsenic, and chromium) are described. Albinism and root greening are described based on the modulation activities of auxin and cytokinin. The physiological and functional responses of the sensory epidermal and vascular plastids to abiotic and biotic stresses along with their specific roles in stress sensing are described together with their potential modulation of retrograde signaling pathways. Future research perspectives include an in-depth study of sensory plastids to explore their potential for establishing a transgenerational memory to stress. Suggestions about anterograde and retrograde pathways acting at interspecific level and on the lipids of plastoglobules as a novel class of plastid morphogenic agents are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Piacentini
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura Fattorini
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Valletta
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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2
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Aronsson H, Solymosi K. Diversification of Plastid Structure and Function in Land Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2776:63-88. [PMID: 38502498 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3726-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Plastids represent a largely diverse group of organelles in plant and algal cells that have several common features but also a broad spectrum of morphological, ultrastructural, biochemical, and physiological differences. Plastids and their structural and metabolic diversity significantly contribute to the functionality and developmental flexibility of the plant body throughout its lifetime. In addition to the multiple roles of given plastid types, this diversity is accomplished in some cases by interconversions between different plastids as a consequence of developmental and environmental signals that regulate plastid differentiation and specialization. In addition to basic plastid structural features, the most important plastid types, the newly characterized peculiar plastids, and future perspectives in plastid biology are also provided in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Aronsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
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3
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Koenig AM, Liu B, Hu J. Visualizing the dynamics of plant energy organelles. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:2029-2040. [PMID: 37975429 PMCID: PMC10754284 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant organelles predominantly rely on the actin cytoskeleton and the myosin motors for long-distance trafficking, while using microtubules and the kinesin motors mostly for short-range movement. The distribution and motility of organelles in the plant cell are fundamentally important to robust plant growth and defense. Chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes are essential organelles in plants that function independently and coordinately during energy metabolism and other key metabolic processes. In response to developmental and environmental stimuli, these energy organelles modulate their metabolism, morphology, abundance, distribution and motility in the cell to meet the need of the plant. Consistent with their metabolic links in processes like photorespiration and fatty acid mobilization is the frequently observed inter-organellar physical interaction, sometimes through organelle membranous protrusions. The development of various organelle-specific fluorescent protein tags has allowed the simultaneous visualization of organelle movement in living plant cells by confocal microscopy. These energy organelles display an array of morphology and movement patterns and redistribute within the cell in response to changes such as varying light conditions, temperature fluctuations, ROS-inducible treatments, and during pollen tube development and immune response, independently or in association with one another. Although there are more reports on the mechanism of chloroplast movement than that of peroxisomes and mitochondria, our knowledge of how and why these three energy organelles move and distribute in the plant cell is still scarce at the functional and mechanistic level. It is critical to identify factors that control organelle motility coupled with plant growth, development, and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Koenig
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, U.S.A
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Jianping Hu
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, U.S.A
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4
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Wang R, Li C, Jia Z, Su Y, Ai Y, Li Q, Guo X, Tao Z, Lin F, Liang Y. Reversible phosphorylation of a lectin-receptor-like kinase controls xylem immunity. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:2051-2066.e7. [PMID: 37977141 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) mediate basal resistance to most phytopathogens. However, plant responses can be cell type specific, and the mechanisms governing xylem immunity remain largely unknown. We show that the lectin-receptor-like kinase LORE contributes to xylem basal resistance in Arabidopsis upon infection with Ralstonia solanacearum, a destructive plant pathogen that colonizes the xylem to cause bacterial wilt. Following R. solanacearum infection, LORE is activated by phosphorylation at residue S761, initiating a phosphorelay that activates reactive oxygen species production and cell wall lignification. To prevent prolonged activation of immune signaling, LORE recruits and phosphorylates type 2C protein phosphatase LOPP, which dephosphorylates LORE and attenuates LORE-mediated xylem immunity to maintain immune homeostasis. A LOPP knockout confers resistance against bacterial wilt disease in Arabidopsis and tomatoes without impacting plant growth. Thus, our study reveals a regulatory mechanism in xylem immunity involving the reversible phosphorylation of receptor-like kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chenying Li
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiyi Jia
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yaxing Su
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yingfei Ai
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qinghong Li
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xijie Guo
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zeng Tao
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Hangzhou 311200, China.
