1
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Young MS, LaPointe AM, MacMillan SN, Coates GW. Highly Enantioselective Polymerization of β-Butyrolactone by a Bimetallic Magnesium Catalyst: An Interdependent Relationship Between Favored and Unfavored Enantiomers. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18032-18040. [PMID: 38874569 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report that (S,S)-prophenolMg2(μ-OnBu)(THF)2 ((S,S)-1, prophenol = (S,S)-2,6-bis[2-(hydroxydiphenylmethyl)pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl]-4-methylphenol) is a highly enantioselective (kR/kS = 140) precatalyst for ring-opening polymerization of rac-β-butyrolactone (β-BL) to isotactic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (i-PHB), a high performance, biodegradable polyester. Precatalyst (S,S)-1 polymerizes (R)-β-BL with an inversion of stereochemistry to (S)-PHB with a m% (percentage of adjacent linkages with a meso configuration) of 98% at 41% conversion and Tm of 165 °C under a variety of conditions. Complex (S,S)-1 demonstrates unique polymerization kinetics, as it does not polymerize the preferred enantiomer, (R)-β-BL, alone. Mechanistic studies revealed that (S)-β-BL is needed to convert (S,S)-1 into the active enantioselective polymerization catalyst. To the best of our knowledge, (S,S)-1 produces i-PHB with the highest degree of isotacticity observed from a polymerization of rac-β-BL. This study informs the design and understanding of future enantioselective and earth-abundant metal catalysts for ring-opening polymerization of β-lactones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan S Young
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Anne M LaPointe
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Samantha N MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Geoffrey W Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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2
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Fornacon-Wood C, Stühler MR, Millanvois A, Steiner L, Weimann C, Silbernagl D, Sturm H, Paulus B, Plajer AJ. Fluoride recovery in degradable fluorinated polyesters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 38939919 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02513j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
We report a new class of degradable fluorinated polymers through the copolymerization of tetrafluorophthalic anhydride and propylene oxide or trifluoropropylene oxide which show up to 20 times quicker degradation than the non-fluorinated equivalents and allow for fluoride recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Fornacon-Wood
- Makromolekulare Chemie 1, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Merlin R Stühler
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arminallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandre Millanvois
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arminallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca Steiner
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arminallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Weimann
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin 12205, Germany
| | - Dorothee Silbernagl
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin 12205, Germany
| | - Heinz Sturm
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin 12205, Germany
| | - Beate Paulus
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arminallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alex J Plajer
- Makromolekulare Chemie 1, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
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3
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Wolff S, Ponsonby A, Dallmann A, Herwig C, Beckmann F, Cula B, Limberg C. Appropriation of group II metals: synthesis and characterisation of the first alkaline earth metal supported transition metal carbonite complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5816-5819. [PMID: 38753303 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01682c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Nickel carbonite complexes supported by alkaline earth metals have been accessed via salt-metathesis of the corresponding alkali metal precursors. The new complexes undergo Schlenk-like exchange reactions in solution which have been investigated by NMR spectroscopy. Also their reactivity towards epoxides and carbon monoxide was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siad Wolff
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Annabelle Ponsonby
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - André Dallmann
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Herwig
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Fabian Beckmann
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Beatrice Cula
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Limberg
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Abdul Rahman M, Neal TJ, Garden JA. Cooperative heterometallic catalysts: balancing activity and control in PCL- block-PLA copolymer synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5530-5533. [PMID: 38695674 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01664e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Heterometallic cooperativity is gaining momentum in cyclic ester ring-opening polymerisation, yet remains surprisingly underexplored in their block copolymerisations. Here, we report the first homogeneous heterometallic "ate" catalysts for poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(lactic acid) block copolymers, showcasing the substantial differences in the polymer structures observed upon exchanging Zn for Mg or Ca.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas J Neal
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Jennifer A Garden
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
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5
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Poon KC, Smith ML, Williams CK. Controlled Carbon Dioxide Terpolymerizations to Deliver Toughened yet Recyclable Thermoplastics. Macromolecules 2024; 57:4199-4207. [PMID: 38765502 PMCID: PMC11100004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.4c00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Using CO2 polycarbonates as engineering thermoplastics has been limited by their mechanical performances, particularly their brittleness. Poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PCHC) has a high tensile strength (40 MPa) but is very brittle (elongation at break <3%), which limits both its processing and applications. Here, well-defined, high molar mass CO2 terpolymers are prepared from cyclohexene oxide (CHO), cyclopentene oxide (CPO), and CO2 by using a Zn(II)Mg(II) catalyst. In the catalysis, CHO and CPO show reactivity ratios of 1.53 and 0.08 with CO2, respectively; as such, the terpolymers have gradient structures. The poly(cyclohexene carbonate)-grad-poly(cyclopentene carbonate) (PCHC-grad-PCPC) have high molar masses (86 < Mn < 164 kg mol-1, ĐM < 1.22) and good thermal stability (Td > 250 °C). All the polymers are amorphous with a single, high glass transition temperature (96 < Tg < 108 °C). The polymer entanglement molar masses, determined using dynamic mechanical analyses, range from 4 < Me < 23 kg mol-1 depending on the polymer composition (PCHC:PCPC). These polymers show superior mechanical performance to PCHC; specifically the lead material (PCHC0.28-grad-PCPC0.72) shows 25% greater tensile strength and 160% higher tensile toughness. These new plastics are recycled, using cycles of reprocessing by compression molding (150 °C, 1.2 ton m-2, 60 min), four times without any loss in mechanical properties. They are also efficiently chemically recycled to selectively yield the two epoxide monomers, CHO and CPO, as well as carbon dioxide, with high activity (TOF = 270-1653 h-1, 140 °C, 120 min). The isolated recycled monomers are repolymerized to form thermoplastic showing the same material properties. The findings highlight the benefits of the terpolymer strategy to deliver thermoplastics combining the beneficial low entanglement molar mass, high glass transition temperatures, and tensile strengths; PCHC properties are significantly improved by incorporating small quantities (23 mol %) of cyclopentene carbonate linkages. The general strategy of designing terpolymers to include chain segments of low entanglement molar mass may help to toughen other brittle and renewably sourced plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam C. Poon
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Madeleine L. Smith
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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6
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Long C, Ray M. Water-soluble chiral coordination polymers of Li +, Na +, K +, and Ba 2+ with an anionic iron(III) complex of a L-threonine derivative and a significant red shift of visible spectra with Al 3+ salt. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:6642-6652. [PMID: 38525650 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03945e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Four salts of an anionic iron(III) bis-complex, [Fe(LL-thr)2]1-, were synthesized from water or methanol. H2LL-thr is a tridentate ligand derived from the L-threonine amino acid, and the cations used are Li+ (1), Na+ (2), K+ (3), and Ba2+ (4). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction showed that all the complexes are coordination polymers of different dimensionalities. The iron(III) complex binds to cations through its coordinated phenolate and non-coordinated carboxylate oxygen atoms. While Li+ forms a linear chain, all others have a pair of bridged cations intervening the iron(III) complexes. The 3D network of Ba2+ salt has a sizeable solvent-accessible space occupied by aquated chloride ions. The differences in circular dichroism (CD) spectra and significantly lower conductance values in water and methanol support partial retention of the polymeric nature in methanol. The visible spectra of 4 in methanol or water showed an ∼10 nm shift of the charge transfer bands from 3. However, the addition of Al3+ salt to 2 showed a significant colour shift. Further investigation confirmed that the colour shift is due to partial protonation of the complex with protons generated from salt hydrolysis. Most reports on visual aluminium detection consider aluminium's binding as the shift's source. The present results show that protonation due to hydrolysis of aluminium salt can skew the observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanreingam Long
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, India.
