1
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Li X, Zhao P, Wang G, Li N, Zhang Y. Structural Optimization Design of Magnetoelectric Thin-Film Antenna for Bandwidth and Radiation Enhancement. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:810. [PMID: 39064321 PMCID: PMC11279288 DOI: 10.3390/mi15070810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The acoustically actuated nanomechanical magnetoelectric (ME) antennas represent a promising new technology that can significantly reduce antenna size by 1-2 orders of magnitude compared to traditional antennas. However, current ME antennas face challenges such as low antenna gain and narrow operating bandwidth, limiting their engineering applications. In this paper, we enhance the bandwidth and radiation performance of ME antennas through structural optimization, leveraging theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. Our findings indicate that optimizing the inner diameter of the ring-shaped ME antenna can elevate the average stress of the magnetic layer, leading to improved radiation performance and bandwidth compared to circular ME antennas. We establish an optimization model for the radiation performance of the ME antenna and conduct shape optimization simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics. The results of the Multiphysics field optimization align with the stress concentration theory, demonstrating a strong correlation between the radiation performance and bandwidth of the ME antenna with the average stress of the magnetic film. The resonant frequency in the thickness vibration mode is determined to be 170 MHz. Furthermore, shape optimization can enhance the bandwidth by up to 104% compared to circular ME antenna structures of the same size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (X.L.); (P.Z.); (G.W.); (Y.Z.)
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2
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Cheng Z, Zhou J, Wang B, Wu Q, Ma L, Qin Z, Shen J, Chen W, Peng W, Chang J, Ci P, Dong S. A Bionic Flapping Magnetic-Dipole Resonator for ELF Cross-Medium Communication. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2403746. [PMID: 38874421 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Extremely low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic (EM) waves adeptly propagate in harsh cross-medium environments, overcoming rapid decay that hinders high-frequency counterparts. Traditional antennas, however, encounter challenges concerning size, efficiency, and power. Here, drawing inspiration from nature, we present a groundbreaking piezo-actuated, bionic flapping-wing magnetic-dipole resonator (BFW-MDR), operating in the electro-mechano-magnetic coupling mechanism, designed for efficient ELF EM wave transmission. The unique rigid-flexible hybrid flapping-wing structure magnifies rotation angles of anti-phase magnetic dipoles by tenfold, leading to constructive superposition of emitted magnetic fields. Consequently, the BFW-MDR exhibits a remarkable quality factor of 288 and an enhanced magnetic field emission of 514 fT at 100 meters with only 6.9 mW power consumption, surpassing traditional coil antennas by three orders of magnitude. The communication rate is doubled by the ASK+PSK modulation method. Its robust performance in cross-medium communication, even amidst various interferences, underscores its potential as a highly efficient antenna for underwater and underground applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518061, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518061, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518061, China
| | - Liang Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhi Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wen Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518061, China
| | - Jianglei Chang
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Penghong Ci
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuxiang Dong
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518061, China
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3
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Ilgaz F, Spetzler E, Wiegand P, Faupel F, Rieger R, McCord J, Spetzler B. Miniaturized double-wing ∆E-effect magnetic field sensors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11075. [PMID: 38744882 PMCID: PMC11094197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnetoelastic micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) are integral elements of sensors, actuators, and other devices utilizing magnetostriction for their functionality. Their sensitivity typically scales with the saturation magnetostriction and inversely with magnetic anisotropy. However, large saturation magnetostriction and small magnetic anisotropy make the magnetoelastic layer highly susceptible to minuscule anisotropic stress. It is inevitably introduced during the release of the mechanical structure during fabrication and severely impairs the device's reproducibility, performance, and yield. To avoid the transfer of residual stress to the magnetic layer, we use a shadow mask deposition technology. It is combined with a free-free magnetoelectric microresonator design to minimize the influence of magnetic inhomogeneity on device performance. Magnetoelectric resonators are experimentally and theoretically analyzed regarding local stress anisotropy, magnetic anisotropy, and the ΔE-effect sensitivity in several resonance modes. The results demonstrate an exceptionally small device-to-device variation of the resonance frequency < 0.2% with large sensitivities comparable with macroscopic ΔE-effect magnetic field sensors. This development marks a promising step towards highly reproducible magnetoelastic devices and the feasibility of large-scale, integrated arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Ilgaz
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elizaveta Spetzler
- Nanoscale Magnetic Materials - Magnetic Domains, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Patrick Wiegand
- Networked Electronic Systems, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert Rieger
- Networked Electronic Systems, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jeffrey McCord
- Nanoscale Magnetic Materials - Magnetic Domains, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Benjamin Spetzler
- Micro- and Nanoelectronic Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693, Ilmenau, Germany.