| | - Yan Liang
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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5
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Maeda N, Matsuta F, Noguchi T, Fujii A, Ishida H, Kitagawa Y, Ishikawa A. The Homeodomain-Leucine Zipper Subfamily I Contributes to Leaf Age- and Time-Dependent Resistance to Pathogens in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16356. [PMID: 38003546 PMCID: PMC10671646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), nonhost resistance (NHR) is influenced by both leaf age and the moment of inoculation. While the circadian clock and photoperiod have been linked to the time-dependent regulation of NHR in Arabidopsis, the mechanism underlying leaf age-dependent NHR remains unclear. In this study, we investigated leaf age-dependent NHR to Pyricularia oryzae in Arabidopsis. Our findings revealed that this NHR type is regulated by both miR156-dependent and miR156-independent pathways. To identify the key players, we utilized rice-FOX Arabidopsis lines and identified the rice HD-Zip I OsHOX6 gene. Notably, OsHOX6 expression confers robust NHR to P. oryzae and Colletotrichum nymphaeae in Arabidopsis, with its effect being contingent upon leaf age. Moreover, we explored the role of AtHB7 and AtHB12, the Arabidopsis closest homologues of OsHOX6, by studying mutants and overexpressors in Arabidopsis-C. higginsianum interaction. AtHB7 and AtHB12 were found to contribute to both penetration resistance and post-penetration resistance to C. higginsianum in a leaf age- and time-dependent manner. These findings highlight the involvement of HD-Zip I AtHB7 and AtHB12, well-known regulators of development and abiotic stress responses, in biotic stress responses in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Atsushi Ishikawa
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
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6
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Meier ND, Seward K, Caplan JL, Dinesh-Kumar SP. Calponin homology domain containing kinesin, KIS1, regulates chloroplast stromule formation and immunity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi7407. [PMID: 37878708 PMCID: PMC10599616 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast morphology changes during immunity, giving rise to tubule-like structures known as stromules. Stromules extend along microtubules and anchor to actin filaments along nuclei to promote perinuclear chloroplast clustering. This facilitates the transport of defense molecules/proteins from chloroplasts to the nucleus. Evidence for a direct role for stromules in immunity is lacking since, currently, there are no known genes that regulate stromule biogenesis. We show that a calponin homology (CH) domain containing kinesin, KIS1 (kinesin required for inducing stromules 1), is required for stromule formation during TNL [TIR (Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor)-type nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat]-immune receptor-mediated immunity. Furthermore, KIS1 is required for TNL-mediated immunity to bacterial and viral pathogens. The microtubule-binding motor domain of KIS1 is required for stromule formation while the actin-binding, CH domain is required for perinuclear chloroplast clustering. We show that KIS1 functions through early immune signaling components, EDS1 and PAD4, with salicylic acid-induced stromules requiring KIS1. Thus, KIS1 represents a player in stromule biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D. Meier
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kody Seward
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Caplan
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Liu Y, Chen M, Mu X, Wang X, Zhang M, Yin Y, Wang K. Responses and detoxification mechanisms of earthworm Amynthas hupeiensis to metal contaminated soils of North China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121584. [PMID: 37037277 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Metal contamination is widespread, but only a few studies have evaluated the toxicological risks of metals (Cd, Cu, and Pb) in earthworms from farmlands in North China (Hebei province). Amynthas hupeiensis, the dominant species in the study area, was used to determine the responses and detoxification mechanisms of uncontaminated (CK), and low (LM)-, and high (HM)-metal-contaminated soils following 7-, 14-, and 28-days exposure. Metal toxicity in LM and HM soils inhibited the biomass of A. hupeiensis. The concentrations of Cd in A. hupeiensis bodies indicated accumulated Cd appeared to remain steady with prolonged exposure, while Cu/Pb increased significantly with soil levels. Bioaccumulation occurred in the order Cd > Pb > Cu in LM soil, and in the order Cd > Cu ≈ Pb in HM soil, which was attributed to differences in available fractions between LM and HM soils. Physiological levels of biomarkers in A. hupeiensis were determined, including total protein (TP), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Deviations in GSH, GPx, and AChE were considered to denote sensitive biomarkers using the IBRv2 index. Metabolomics data (1H nuclear magnetic resonance-based) revealed changes in metabolites following 28-days exposure to LM and HM soils. Differences in metabolism in A. hupeiensis following exposure to LM and HM were related to energy metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, inositol phosphate metabolism, and glutathione metabolism. Metal stress from LM and HM soils disturbed osmoregulation, resulting in oxidative stress, destruction of cell membranes and inflammation, and altered levels of amino acids required for energy by A. hupeiensis. These findings provide biochemical insights into the physiological and metabolic mechanisms underlying the ability of A. hupeiensis to resist metal stress, and for assessing the environmental risks of metal-contaminated soils in farmland in North China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Miaomiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Xiaoquan Mu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Menghan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Yue Yin