| | - Manabendra Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, India.
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7
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Glenister MA, Frese JWA, Elsegood MRJ, Canaj AB, Brechin EK, Redshaw C. Reaction of Ph 2C(X)(CO 2H) (X = OH, NH 2) with [VO(OR) 3] (R = Et, nPr): structure, magnetic susceptibility and ROP capability. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:5351-5355. [PMID: 38444301 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00078a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Reaction of [VO(OR)3] (R = Et, nPr) with 2,2'-diphenylglycine afforded the alkoxide-bridged dimers {[VO(OR)(μ-OR)][Ph2C(NH2)(CO2)]}2, whereas use of benzilic acid, in the presence of alkali metals, afforded 16-membered metallocycles {V8(O)4M(OR)8[Ph2C(OH)(CO2)]12} (M = <1 Na, K). For the ring systems, magnetic susceptibility data is consistent with mixed-valence vanadium with an average oxidation state of 3.5. The dimer and ring systems are capable of the ring opening polymerisation (ROP) of ε-caprolactone under N2, air, or as melts affording mostly low to medium molecular weight cyclic and linear products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie A Glenister
- Plastics Collaboratory, Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Josef W A Frese
- Plastics Collaboratory, Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Mark R J Elsegood
- Plastics Collaboratory, Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Angelos B Canaj
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Euan K Brechin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Carl Redshaw
- Chemistry Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
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8
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Yolsal U, Shaw PJ, Lowy PA, Chambenahalli R, Garden JA. Exploiting Multimetallic Cooperativity in the Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Esters and Ethers. ACS Catal 2024; 14:1050-1074. [PMID: 38269042 PMCID: PMC10804381 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c05103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The use of multimetallic complexes is a rapidly advancing route to enhance catalyst performance in the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters and ethers. Multimetallic catalysts often outperform their monometallic analogues in terms of reactivity and/or polymerization control, and these improvements are typically attributed to "multimetallic cooperativity". Yet the origins of multimetallic cooperativity often remain unclear. This review explores the key factors underpinning multimetallic cooperativity, including metal-metal distances, the flexibility, electronics and conformation of the ligand framework, and the coordination environment of the metal centers. Emerging trends are discussed to provide insights into why cooperativity occurs and how to harness cooperativity for the development of highly efficient multimetallic catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utku Yolsal
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Shaw
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Phoebe A. Lowy
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Raju Chambenahalli
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A. Garden
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
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9
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Banks HJS, Frese JWA, Elsegood MRJ, Redshaw C. Mixed-magnesium/zinc calix[4]arene complexes: structure, and ring opening polymerisation studies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:304-307. [PMID: 38059516 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04899c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Different combinations of organomagnesium reagents and zinc bromide react with either 1,3-dimethoxy-4-tert-butylcalix[4]areneH2 (L(OMe)2H2) or trialkoxycalix[4]arenes (L(OR)3H) (R = n-Pr, n-pentyl) to afford mixed-metal calix[4]arene systems. Intriguing molecular structures are formed and the systems are capable of the ring opening polymerisation of ε-caprolactone under N2, air, or as melts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J S Banks
- Chemistry Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Josef W A Frese
- Chemistry Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Mark R J Elsegood
- Chemistry Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Carl Redshaw
- Plastics Collaboratory, Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
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10
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Hong W, Jiang X, An C, Huang H, Zhu T, Sun Y, Wang H, Shen F, Li X. Engineering the Crystal Facet of Monoclinic NiO for Efficient Catalytic Ozonation of Toluene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20053-20063. [PMID: 37936384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Modulating oxygen vacancies of catalysts through crystal facet engineering is an innovative strategy for boosting the activity for ozonation of catalytic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this work, three kinds of facet-engineered monoclinic NiO catalysts were successfully prepared and utilized for catalytic toluene ozonation (CTO). Density functional theory calculations revealed that Ni vacancies were more likely to form preferentially than O vacancies on the (110), (100), and (111) facets of monoclinic NiO due to the stronger Ni-vacancy formation ability, further affecting O-vacancy formation. Extensive characterizations demonstrated that Ni vacancies significantly promoted the formation of O vacancies and thus reactive oxygen species in the (111) facet of monoclinic NiO, among the three facets. The performance evaluation showed that the monoclinic NiO catalyst with a dominant (111) facet exhibits excellent performance for CTO, achieving a toluene conversion of ∼100% at 30 °C after reaction for 120 min under 30 ppm toluene, 210 ppm ozone, 45% relative humidity, and a space velocity of 120 000 h-1. This outperformed the previously reported noble/non-noble metal oxide catalysts used for CTO at room temperature. This study provided novel insight into the development of highly efficient facet-engineered catalysts for the elimination of catalytic VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hong
- School of Space and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Energy Materials and Devices, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinxin Jiang
- School of Space and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Energy Materials and Devices, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chenguang An
- School of Space and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Energy Materials and Devices, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Haibao Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tianle Zhu
- School of Space and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Energy Materials and Devices, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ye Sun
- School of Space and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Energy Materials and Devices, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Haining Wang
- School of Space and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Energy Materials and Devices, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fangxia Shen
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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11
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Gupta V, Justyniak I, Chwojnowska E, Szejko V, Lewiński J. Multinuclear Zinc-Magnesium Hydroxide Carboxylates: A Predesigned Model System for Copolymerization of CO 2 with Epoxides. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16274-16279. [PMID: 37712907 PMCID: PMC10565889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Among numerous catalysts in the ring-opening copolymerization of epoxides with carbon dioxide (CO2), zinc dicarboxylate complexes are the most common type, and in the family of metal-based homogeneous catalysts, zinc and magnesium complexes have attracted widespread attention. We report on the synthesis and structural characterization of a zinc-magnesium benzoate framework templated by the central hydroxide anion with μ3-κ2:κ2:κ2 coordination mode, [ZnMg2(μ3-OH)(O2CPh)5]n (n = 1 or 2). The resulting heterometallic system forms stable Lewis acid-base adducts with tetrahydrofuran (THF) and cyclohexene oxide (CHO), which crystallize as the hexanuclear zinc-magnesium hydroxide carboxylate cluster [ZnMg2(μ3-OH)(O2CPh)5(L)2]2 (L = THF or CHO). Their X-ray crystal structure analysis revealed that the Zn center prefers 4-fold coordination and the Mg centers demonstrated the ability to accommodate higher coordination numbers, and as a result, the heterocyclic molecules are exclusively bonded to 6-fold Mg atoms. The heteronuclear carboxylate aggregates appeared active in the copolymerization reaction at elevated temperatures to produce an alternating poly(cyclohexene carbonate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Gupta