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Li Y, Chen Z, Liu Y, Liu Z, Wu T, Zhang Y, Peng L, Huang X, Huang S, Lin X, Xie X, Jiang L. Ultra-low frequency magnetic energy focusing for highly effective wireless powering of deep-tissue implantable electronic devices. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae062. [PMID: 38628571 PMCID: PMC11020258 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The limited lifespan of batteries is a challenge in the application of implantable electronic devices. Existing wireless power technologies such as ultrasound, near-infrared light and magnetic fields cannot charge devices implanted in deep tissues, resulting in energy attenuation through tissues and thermal generation. Herein, an ultra-low frequency magnetic energy focusing (ULFMEF) methodology was developed for the highly effective wireless powering of deep-tissue implantable devices. A portable transmitter was used to output the low-frequency magnetic field (<50 Hz), which remotely drives the synchronous rotation of a magnetic core integrated within the pellet-like implantable device, generating an internal rotating magnetic field to induce wireless electricity on the coupled coils of the device. The ULFMEF can achieve energy transfer across thick tissues (up to 20 cm) with excellent transferred power (4-15 mW) and non-heat effects in tissues, which is remarkably superior to existing wireless powering technologies. The ULFMEF is demonstrated to wirelessly power implantable micro-LED devices for optogenetic neuromodulation, and wirelessly charged an implantable battery for programmable electrical stimulation on the sciatic nerve. It also bypassed thick and tough protective shells to power the implanted devices. The ULFMEF thus offers a highly advanced methodology for the generation of wireless powered biodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zhipeng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zijian Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yuanxi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Lelun Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xinshuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xudong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xi Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lelun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
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5
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Hosur S, Kashani Z, Karan SK, Priya S, Kiani M. MagSonic: Hybrid Magnetic-Ultrasonic Wireless Interrogation of Millimeter-Scale Biomedical Implants With Magnetoelectric Transducer. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2024; 18:383-395. [PMID: 37976195 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2023.3334166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Wireless interrogation (power and data transfer) of biomedical implants, miniaturized to millimeter (mm) dimensions, is critical for their chronic operation. Achieving simultaneous wireless power and data transfer at deep sites reliably within safety limits for closed-loop sensing/actuation functions of mm-sized implants is challenging. To enable this operation, a hybrid magnetic-ultrasonic interrogation approach (called MagSonic) is realized through a single magnetoelectric (ME) transducer at the implant that can generate and receive both magnetic field and ultrasound. The fabricated mm-sized bar-shaped ME transducer (5.2×2×1.6 mm3) operates at acoustic wave resonance, functioning at sub-MHz frequencies. For the first time, we demonstrate wireless power reception through one modality (magnetic field or ultrasound) and simultaneous uplink data transmission using the other. At 40 mm depth, the MagSonic link could achieve 100 kbps uplink data rate (bit error rate ≤ 10-5) using 190 pJ/bit transmitted energy and 8 mW delivered power in tissue. The robustness of the MagSonic interrogation link against power carrier interference and misalignments is also demonstrated.