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
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8
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Miller S, Rønager A, Holm R, Fontanet-Manzaneque JB, Caño-Delgado AI, Bjarnholt N. New methods for sorghum transformation in temperate climates. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad030. [PMID: 37396498 PMCID: PMC10308921 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is an emerging cereal crop in temperate climates due to its high drought tolerance and other valuable traits. Genetic transformation is an important tool for the improvement of cereals. However, sorghum is recalcitrant to genetic transformation which is almost only successful in warmer climates. Here, we test the application of two new techniques for sorghum transformation in temperate climates, namely transient transformation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated agroinfiltration and stable transformation using gold particle bombardment and leaf whorls as explants. We optimized the transient transformation method, including post-infiltration incubation of plants in the dark and using Agrobacterium grown on plates with a high cell density (OD600 = 2.0). Expression of the green fluorescence protein (GFP)-tagged endogenous sorghum gene SbDHR2 was achieved with low transformation efficiency, and our results point out a potential weakness in using this approach for localization studies. Furthermore, we succeeded in the production of callus and somatic embryos from leaf whorls, although no genetic transformation was accomplished with this method. Both methods show potential, even if they seem to be influenced by climatic conditions and therefore need further optimization to be applied routinely in temperate climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Miller
- Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksbergs, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Asta Rønager
- Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksbergs, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Rose Holm
- Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksbergs, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Juan B Fontanet-Manzaneque
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana I Caño-Delgado
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Sierra J, Escobar-Tovar L, Leon P. Plastids: diving into their diversity, their functions, and their role in plant development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2508-2526. [PMID: 36738278 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plastids are a group of essential, heterogenous semi-autonomous organelles characteristic of plants that perform photosynthesis and a diversity of metabolic pathways that impact growth and development. Plastids are remarkably dynamic and can interconvert in response to specific developmental and environmental cues, functioning as a central metabolic hub in plant cells. By far the best studied plastid is the chloroplast, but in recent years the combination of modern techniques and genetic analyses has expanded our current understanding of plastid morphological and functional diversity in both model and non-model plants. These studies have provided evidence of an unexpected diversity of plastid subtypes with specific characteristics. In this review, we describe recent findings that provide insights into the characteristics of these specialized plastids and their functions. We concentrate on the emerging evidence that supports the model that signals derived from particular plastid types play pivotal roles in plant development, environmental, and defense responses. Furthermore, we provide examples of how new technologies are illuminating the functions of these specialized plastids and the overall complexity of their differentiation processes. Finally, we discuss future research directions such as the use of ectopic plastid differentiation as a valuable tool to characterize factors involved in plastid differentiation. Collectively, we highlight important advances in the field that can also impact future agricultural and biotechnological improvement in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Sierra
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, México
| | - Lina Escobar-Tovar
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, México
| | - Patricia Leon
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, México
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10
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Wu Y, Sexton W, Yang B, Xiao S. Genetic approaches to dissect plant nonhost resistance mechanisms. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:272-283. [PMID: 36617319 PMCID: PMC9923397 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nonhost resistance (NHR) refers to the immunity of most tested genotypes of a plant species to most tested variants of a pathogen species. Thus, NHR is broad spectrum and durable in nature and constitutes a major safety barrier against invasion of a myriad of potentially pathogenic microbes in any plants including domesticated crops. Genetic study of NHR is generally more difficult compared to host resistance mainly because NHR is genetically more complicated and often lacks intraspecific polymorphisms. Nevertheless, substantial progress has been made towards the understanding of the molecular basis of NHR in the past two decades using various approaches. Not surprisingly, molecular mechanisms of NHR revealed so far encompasses pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity. In this review, we briefly discuss the inherent difficulty in genetic studies of NHR and summarize the main approaches that have been taken to identify genes contributing to NHR. We also discuss new enabling strategies for dissecting multilayered NHR in model plants with a focus on NHR against filamentous pathogens, especially biotrophic pathogens such as powdery mildew and rust fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of Maryland College ParkRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - William Sexton