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Chwojnowska
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vadim Szejko
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Navarro M, González-Lizana D, Sánchez-Barba LF, Garcés A, Fernández I, Lara-Sánchez A, Rodríguez AM. Development of Heterobimetallic Al/Mg Complexes for the Very Rapid Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactides. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14833-14837. [PMID: 37676111 PMCID: PMC10521010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The successful architecture of active catalytic species with enhanced efficiencies is critical for the optimal exploitation of sustainable resources in industrially demanded processes. In this work, we describe the preparation of novel helical heterobimetallic Al/Mg-based complexes of the type [AlMe2(pbpamd-)MgR{κ1-O-(OC4H8O)}] [R = Et (1a), tBu (2a)] as potential catalysts. The design was performed through the sequential addition of the Al fragment to the ligand, followed by the Mg platform, resulting in a planar π-C2N2(sp2)-Al/Mg bridging core between metals. The new heterobimetallic species have been unambiguously characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis. NOESY, DOSY, and EXSY NMR studies as well as density functional theory calculations corroborate both a rearrangement in solution to scorpionate complexes containing an unprecedented apical carbanion with a direct σ-C(sp3)-Al covalent bond named [{Mg(R)(pbpamd-) Al(Me)2}] [R = Et (1b), tBu (2b)] and an interconversion equilibrium between both isomers. We verified their utility and high efficiency as catalysts in the well-controlled ring-opening polymerization of the biorenewable l- and rac-lactide (LA) at 23 °C, reaching a remarkable turnover frequency value close to 25000 h-1 for rac-LA at this temperature and exerting a significant level of heteroselectivity (Pr = 0.80). Very interestingly, the kinetics demonstrate apparent first-order with respect to the catalyst and LA, which supports a synergic intramolecular cooperation between centers with electronic modulation among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Navarro
- Departamento
de Biología y Geología, Física y Química
Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan
Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica,
Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA),
Campus Universitario, Universidad de Castilla—La
Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - David González-Lizana
- Departamento
de Biología y Geología, Física y Química
Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan
Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis F. Sánchez-Barba
- Departamento
de Biología y Geología, Física y Química
Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan
Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Garcés
- Departamento
de Biología y Geología, Física y Química
Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan
Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación
en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Lara-Sánchez
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica,
Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA),
Campus Universitario, Universidad de Castilla—La
Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ana M. Rodríguez
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica,
Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA),
Campus Universitario, Universidad de Castilla—La
Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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13
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Damián J, Rentero C, Echeverría J, Mosquera MEG. Alkali metal⋯methyl short contacts in aluminates: more than agostic interactions. Faraday Discuss 2023; 244:294-305. [PMID: 37097128 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00144f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Knowing the nature and strength of noncovalent interactions is key to enhancing the synthetic methods and catalytic processes in which they are involved. We present herein the synthesis and characterization of a novel aluminium sodium oximate compound, followed by a comprehensive computational study of the sodium⋯methyl interaction that appears in its crystal structure. Our experimental results have been compared to a large set of structural data retrieved from the Cambridge Structural Database in order to assess the main geometrical preferences of these interactions. Moreover, representative model systems have been studied at the DFT level and the topology of their electron density analysed by means of QTAIM. Although alkali metal⋯methyl short contacts have been traditionally considered as agostic interactions, we have demonstrated here that the physical origin of the attraction relies on the electron-rich carbon atom bound to aluminium and its interaction with the cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Damián
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Research "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Christian Rentero
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Research "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jorge Echeverría
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Marta E G Mosquera
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Research "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Nagae H, Matsushiro S, Okuda J, Mashima K. Cationic tetranuclear macrocyclic CaCo 3 complexes as highly active catalysts for alternating copolymerization of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8262-8268. [PMID: 37564411 PMCID: PMC10411860 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00974b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We found that a cationic hetero tetranuclear complex including a calcium and three cobalts exhibited high catalytic activity toward alternating copolymerization of propylene oxide (PO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The tertiary anilinium salt [PhNMe2H][B(C6F5)4] was the best additive to generate the cationic species while maintaining polymer selectivity and carbonate linkage, even under 1.0 MPa CO2. Density functional theory calculations clarified that the reaction pathway mediated by the cationic complex is more favorable than that mediated by the neutral complex by 1.0 kcal mol-1. We further found that the flexible ligand exchange between Ca and Co ions is important for the alternating copolymerization to proceed smoothly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Nagae
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Saki Matsushiro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 D-52062 Aachen Germany
| | - Kazushi Mashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
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15
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Fiorentini F, Diment WT, Deacy AC, Kerr RWF, Faulkner S, Williams CK. Understanding catalytic synergy in dinuclear polymerization catalysts for sustainable polymers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4783. [PMID: 37553344 PMCID: PMC10409799 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the chemistry underpinning intermetallic synergy and the discovery of generally applicable structure-performances relationships are major challenges in catalysis. Additionally, high-performance catalysts using earth-abundant, non-toxic and inexpensive elements must be prioritised. Here, a series of heterodinuclear catalysts of the form Co(III)M(I/II), where M(I/II) = Na(I), K(I), Ca(II), Sr(II), Ba(II) are evaluated for three different polymerizations, by assessment of rate constants, turn over frequencies, polymer selectivity and control. This allows for comparisons of performances both within and between catalysts containing Group I and II metals for CO2/propene oxide ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP), propene oxide/phthalic anhydride ROCOP and lactide ring-opening polymerization (ROP). The data reveal new structure-performance correlations that apply across all the different polymerizations: catalysts featuring s-block metals of lower Lewis acidity show higher rates and selectivity. The epoxide/heterocumulene ROCOPs both show exponential activity increases (vs. Lewis acidity, measured by the pKa of [M(OH2)m]n+), whilst the lactide ROP activity and CO2/epoxide selectivity show linear increases. Such clear structure-activity/selectivity correlations are very unusual, yet are fully rationalised by the polymerization mechanisms and the chemistry of the catalytic intermediates. The general applicability across three different polymerizations is significant for future exploitation of catalytic synergy and provides a framework to improve other catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wilfred T Diment