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6
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Mahmud S, Nezaratizadeh A, Satriya AB, Yoon YK, Ho JS, Khalifa A. Harnessing metamaterials for efficient wireless power transfer for implantable medical devices. Bioelectron Med 2024; 10:7. [PMID: 38444001 PMCID: PMC10916182 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-023-00136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Wireless power transfer (WPT) within the human body can enable long-lasting medical devices but poses notable challenges, including absorption by biological tissues and weak coupling between the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx). In pursuit of more robust and efficient wireless power, various innovative strategies have emerged to optimize power transfer efficiency (PTE). One such groundbreaking approach stems from the incorporation of metamaterials, which have shown the potential to enhance the capabilities of conventional WPT systems. In this review, we delve into recent studies focusing on WPT systems that leverage metamaterials to achieve increased efficiency for implantable medical devices (IMDs) in the electromagnetic paradigm. Alongside a comparative analysis, we also outline current challenges and envision potential avenues for future advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Mahmud
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ali Nezaratizadeh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Alfredo Bayu Satriya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Yong-Kyu Yoon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - John S Ho
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adam Khalifa
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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7
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Ke Q, Zhang X, Yang Y, Chen Q, Su J, Tang Y, Fang L. Wearable Magnetoelectric Stimulation for Chronic Wound Healing by Electrospun CoFe 2O 4@CTAB/PVDF Dressings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:9839-9853. [PMID: 38372569 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Magnetoelectric stimulation is a promising therapy for various disorders due to its high efficacy and safety. To explore its potential in chronic skin wound treatment, we developed a magnetoelectric dressing, CFO@CTAB/PVDF (CCP), by electrospinning cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-modified CoFe2O4 (CFO) particles with polyvinylidene fluoride. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) serves as a dispersion surfactant for CFO, with its quaternary ammonium cations imparting antibacterial and hydrophilic properties to the dressing. Electrospinning polarizes polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) molecules and forms a fibrous membrane with flexibility and breathability. With a wearable electromagnetic induction device, a dynamic magnetic field is established to induce magnetostrictive deformation of CFO nanoparticles. Consequently, a piezoelectric potential is generated on the surface of PVDF nanofibers to enhance the endogenous electrical field in the wound, achieving a cascade coupling of electric-magnetic-mechanical-electric effects. Bacteria and cell cultures show that 2% CTAB effectively balances antibacterial property and fibroblast activity. Under dynamic magnetoelectric stimulation, the CCP dressing demonstrates significant upregulation of TGF-β, FGF, and VEGF, promoting L929 cell adhesion and proliferation. Moreover, it facilitates the healing of diabetic rat skin wounds infected with Staphylococcus aureus within 2 weeks. Histological and molecular biology evaluations confirm the anti-inflammatory effect of CTAB and the accelerated formation of collagen and vessel by electrical stimulation. This work provides insights into the application of magnetoelectric stimulation in the healing of chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ke
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan 381, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510641, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan 381, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510641, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan 381, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510641, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan 381, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510641, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianyu Su
- China-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, China-Singapore Smart Park, Huangpu District, Guangzhou 510555, China
| | - Youhong Tang
- Medical Device Research Institute, Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Liming Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan 381, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510641, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
- China-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, China-Singapore Smart Park, Huangpu District, Guangzhou 510555, China
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8
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Özden MÖ, Barbieri G, Gerken M. A Combined Magnetoelectric Sensor Array and MRI-Based Human Head Model for Biomagnetic FEM Simulation and Sensor Crosstalk Analysis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1186. [PMID: 38400344 PMCID: PMC10892416 DOI: 10.3390/s24041186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Magnetoelectric (ME) magnetic field sensors are novel sensing devices of great interest in the field of biomagnetic measurements. We investigate the influence of magnetic crosstalk and the linearity of the response of ME sensors in different array and excitation configurations. To achieve this aim, we introduce a combined multiscale 3D finite-element method (FEM) model consisting of an array of 15 ME sensors and an MRI-based human head model with three approximated compartments of biological tissues for skin, skull, and white matter. A linearized material model at the small-signal working point is assumed. We apply homogeneous magnetic fields and perform inhomogeneous magnetic field excitation for the ME sensors by placing an electric point dipole source inside the head. Our findings indicate significant magnetic crosstalk between adjacent sensors leading down to a 15.6% lower magnetic response at a close distance of 5 mm and an increasing sensor response with diminishing crosstalk effects at increasing distances up to 5 cm. The outermost sensors in the array exhibit significantly less crosstalk than the sensors located in the center of the array, and the vertically adjacent sensors exhibit a stronger crosstalk effect than the horizontally adjacent ones. Furthermore, we calculate the ratio between the electric and magnetic sensor responses as the sensitivity value and find near-constant sensitivities for each sensor, confirming a linear relationship despite magnetic crosstalk and the potential to simulate excitation sources and sensor responses independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesut-Ömür Özden
- Integrated Systems and Photonics, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany;
| | | | - Martina Gerken
- Integrated Systems and Photonics, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany;
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9
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Li K, Zhang Q, Chang Y, Wang J, Liu H, Zhang S, Gu Y. Improved Performance of Acoustically Actuated Magnetoelectric Antenna with FeGa/FeGaB Bilayer. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:190. [PMID: 38398919 PMCID: PMC10893387 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Acoustically actuated magnetoelectric (ME) antennas utilize acoustic wave resonance to complete the process of receiving and transmitting signals, which promotes the development of antenna miniaturization technology. This paper presents a bilayer magnetostrictive/AlN ME laminated antenna. The proposed laminated antenna uses the FeGa/FeGaB bilayer materials as magnetostrictive materials, which combine the advantages of soft magnetic properties of FeGa and the low loss of FeGaB. First, multiphysics modeling and analysis are performed for the proposed ME laminated antenna by finite element method (FEM). The positive/inverse ME effects and the influences of the volume ratio of the FeGa/FeGaB bilayer on the antenna performance are studied. The results show that the output voltage and ME coefficient of the FeGa/FeGaB bilayer magnetostrictive material with a volume ratio of 1:1 are 3.97 times and 195.8% higher than that of the single FeGaB layer, respectively. The eddy current loss is 52.08% lower than that of single-layer FeGa. According to the surface equivalence principle, the far-field radiation process is simulated. The results show that the gain of the ME antenna is 15 dB larger than that of the same-size micro-loop antenna, and the gain of the ME antenna is about -44.9 dB. The improved performance and magnetic tunability of the proposed bilayer magnetostrictive materials make ME antennas excellent candidates for portable devices and implantable medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunqi Li
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (K.L.); (J.W.); (H.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Qiaozhen Zhang
- College of Information, Mechanical, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China;
| | - Yang Chang
- College of Information, Mechanical, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China;
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (K.L.); (J.W.); (H.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Huiling Liu
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (K.L.); (J.W.); (H.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Songsong Zhang
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (K.L.); (J.W.); (H.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yuandong Gu
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (K.L.); (J.W.); (H.L.); (Y.G.)