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of Maryland College ParkRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - Bing Yang
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, Bond Life Sciences CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of Maryland College ParkRockvilleMarylandUSA
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
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11
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Irieda H. Preinvasive nonhost resistance of Arabidopsis against melanized appressorium-mediated entry of multiple nonadapted Colletotrichum fungi. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2018218. [PMID: 34978264 PMCID: PMC9176223 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.2018218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nonhost plants effectively block a vast number of nonadapted fungal pathogens at the preinvasive stage. On the host plants, adapted fungal pathogens such as Colletotrichum species invade into plant epidermal cell by penetration peg developed from melanized appressorium, followed by invasive hyphal extension. I reported nonadapted Colletotrichum fungi that showed an increased rate of melanized appressorium-mediated entry (MAE) into the pen2 mutant of nonhost Arabidopsis thaliana (hereafter Arabidopsis). It was also found that other MAE-type nonadapted Colletotrichum fungi with no penetration into the pen2 mutant invaded Arabidopsis in the presence of additional mutations such as edr1, gsh1, eds5, cas, and chup1 in the pen2 background. Thus, many immune components contribute to the preinvasive nonhost resistance (NHR) of Arabidopsis against Colletotrichum MAE, and PEN2-related defense takes priority over other defense pathways. Here, I show that among the above nonadapted fungi, Colletotrichum nymphaeae PL1-1-b exhibited relatively lower incompatibility with the nonhost Arabidopsis with increased MAE in each single mutant of edr1, gsh1, eds5, and cas, although other nonadapted fungi almost never invaded these single mutants. Based on the relationships between Colletotrichum MAE and the Arabidopsis immune-related components, Colletotrichum-Arabidopsis incompatibility and multilayered immunity in the preinvasive NHR of Arabidopsis are discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Irieda
- Academic Assembly, Institute of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
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12
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Fang K, Fang J, Han L, Yin J, Liu T, Wang X. Systematic evaluation of chiral fungicide penflufen for the bioactivity improvement and input reduction using alphafold2 models and transcriptome sequencing. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 440:129729. [PMID: 35963089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Traditional risk assessment of pesticide concludes at the racemic level, which is often incomprehensive. In this study, systematic studies on environmental stability, bioactivity, and ecotoxicological effects of fungicide penflufen were carried out at the enantiomeric level. The single-enantiomer of penflufen was successfully separated and prepared, and their stability was verified in different environmental matrices. Meanwhile, bioactivity test indicated that S-(+)-penflufen had increased bioactivity with its bioactivities against Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium moniliforme being factors of 7.8, 1.8, and 4.7, respectively greater than those of R-(-)-penflufen. Molecular docking results showed the strong hydrogen bond interactions with Leu300, enantiomer-specific hydrophobic interactions with Cys299, Arg91, and His93, and the greater binding energy between S-(+)-penflufen and succinate dehydrogenase of Rhizoctonia solani caused the selective bioactivity. Additionally, two enantiomers showed low acute toxicity whereas selective sub-chronic toxicity to earthworms. In sub-chronic toxicity test, the accumulated enantiomers caused abnormalities in intestinal tract structure, enzyme activities, and gene expression of earthworms, especially in the S-(+)-penflufen treatment. The selective interactions between penflufen enantiomers and key proteins were elucidated using molecular docking, which may be the main reason of stereoselective subchronic toxicity. S-(+)-penflufen has high bioactivity and low acute risk, it has great potential for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Fang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao 266101, PR China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jianwei Fang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao 266101, PR China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Lingxi Han
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Jijie Yin
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Tong Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao 266101, PR China.
| | - Xiuguo Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao 266101, PR China.