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3TA, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Arron C Deacy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3TA, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan W F Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3TA, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Faulkner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3TA, Oxford, United Kingdom
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16
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Tansky M, Comito RJ. Bimetallic polymerization of lactide with binaphthol-derived bis-heteroscorpionate dizinc and dimagnesium complexes. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37318380 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00592e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Discrete bimetallic catalysts often provide enhanced reactivity and selectivity in lactone polymerization, making metal-metal cooperativity an important design principle for new catalyst development. However, the poor modularity of binucleating ligands limits structure-reactivity analysis and optimization. This report describes a modular, binucleating bis(pyrazolyl)alkane ligand series (1-R) bridged by a chiral binaphthol unit, prepared by nucleophile-catalyzed condensation between a dialdehyde and a bis(pyrazolyl)methanone. A bis(ethylzinc) complex was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, but in situ complexation with Zn(HMDS)2 and Mg(HMDS)2 provided more active catalysts for lactide polymerization (HMDS- = hexamethyldisilazide). Structure-reactivity studies identified complexes of 1-Me2 as the most active, and these catalysts show significant enhancements in rate compared to their monometallic analogues. Kinetic analysis resulted in first-order dependence on both mono- and bimetallic catalysts, suggesting metal-metal cooperativity as the basis for this rate enhancement. End-group analysis and low dispersity implicate a coordination-insertion mechanism through an alkoxide. Despite rapid transesterification observed by MALDI, we still demonstrated controlled polymerization in the block copolymerization of ε-caprolactone and L-lactide. Although we observed rate differences in the polymerization of L-lactide by opposite enantiomer catalysts, we did not observe catalyst-directed stereoselectivity in the polymerization of rac- or meso-lactide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxym Tansky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA.
| | - Robert J Comito
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA.
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17
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Niedźwiedź MJ, Ignaczak W, Sobolewski P, Goszczyńska A, Demirci G, El Fray M. Injectable and photocurable macromonomers synthesized using a heterometallic magnesium-titanium metal-organic catalyst for elastomeric polymer networks. RSC Adv 2023; 13:18371-18381. [PMID: 37342811 PMCID: PMC10277904 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02157b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Injectable and in situ photocurable biomaterials are receiving a lot of attention due to their ease of application via syringe or dedicated applicator and ability to be used in laparoscopic and robotic minimally invasive procedures. The aim of this work was to synthesize photocurable ester-urethane macromonomers using a heterometallic magnesium-titanium catalyst, magnesium-titanium(iv) butoxide for elastomeric polymer networks. The progress of the two-step synthesis of macromonomers was monitored using infrared spectroscopy. The chemical structure and molecular weight of the obtained macromonomers were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The dynamic viscosity of the obtained macromonomers was evaluated by a rheometer. Next, the photocuring process was studied under both air and argon atmospheres. Both the thermal and dynamic mechanical thermal properties of the photocured soft and elastomeric networks were investigated. Finally, in vitro cytotoxicity screening of polymer networks based on ISO10993-5 revealed high cell viability (over 77%) regardless of curing atmosphere. Overall, our results indicate that this heterometallic magnesium-titanium butoxide catalyst can be an attractive alternative to commonly used homometallic catalysts for the synthesis of injectable and photocurable materials for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina J Niedźwiedź
- Department of Polymer and Biomaterials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin Al. Piastów 45 70-311 Szczecin Poland
| | - Wojciech Ignaczak
- Department of Polymer and Biomaterials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin Al. Piastów 45 70-311 Szczecin Poland
| | - Peter Sobolewski
- Department of Polymer and Biomaterials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin Al. Piastów 45 70-311 Szczecin Poland
| | - Agata Goszczyńska
- Department of Polymer and Biomaterials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin Al. Piastów 45 70-311 Szczecin Poland
| | - Gokhan Demirci
- Department of Polymer and Biomaterials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin Al. Piastów 45 70-311 Szczecin Poland
| | - Miroslawa El Fray
- Department of Polymer and Biomaterials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin Al. Piastów 45 70-311 Szczecin Poland
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18
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Fickenscher Z, Hey-Hawkins E. Added Complexity!-Mechanistic Aspects of Heterobimetallic Complexes for Application in Homogeneous Catalysis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104233. [PMID: 37241974 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Inspired by multimetallic assemblies and their role in enzyme catalysis, chemists have developed a plethora of heterobimetallic complexes for application in homogeneous catalysis. Starting with small heterobimetallic complexes with σ-donating and π-accepting ligands, such as N-heterocyclic carbene and carbonyl ligands, more and more complex systems have been developed over the past two decades. These systems can show a significant increase in catalytic activity compared with their monometallic counterparts. This increase can be attributed to new reaction pathways enabled by the presence of a second metal center in the active catalyst. This review focuses on mechanistic aspects of heterobimetallic complexes in homogeneous catalysis. Depending on the type of interaction of the second metal with the substrates, heterobimetallic complexes can be subdivided into four classes. Each of these classes is illustrated with multiple examples, showcasing the versatility of both, the types of interactions possible, and the reactions accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeno Fickenscher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Roy SS, Sarkar S, Antharjanam P, Chakraborty D. Ring-opening copolymerization of CO2 with epoxides catalyzed by binary catalysts containing half salen aluminum compounds and quaternary phosphonium salt. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2023.113053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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20