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13
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Lee S, Vemanna RS, Oh S, Rojas CM, Oh Y, Kaundal A, Kwon T, Lee HK, Senthil-Kumar M, Mysore KS. Functional role of formate dehydrogenase 1 (FDH1) for host and nonhost disease resistance against bacterial pathogens. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264917. [PMID: 35594245 PMCID: PMC9122214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhost disease resistance is the most common type of plant defense mechanism against potential pathogens. In the present study, the metabolic enzyme formate dehydrogenase 1 (FDH1) was identified to associate with nonhost disease resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana. In Arabidopsis, AtFDH1 was highly upregulated in response to both host and nonhost bacterial pathogens. The Atfdh1 mutants were compromised in nonhost resistance, basal resistance, and gene-for-gene resistance. The expression patterns of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) marker genes after pathogen infections in Atfdh1 mutant indicated that both SA and JA are involved in the FDH1-mediated plant defense response to both host and nonhost bacterial pathogens. Previous studies reported that FDH1 localizes to mitochondria, or both mitochondria and chloroplasts. Our results showed that the AtFDH1 mainly localized to mitochondria, and the expression level of FDH1 was drastically increased upon infection with host or nonhost pathogens. Furthermore, we identified the potential co-localization of mitochondria expressing FDH1 with chloroplasts after the infection with nonhost pathogens in Arabidopsis. This finding suggests the possible role of FDH1 in mitochondria and chloroplasts during defense responses against bacterial pathogens in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghee Lee
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States of America
| | - Ramu S. Vemanna
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | - Sunhee Oh
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | | | - Youngjae Oh
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States of America
| | - Amita Kaundal
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | - Taegun Kwon
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | - Hee-Kyung Lee
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | | | - Kirankumar S. Mysore
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States of America
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14
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Emerging Roles of Motile Epidermal Chloroplasts in Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074043. [PMID: 35409402 PMCID: PMC8999904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant epidermis contains atypical small chloroplasts. However, the physiological role of this organelle is unclear compared to that of large mesophyll chloroplasts, the well-known function of which is photosynthesis. Although knowledge of the involvement of chloroplasts in the plant immunity has been expanded to date, the differences between the epidermal and mesophyll chloroplasts are beyond the scope of this study. Given the role of the plant epidermis as a barrier to environmental stresses, including pathogen attacks, and the immune-related function of chloroplasts, plant defense research on epidermal chloroplasts is an emerging field. Recent studies have revealed the dynamic movements of epidermal chloroplasts in response to fungal and oomycete pathogens. Furthermore, epidermal chloroplast-associated proteins and cellular events that are tightly linked to epidermal resistance against pathogens have been reported. In this review, I have focused on the recent progress in epidermal chloroplast-mediated plant immunity.
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15
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Fang J, Wang B, Fang K, Liu T, Yan S, Wang X. Assessing the bioavailability and biotoxicity of spiromesifen and its main metabolite spiromesifen-enol (M01) reveals the defense mechanisms of earthworms (Eisenia fetida). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:151910. [PMID: 34838556 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a promising acaricide and potentially hazardous material, the defense mechanisms of non-target organisms to its exposure are unknown. This study investigates the bioavailability and biotoxicity of spiromesifen and spiromesifen-enol (M01), its main metabolite, in Eisenia fetida. The results showed that M01 was more persistent in the soil environment and E. fetida than spiromesifen. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the spiromesifen- and M01-induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in lysosomal and phagosomal pathways. Analysis of the key common DEGs showed that both spiromesifen and M01 significantly influenced the lysosomes, phagosomes, antioxidant systems, and detoxification systems. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that spiromesifen and M01 damaged E. fetida epidermis and enhanced lysosomal and phagosomal activities. Significant oxidative stress effects were observed at the end of exposure. The hydroxyl free radical (·OH-) content and neutral red retention time (NRRT) could serve as sensitive early biomarkers to predict their pollution. These results revealed the synergistic effects of the epidermis, lysosomes, phagosomes, antioxidant systems, and detoxification system in resisting spiromesifen- and M01-induced damage, which could contribute to the defense mechanisms of non-target organisms against these pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Fang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Binning Wang
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University (CAU), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kuan Fang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Saihong Yan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiuguo Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao 266101, China.
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16
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Parween D, Sahu BB. An Arabidopsis nonhost resistance gene, IMPORTIN ALPHA 2 provides immunity against rice sheath blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 3:100109. [PMID: 35243446 PMCID: PMC8856995 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice sheath blight is caused by necrotrophic dreadful fungus Rhizoctonia solani. Forward genetics tools identified RSS1 (IMPA2; IMPORTIN ALPHA 2) as a NHR gene. Mutation in RSS1 at P65S in first exon compromise the immunity to R. solani. rss1 shows enhanced cell death, ROS, callose deposition and developmental defect. RSS1 activates early salicylic acid mediated defense response against R. solani.