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Lee J, Melchakova I, Nayab S, Kim K, Ko YH, Yoon M, Avramov P, Lee H. Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc(II), Cadmium(II), and Palladium(II) Complexes with the Thiophene-Derived Schiff Base Ligand. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:6016-6029. [PMID: 36816644 PMCID: PMC9933481 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Zn(II), Pd(II), and Cd(II) complexes, [L TH MCl 2 ] (M = Zn, Pd; X = Br, Cl) and [L TH Cd(μ-X)X] n (X = Cl, Br; n = n, 2), supported by the (E)-N 1,N 1-dimethyl-N 2-(thiophen-2-ylmethylene)ethane-1,2-diamine (L TH ) ligand are synthesized and structurally characterized. Density functional theory (DFT) electronic structure calculations and variable-temperature NMR support the presence of two conformers and a dynamic interconversion process of the minor conformer to the major one in solution. It is found that the existence of two relevant complex conformers and their respective ratios in solution depend on the central metal ions and counter ions, either Cl- or Br-. Among the two relevant conformers, a single conformer is crystallized and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a distorted tetrahedral geometry for Zn(II) complexes, and a distorted square planar and square pyramidal geometry for Pd(II) and Cd(II) complexes, respectively. It is shown that [L TH MCl 2 ]/LiO i Pr (M = Zn, Pd) and [L TH Cd(μ-Cl)Cl] n /LiO i Pr can effectively catalyze the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) reaction of rac-lactide (rac-LA) with 94% conversion within 30 s with [L TH ZnCl 2 ]/LiO i Pr at 0 °C. Overall, hetero-enriched poly(lactic acid)s (PLAs) were provided by these catalytic systems with [L TH ZnCl 2 ]/LiO i Pr producing PLA with higher heterotactic bias (P r up to 0.74 at 0 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaegyeong Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Iuliia Melchakova
- Department
of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Saira Nayab
- Department
of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University
(SBBU), Sheringal 18050, Upper Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Islamic Republic of Pakistan
| | - Kyeonghun Kim
- Department
of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Ko
- Center
for Self-Assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science
(IBS), Pohang University of Science and
Technology (POSTEC), Pohang 37673, Republic
of Korea
| | - Minyoung Yoon
- Department
of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Paul Avramov
- Department
of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosun Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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21
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Kang S, Park BY, Moon D, Han MS. High-Throughput Approach for Facile Access to Hetero-Dinuclear Synergistic Metal Complex for H 2O 2 Activation and Its Implications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:4175-4183. [PMID: 36622965 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hetero-dinuclear synergic catalysis is a promising approach for improving catalytic performance. However, employing it is challenging because the design principles for the metal complex are still not well understood. Further, these complexes have a broader set of possibilities than mononuclear or homometallic systems, increasing the time and effort required to understand them. In this study, we explored a high-throughput approach to obtain a new hetero-dinuclear synergistic metal complex for H2O2 activation. From the 1152 combinations of metal complex candidates obtained by changing three variables (metal ions, unsymmetrical dinucleating ligands, and pH), the lead complex (L3-(Ni, Co)), which has the highest peroxidase activity, was derived using colorimetric parallel analysis. A series of control experiments revealed that L3 plays a crucial role in the formation of active L3-(Ni, Co) complexes, Co2+ acts as a catalytic center, and Ni2+ serves as an assistant catalytic site within L3-(Ni, Co). In addition, the catalytic efficiency of L3-(Ni, Co), which was 125 times that of the homo-bimetallic complex (L3-(Co, Co)), revealed clear hetero-bimetallic synergism in the buffer. The ultraviolet-visible study and electron paramagnetic resonance-based spin-trap experiment provided mechanistic insight into H2O2 activation by the intermediate, which was found to be induced by the reaction of L3-(Ni, Co) and H2O2. Moreover, the intermediate could act as a donor of the hydroperoxyl radical (•OOH) in the buffer. Furthermore, L3-(Ni, Co) demonstrated potential for application as a signal transducer for H2O2 in an enzyme-coupled cascade assay that can be used for the colorimetric detection of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyoon Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Yong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Moon
- Beamline Department, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Su Han
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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22
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Fazekas E, Lowy PA, Abdul Rahman M, Lykkeberg A, Zhou Y, Chambenahalli R, Garden JA. Main group metal polymerisation catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:8793-8814. [PMID: 36214205 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00048b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
With sustainability at the forefront of current polymerisation research, the typically earth-abundant, inexpensive and low-toxicity main group metals are attractive candidates for catalysis. Main group metals have been exploited in a broad range of polymerisations, ranging from classical alkene polymerisation to the synthesis of new bio-derived and degradable polyesters and polycarbonates via ring-opening polymerisation and ring-opening copolymerisation. This tutorial review highlights efficient polymerisation catalysts based on Group 1, Group 2, Zn and Group 13 metals. Key mechanistic pathways and catalyst developments are discussed, including tailored ligand design, heterometallic cooperativity, bicomponent systems and careful selection of the polymerisation conditions, all of which can be used to fine-tune the metal Lewis acidity and the metal-alkyl bond polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Fazekas
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Phoebe A Lowy
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | | | - Anna Lykkeberg
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Yali Zhou
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Raju Chambenahalli
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Jennifer A Garden
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
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23
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Wang J, Zhu Y, Li M, Wang Y, Wang X, Tao Y. Tug‐of‐War between Two Distinct Catalytic Sites Enables Fast and Selective Ring‐Opening Copolymerizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208525. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Yinuo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Maosheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Yanchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Youhua Tao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
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24
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Lidston CAL, Severson SM, Abel BA, Coates GW. Multifunctional Catalysts for Ring-Opening Copolymerizations. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire A. L. Lidston
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Sarah M. Severson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Brooks A. Abel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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25
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Ring Opening Polymerization of Lactides and Lactones by Multimetallic Titanium Complexes Derived from the Acids Ph2C(X)CO2H (X = OH, NH2). Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12090935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactions of the titanium alkoxide [Ti(OR)4] (R = Me, nPr, iPr, tBu) with the acids 2,2’-Ph2C(X)(CO2H), where X = OH and NH2, i.e., benzilic acid (2,2’-diphenylglycolic acid, L1H2), and 2,2’-diphenylglycine (L2H3), have been investigated. The variation of the reaction stoichiometry allows for the isolation of mono-, bi-, tri or tetra-metallic products, the structures of which have been determined by X-ray crystallography. The ability of the resulting complexes to act as catalysts for the ring opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) and r-lactide (r-LA) has been investigated. In the case of ε-CL, all catalysts except that derived from [Ti(OnPr)4] and L2H3, i.e., 7, exhibited an induction period of between 60 and 285 min, with 7 exhibiting the best performance (>99% conversion within 6 min). The PCL products are moderate- to high-molecular weight polymers. For r-LA, systems 1, 3, 4 and 7 afforded conversions of ca. 90% or more, with 4 exhibiting the fastest kinetics. The molecular weights for the PLA are somewhat higher than those of the PCL, with both cyclic and linear PLA products (end groups of OR/OH) identified. Comparative studies versus the [Ti(OR)4] starting materials were conducted, and although high conversions were achieved, the control was poor.