There is neither resistant rice cultivar nor any control measure against Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA (RS), causal of sheath blight and a major threat to global rice production. Rice is a host and Arabidopsis is a nonhost with underlying nonhost resistance (NHR) gene which is largely untested. Using approaches of forward genetics and tools, cytology, and molecular biology, we identified homozygous mutants in Arabidopsis, mapped the NHR gene, and functionally characterized it in response to RS. Rss1 was mapped on Ch 4 between JAERI18 and Ch4_9.18 (844.6 Kb) and identified IMPORTIN ALPHA 2 as the candidate RSS1 gene. We found that breach of immunity in rss1 by RS activates defense responses whereas photosynthetic pigment biosynthesis and developmental processes are negatively regulated. In addition, a gradual decrease in PR1 by 3 dpi revealed that RSS1 positively regulated early SA-mediated resistance. Whereas increased expression of PDF1.2 by 3 dpi supported switching to necrotrophy, SA-mediated defense in Col-0 leading to immune response. Enhanced expression of ATG8a in rss1 supported autophagic cell death. IMPA2, IMPA1, and RAN1 function together to provide NHR against RS. These findings demonstrate that IMPA2 provides NHR against RS in Col-0 that evoke SA-mediated early immunity with boulevard for potential biotechnological application.
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17
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Jha SG, Borowsky AT, Cole BJ, Fahlgren N, Farmer A, Huang SSC, Karia P, Libault M, Provart NJ, Rice SL, Saura-Sanchez M, Agarwal P, Ahkami AH, Anderton CR, Briggs SP, Brophy JAN, Denolf P, Di Costanzo LF, Exposito-Alonso M, Giacomello S, Gomez-Cano F, Kaufmann K, Ko DK, Kumar S, Malkovskiy AV, Nakayama N, Obata T, Otegui MS, Palfalvi G, Quezada-Rodríguez EH, Singh R, Uhrig RG, Waese J, Van Wijk K, Wright RC, Ehrhardt DW, Birnbaum KD, Rhee SY. Vision, challenges and opportunities for a Plant Cell Atlas. eLife 2021; 10:e66877. [PMID: 34491200 PMCID: PMC8423441 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With growing populations and pressing environmental problems, future economies will be increasingly plant-based. Now is the time to reimagine plant science as a critical component of fundamental science, agriculture, environmental stewardship, energy, technology and healthcare. This effort requires a conceptual and technological framework to identify and map all cell types, and to comprehensively annotate the localization and organization of molecules at cellular and tissue levels. This framework, called the Plant Cell Atlas (PCA), will be critical for understanding and engineering plant development, physiology and environmental responses. A workshop was convened to discuss the purpose and utility of such an initiative, resulting in a roadmap that acknowledges the current knowledge gaps and technical challenges, and underscores how the PCA initiative can help to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryatapa Ghosh Jha
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for ScienceStanfordUnited States
| | - Alexander T Borowsky
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, RiversideRiversideUnited States
| | - Benjamin J Cole
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryWalnut CreekUnited States
| | - Noah Fahlgren
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Andrew Farmer
- National Center for Genome ResourcesSanta FeUnited States
| | | | - Purva Karia
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for ScienceStanfordUnited States
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Marc Libault
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-LincolnLincolnUnited States
| | - Nicholas J Provart
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology and the Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Selena L Rice
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for ScienceStanfordUnited States
| | - Maite Saura-Sanchez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Pinky Agarwal
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew DelhiIndia
| | - Amir H Ahkami
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandUnited States
| | - Christopher R Anderton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandUnited States
| | - Steven P Briggs
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | | | | | - Luigi F Di Costanzo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico IINapoliItaly
| | - Moises Exposito-Alonso
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for ScienceStanfordUnited States
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for ScienceTübingenGermany
| | | | - Fabio Gomez-Cano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Kerstin Kaufmann
- Department for Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universitaet zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Dae Kwan Ko
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Sagar Kumar
- Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjabi UniversityPatialaIndia
| | - Andrey V Malkovskiy
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for ScienceStanfordUnited States
| | - Naomi Nakayama
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Toshihiro Obata
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-LincolnMadisonUnited States
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Gergo Palfalvi
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, National Institute for Basic BiologyOkazakiJapan
| | - Elsa H Quezada-Rodríguez
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoLeónMexico
| | - Rajveer Singh
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural UniversityLudhianaIndia
| | - R Glen Uhrig