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26
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Xing T, Frese JWA, Derbyshire M, Glenister MA, Elsegood MRJ, Redshaw C. Trinuclear zinc calix[4]arenes: synthesis, structure, and ring opening polymerization studies. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:11776-11786. [PMID: 35860977 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01496c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The trinuclear zinc calix[4]arene complexes [Zn3(O2CCH3)2(L(O)2(OMe)2)2·xMeCN (x = 7.5, 1; x = 6, 1'), [Zn3(O2CCH3)2(L(O)2(OnPr)2)2·5MeCN (2·5MeCN), [Zn3(OEt)2(L(O)2(OMe)2)2]·4MeCN (3·4MeCN), [Zn3(OEt)2(L(Opentyl)2)2]·4.5MeCN (4·4.5MeCN) and [Zn3(OH)2(L(O)2(On-pentyl)2]·8MeCN (5·8MeCN) have been isolated from reaction of [(ZnEt)2(L(O)2(OR)2)2] (L(OH)2(OR)2 = 1,3-dialkoxy-4-tert-butylcalix[4]arene; R = methyl, n-propyl or pentyl) and the reagents acetic acid, ethanol, and presumed adventitious water, respectively. Attempts to make 5via a controlled hydrolysis led only to the isolation of polymorphs of (L(OH)2(Opentyl)2·MeCN. Reaction of [Zn(C6F5)2] with L(OH)2(Opentyl)2, in the presence of K2CO3, led to the isolation of the complex [Zn6(L(On-pentyl))2(OH)3(C6F5)3(NCMe)3]·3MeCN (6·3MeCN). The molecular structures of 1-6 reveal they all contain a near linear (163 to 179°) Zn3 motif. In 1-5, a central tetrahedral Zn centre is flanked by trigonal bipyramidal Zn centres, whilst in 6, for the linear Zn3 unit, a central distorted octahedral zinc centre is flanked by trigonal planar and a tetrahedral zinc centres. Screening for the ring opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone at 90 °C revealed that they are active with moderate to good conversion affording low to medium molecular weight products with at least two series of ions. For comparative studies, the trinuclear aminebis(phenolate) complex [Zn3(Oi-Pr)2L/] (L/ = n-propylamine-N,N-bis(2-methylene-4,6-di-tert-butylphenolate) I was prepared. Kinetics revealed the rate order I > 4 > 6 ≈ 2 ≈ 1 > 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xing
- Plastics Collaboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Josef W A Frese
- Chemistry Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Max Derbyshire
- Chemistry Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Mollie A Glenister
- Chemistry Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Mark R J Elsegood
- Chemistry Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Carl Redshaw
- Plastics Collaboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
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27
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Wang J, Zhu Y, Li M, Wang Y, Wang X, Tao Y. Tug‐of‐war between Two Distinct Catalytic Sites Enables Fast and Selective Ring‐opening Copolymerizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqun Wang
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences: Chang Chun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials CHINA
| | - Yinuo Zhu
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences: Chang Chun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials CHINA
| | - Maosheng Li
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences: Chang Chun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials CHINA
| | - Yanchao Wang
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences: Chang Chun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials CHINA
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences: Chang Chun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials CHINA
| | - Youhua Tao
- Chang Chun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials 5625 Renmin StreetChangchun中国 130022 Changchun CHINA
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28
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Zhang Z, Yang YF, She YB. Computational Exploration of Dinuclear MgCo Complex-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Copolymerization of Cyclohexene Oxide and CO 2. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhao Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yun-Fang Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yuan-Bin She
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
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29
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Gu Z, Comito RJ. Binucleating Bis(pyrazolyl)alkane Ligands and Their Cationic Dizinc Complexes: Modular, Bimetallic Catalysts for Ring-Opening Polymerization. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zipeng Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Robert J. Comito
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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30
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Yao Q, Wang Y, Zhao B, Zhu X, Luo Y, Yuan D, Yao Y. Syntheses of Heterometallic Neodymium-Zinc Complexes and Their Performance in the Copolymerization of CO 2 and Cyclohexene Oxide. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10373-10382. [PMID: 35770739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of Nd-Zn heterometallic complexes bearing o-phenylenediamine-bridged tris(phenolato) ligands (L) were synthesized and characterized. By tuning the backbones of ancillary tris(phenolato) ligands and initiating benzyloxy groups, a Nd-Zn heterometallic complex 12 (ClLNdZnOBnCF3) was found to be highly active for the copolymerization of CO2 and cyclohexene oxide (CHO) to produce perfect alternating poly(cyclohexene carbonate) with a high turnover frequency up to 5640 h-1 under the polymerization of 90 °C and 20 bar CO2 pressure. The kinetics study showed that CO2/CHO copolymerization catalyzed by 12 was the first order dependence of 12 and CHO concentration and the zero-order dependence of CO2 pressure. The reaction of 12 with CO2 generated a carbonate-coordinated [NdZnNd] trinuclear complex 13, which was believed to be the key intermediate to initiate CO2/CHO copolymerization. On the basis of some experiments, a plausible synergistic polymerization mechanism was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanyou Yao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaorong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehua Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjie Luo
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingming Yao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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31
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Mu D, Feng C, Li W, Yuan D, Yao Y. Synthesis and Characterization of Al (III)‐Zn (II) Heterometallic Complex and the Application in Ring‐opening Polymerization of Cyclohexene Oxide. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debao Mu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus Soochow University Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Chunping Feng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus Soochow University Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Wenyi Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Hengyang Normal University Hengyang P. R. China
| | - Dan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus Soochow University Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Yingming Yao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus Soochow University Suzhou P. R. China
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32
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Xing T, Derbyshire M, Elsegood MRJ, Redshaw C. Mixed-metal calix[8]arene complexes: structure, and ring opening polymerisation studies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7427-7430. [PMID: 35696201 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02236b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of différent combinations of group V alkoxides or tungsten oxyalkoxide salts with p-tert-butylcalix[8]areneH8 (L8H8) affords mixed-metal calix[8]arene systems. Intruiging molecular structures are formed and the systems are capable of the ring opening polymerisation of ε-caprolactone under N2, air, or as melts affording mostly low molecular weight products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xing
- Plastics Collaboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Max Derbyshire
- Chemistry Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Mark R J Elsegood
- Chemistry Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Carl Redshaw
- Plastics Collaboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
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33
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De Hoe GX, Şucu T, Shaver MP. Sustainability and Polyesters: Beyond Metals and Monomers to Function and Fate. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1514-1523. [PMID: 35579567 PMCID: PMC9178795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Poor waste management and unchecked consumption underpin our current
paradigm of plastics use, which is demonstrably unsustainable in the