- Department of Science, University of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
| | - Jamie Waese
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Klaas Van Wijk
- School of Integrated Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - R Clay Wright
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia TechBlacksburgUnited States
| | - David W Ehrhardt
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for ScienceStanfordUnited States
| | - Kenneth D Birnbaum
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Seung Y Rhee
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for ScienceStanfordUnited States
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18
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Tsushima A, Narusaka M, Gan P, Kumakura N, Hiroyama R, Kato N, Takahashi S, Takano Y, Narusaka Y, Shirasu K. The Conserved Colletotrichum spp. Effector Candidate CEC3 Induces Nuclear Expansion and Cell Death in Plants. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:682155. [PMID: 34539598 PMCID: PMC8446390 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.682155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens secrete proteins, known as effectors, that promote infection by manipulating host cells. Members of the phytopathogenic fungal genus Colletotrichum collectively have a broad host range and generally adopt a hemibiotrophic lifestyle that includes an initial biotrophic phase and a later necrotrophic phase. We hypothesized that Colletotrichum fungi use a set of conserved effectors during infection to support the two phases of their hemibiotrophic lifestyle. This study aimed to examine this hypothesis by identifying and characterizing conserved effectors among Colletotrichum fungi. Comparative genomic analyses using genomes of ascomycete fungi with different lifestyles identified seven effector candidates that are conserved across the genus Colletotrichum. Transient expression assays showed that one of these putative conserved effectors, CEC3, induces nuclear expansion and cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, suggesting that CEC3 is involved in promoting host cell death during infection. Nuclear expansion and cell death induction were commonly observed in CEC3 homologs from four different Colletotrichum species that vary in host specificity. Thus, CEC3 proteins could represent a novel class of core effectors with functional conservation in the genus Colletotrichum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Tsushima
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mari Narusaka
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences Okayama, Kaga-gun, Japan
| | - Pamela Gan
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Ryoko Hiroyama
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoki Kato
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Ken Shirasu
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
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19
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Sanjaya A, Muramatsu R, Sato S, Suzuki M, Sasaki S, Ishikawa H, Fujii Y, Asano M, Itoh RD, Kanamaru K, Ohbu S, Abe T, Kazama Y, Fujiwara MT. Arabidopsis EGY1 Is Critical for Chloroplast Development in Leaf Epidermal Guard Cells. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1254. [PMID: 34205501 PMCID: PMC8235790 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, the Ethylene-dependent Gravitropism-deficient and Yellow-green 1 (EGY1) gene encodes a thylakoid membrane-localized protease involved in chloroplast development in leaf mesophyll cells. Recently, EGY1 was also found to be crucial for the maintenance of grana in mesophyll chloroplasts. To further explore the function of EGY1 in leaf tissues, we examined the phenotype of chloroplasts in the leaf epidermal guard cells and pavement cells of two 40Ar17+ irradiation-derived mutants, Ar50-33-pg1 and egy1-4. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that fully expanded leaves of both egy1 mutants showed severe chlorophyll deficiency in both epidermal cell types. Guard cells in the egy1 mutant exhibited permanent defects in chloroplast formation during leaf expansion. Labeling of plastids with CaMV35S or Protodermal Factor1 (PDF1) promoter-driven stroma-targeted fluorescent proteins revealed that egy1 guard cells contained the normal number of plastids, but with moderately reduced size, compared with wild-type guard cells. Transmission electron microscopy further revealed that the development of thylakoids was impaired in the plastids of egy1 mutant guard mother cells, guard cells, and pavement cells. Collectively, these observations demonstrate that EGY1 is involved in chloroplast formation in the leaf epidermis and is particularly critical for chloroplast differentiation in guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Sanjaya
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Ryohsuke Muramatsu
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Shiho Sato
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Mao Suzuki
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Shun Sasaki
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ishikawa
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Makoto Asano
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Ryuuichi D Itoh
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Kengo Kanamaru
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Sumie Ohbu
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoko Abe
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kazama
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Makoto T Fujiwara
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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