long term. Nonetheless, the utility and versatility of plastics suggest
that the notion of a plastic-free society is also unsustainable. Responses
to this conundrum are increasing, and among these are research efforts
focused on the development of more sustainable plastics. This Account,
written by trained chemists, reflects an academic research journey
culminating in an appreciation of the importance of improving and
enabling the overarching systems that plastics exist within. Our primary
initial focus was on catalyst development because catalysts are key
drivers of sustainability by improving the efficiency and ease of
polymerization. Metal catalysts ranging in ligand structure and the
incorporated metal(s) were developed for the preparation of traditional
polyesters such as poly(lactic acid) and polycaprolactone. The central
themes in these works were stereocontrol (tacticity), efficiency (polymerization
rate), and versatility (monomer scope). Alongside insights gained
by systematically varying catalyst structure came impressive results
gained through collaboration, including the remarkably high activity
of novel heterometallic zinc catalysts toward various cyclic esters. This catalysis work was complemented by and slowly transitioned
to a focus on polymer functionality and monomer design. Several fundamental
studies focus on polymer topology, specifically star-shaped polyesters,
tuned arm number, length, and tacticity. These reports feature emphases
on the end of life (solvolysis) and physical properties of polymers,
which were increasingly important themes as work shifted toward new
methods of incorporating functionality in polymers produced by ring-opening
polymerization. Three key highlights demonstrate this shift: the first
two rely upon the exploitation of olefin metathesis (cross- and ring-closing)
to functionalize polyesters or polyethers, and the third involves
the manipulation of ring-opening polymerization equilibrium to enable
selective monomer recovery from a polyester. Our foundational work
on 1,3-dioxolan-4-one (DOX) monomers is then discussed because this
emerging class of molecules offers a distinct synthetic pathway toward
functional polyesters, both conventional and novel. With this DOX
framework, polyesters that are usually challenging to synthesize (e.g.,
poly(mandelic acid)) are accessible because polymerization is driven
by the concomitant, controlled extrusion of small molecules (acetone
or formaldehyde). After these polyester-focused highlights,
the foundation of our
ongoing work is presented, namely, that polymer sustainability must
be viewed from a systems-level perspective, including economic and
social components alongside the environmental considerations. Material
design must be driven by practice, and we have to involve key players
in academia, industry, and government in a concerted effort to enable
positive and robust change. The key goal is to develop sustainable
systems that retain plastics in their highest value state for as long
as possible by designing materials and products for a particular (and
assured) end-of-life fate, whether that be reuse, recycling, (bio)degradation,
or energy recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem X. De Hoe
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 3BB, United Kingdom
- Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Sustainable Materials Innovation Hub, Manchester M13 9BL, United Kingdom
| | - Theona Şucu
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 3BB, United Kingdom
- Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Sustainable Materials Innovation Hub, Manchester M13 9BL, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Shaver
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 3BB, United Kingdom
- Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Sustainable Materials Innovation Hub, Manchester M13 9BL, United Kingdom
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34
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Rupf S, Pröhm P, Plajer AJ. Lithium achieves sequence selective ring-opening terpolymerisation (ROTERP) of ternary monomer mixtures. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6355-6365. [PMID: 35733883 PMCID: PMC9159086 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01776h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteroatom-containing degradable polymers have strong potential as sustainable replacements for petrochemically derived materials. However, to accelerate and broaden their uptake greater structural diversity and new synthetic methodologies are required. Here we report a sequence selective ring-opening terpolymerisation (ROTERP), in which three monomers (A, B, C) are selectively enchained into an (ABA'C) n sequence by a simple lithium catalyst. Degradable poly(ester-alt-ester-alt-trithiocarbonate)s are obtained in a M n range from 2.35 to 111.20 kDa which are not easily accessible via other polymerisation methodologies. The choice of alkali metal is key to achieve high activity and to control the terpolymer sequence. ROTERP is mechanistically compatible with ring-opening polymerisation (ROP) allowing switchable catalysis for blockpolymer synthesis. The ROTERP demonstrated in this study could be the first example of an entirely new family of sequence selective terpolymerisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rupf
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34-36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Patrick Pröhm
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34-36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Alex J Plajer
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34-36 14195 Berlin Germany
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35
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36
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Huang Y, Hu C, Pang X, Zhou Y, Duan R, Sun Z, Chen X. Electrochemically Controlled Switchable Copolymerization of Lactide, Carbon Dioxide, and Epoxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202660. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhou Huang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Chenyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Xuan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Yanchuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Ranlong Duan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
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37
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Incorporating Sodium to Boost the Activity of Aluminium TrenSal Complexes towards
rac
‐Lactide Polymerisation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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38
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39
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Huang Y, Hu C, Pang X, Zhou Y, Duan R, Sun Z, Chen X. Electrochemically Controlled Switchable Copolymerization of Lactide, Carbon Dioxide, and Epoxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhou Huang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Chenyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Xuan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Yanchuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Ranlong Duan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
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40
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Gruszka W, Garden JA. Salt additives as activity boosters: a simple strategy to access heterometallic cooperativity in lactide polymerisation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1609-1612. [PMID: 35018909 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06594g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic salt additives can activate carbonyl groups towards organic addition reactions. Here, we translate this concept to ring-opening polymerisation for the first time, generating heterometallic ProPhenol catalysts in situ, which show similar activity enhancements to pre-formed heterometallic complexes. Extremely high activities are observed, with K/Mg and K/Ca combinations converting >85 eq. lactide in 5 s at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Gruszka
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Jennifer A Garden
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
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41
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Petrus R, Utko J, Petrus JK, Awashra M, Lis T. Use of group 13 aryloxides for the synthesis of green chemicals and oxide materials. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:4135-4152. [DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03777c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, group 13 metal aryloxides [Al(MesalO)3] (1), [Me2Ga(MesalO)]2 (2), [AlLi3(MesalO)6] (3) and [Me2GaLi(MesalO)2(THF)] (4), were obtained by reaction of methyl salicylate (MesalOH) with group-13 alkyls MMe3 (for M...
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42
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Chen J, Wu X, Zhang L, Duan Z, Liu B. Ring-Opening Polymerization of ε-Caprolactone Mediated by Di-Zinc Complex Bearing Macrocyclic Thioether-phenolate [OSSO]-type Ligand. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00115b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A unique example of zinc bromide complexes bearing macrocyclic [OSSO]-type thioetherphenolate ligand (Di-[OSSO]ZnBr) has been successfully explored toward ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of -caprolactone (ε-CL) in the presence of epoxides and...
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43
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Petrus R, Lis T, Kowaliński A. Use of heterometallic alkali metal–magnesium aryloxides in ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:9144-9158. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00731b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The alkali metal–magnesium aryloxides of the general formula [Mg2M′2(OAr)6(THF)x] (for M′ = Li, Na, K, and x = 0, 2, 4) were used to investigate the cooperativity effect of different metal sites on the ring-opening polymerization of l-lactide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Petrus
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 23 Smoluchowskiego, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adrian Kowaliński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 23 Smoluchowskiego, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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44
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Gruszka W, Sha H, Buchard A, Garden JA. Heterometallic cooperativity in divalent metal ProPhenol catalysts: combining zinc with magnesium or calcium for cyclic ester ring-opening polymerisation. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01914g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The first heterobimetallic lactide ROP catalysts based on two divalent metals outperform the homobimetallic analogues, attributed to the increased Lewis acidity of Mg or Ca (monomer coordination) and enhanced polarity of Zn–Et/OR (propagation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Gruszka
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Haopeng Sha
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Antoine Buchard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Jennifer A. Garden
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
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45
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Ghosh S, Glöckler E, Wölper C, Linders J, Janoszka N, Gröschel AH, Schulz S. Comparison of the Catalytic Activity of Mono‐ and Multinuclear Ga Complexes in the ROCOP of Epoxides and Cyclic Anhydrides. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202101017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Ghosh
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) Universitätsstr. 7, S07 S03 C30 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Eduard Glöckler
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) Universitätsstr. 7, S07 S03 C30 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) Universitätsstr. 7, S07 S03 C30 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Jürgen Linders
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Nicole Janoszka
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Münster and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN) Busso-Peus-Strasse 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - André H. Gröschel
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Münster and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN) Busso-Peus-Strasse 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) Universitätsstr. 7, S07 S03 C30 45141 Essen Germany
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46
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Plajer AJ, Williams CK. Heterotrinuclear Ring Opening Copolymerization Catalysis: Structure–activity Relationships. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Plajer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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47
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Baker CA, Romain C, Long NJ. Cation-π interactions enabling hard/soft Ti/Ag heterobimetallic cooperativity in lactide ring-opening polymerisation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12524-12527. [PMID: 34751687 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05083d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The combination of a Ti-salen complex with AgBArF reveals unique hard/soft heterobimetallic cooperativity in lactide ring-opening polymerisation (ROP), enabling significant activity at room temperature. Reactivity, mechanistic and computational studies highlight the role of cation-π interactions in the formation of heterobimetallic species and provide key insights into the role of both metals in ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Charles Romain
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Nicholas J Long
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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48
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Eleazer BJ, Jayaweera HDAC, Gange GB, Smith MD, Martin CR, Park KC, Popov AA, Peryshkov DV. Bimetallic Ru-Pd and Trimetallic Ru-Pd-Cu Assemblies on the Carborane Cluster Surface. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16911-16916. [PMID: 34710327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of well-defined heterometallic complexes remains a frontier challenge in inorganic chemistry. We report an approach that relies on the sequential insertion of electrophilic metal fragments into electron-rich Ru-B bonds of the η2-BB-carboryne complex (POBBOP)Ru(CO)2 [POBBOP = 1,7-OP(iPr)2-m-2,6-dehydrocarborane]. Utilizing this synthetic strategy, bimetallic (POBBOP)(Ru)(CO)2[Pd(PtBu3)] and trimetallic (POBBOP)(Ru)(CO)2[Pd(PtBu3)](CuBr) complexes were selectively prepared. Structural and theoretical analysis of the features of chemical bonding within Ru-B-B-Cu and Ru-B-B-Pd fragments is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett J Eleazer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - H D A Chathumal Jayaweera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Gayathri B Gange
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Mark D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Corey R Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Kyoung Chul Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dmitry V Peryshkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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Ji Y, Park J, Kang Y, Lee S, Ju H, Choi S, Lee B, Kim M. Scaffold printing using biodegradable poly(1,4-butylene carbonate) ink: printability, in vivo physicochemical properties, and biocompatibility. Mater Today Bio 2021; 12:100129. [PMID: 34604731 PMCID: PMC8463913 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is the first to assess the applicability of biodegradable poly(1,4-butylene carbonate) (PBC) as a printing ink for fused deposition modeling (FDM). Here, PBC was successfully prepared via the bulk polycondensation of 1,4-butanediol and dimethyl carbonate. PBC was melted above 150°C in the heating chamber of an FDM printer, after which it flowed from the printing nozzle upon applying pressure and solidified at room temperature to create a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold structure. A 3D scaffold exactly matching the program design was obtained by controlling the temperature and pressure of the FDM printer. The compressive moduli of the printed PBC scaffold decreased as a function of implantation time. The printed PBC scaffold exhibited good in vitro biocompatibility, as well as in vivo neotissue formation and little host tissue response, which was proportional to the gradual biodegradation. Collectively, our findings demonstrated the feasibility of PBC as a suitable printing ink candidate for the creation of scaffolds via FDM printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.B. Ji
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - J.Y. Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - Y. Kang
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - S. Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - H.J. Ju
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - S. Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - B.Y. Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - M.S. Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
- Research Institute Center, Medipolymers, Research Institute, Suwon 16522, South Korea
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