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10
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Narayanan RP, Khaleghi A, Veletić M, Balasingham I. Multiphysics simulation of magnetoelectric micro core-shells for wireless cellular stimulation therapy via magnetic temporal interference. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297114. [PMID: 38271467 PMCID: PMC10834063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an innovative approach to wireless cellular stimulation therapy through the design of a magnetoelectric (ME) microdevice. Traditional electrophysiological stimulation techniques for neural and deep brain stimulation face limitations due to their reliance on electronics, electrode arrays, or the complexity of magnetic induction. In contrast, the proposed ME microdevice offers a self-contained, controllable, battery-free, and electronics-free alternative, holding promise for targeted precise stimulation of biological cells and tissues. The designed microdevice integrates core shell ME materials with remote coils which applies magnetic temporal interference (MTI) signals, leading to the generation of a bipolar local electric stimulation current operating at low frequencies which is suitable for precise stimulation. The nonlinear property of the magnetostrictive core enables the demodulation of remotely applied high-frequency electromagnetic fields, resulting in a localized, tunable, and manipulatable electric potential on the piezoelectric shell surface. This potential, triggers electrical spikes in neural cells, facilitating stimulation. Rigorous computational simulations support this concept, highlighting a significantly high ME coupling factor generation of 550 V/m·Oe. The high ME coupling is primarily attributed to the operation of the device in its mechanical resonance modes. This achievement is the result of a carefully designed core shell structure operating at the MTI resonance frequencies, coupled with an optimal magnetic bias, and predetermined piezo shell thickness. These findings underscore the potential of the engineered ME core shell as a candidate for wireless and minimally invasive cellular stimulation therapy, characterized by high resolution and precision. These results open new avenues for injectable material structures capable of delivering effective cellular stimulation therapy, carrying implications across neuroscience medical devices, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Prasadh Narayanan
- Institute of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ali Khaleghi
- Institute of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Intervention Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mladen Veletić
- Institute of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Intervention Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ilangko Balasingham
- Institute of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Intervention Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Jin J, Jing L, Zuo C, Ma Z, Shi Y, Yang X, Chen S. Array Study of VLF Thin-Film Magnetoelectric Antenna with a Microbridge Structure. MICROMACHINES 2023; 15:11. [PMID: 38276839 PMCID: PMC10818415 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Recently, magnetoelectric (ME) antennas have become a hot topic in the field of antenna miniaturization in the very-low-frequency (VLF) band because their size can be reduced to one-ten-thousandth of the size of conventional electric antennas. However, they still suffer from narrow transmission/reception bandwidth and weak radiation intensity. To address these issues, VLF thin-film ME antennas with a microbridge structure are designed, and the method of array connection is used. Test results show that the detection limit of the ME antenna unit is 636 pT/√Hz at 23 kHz and the radiant magnetic field intensity at 0.12 m is 0.87 nT (input power of 10 mW). By series-connecting three ME antenna units with the same resonance frequency, the output response has been increased to 1.72 times and the EM wave radiation intensity is increased to 1.9 times compared to a single unit. By parallel-connecting two ME antenna units with different resonance frequencies, the output response bandwidth has been expanded to 1.56 times compared to a single unit, and the signal radiation bandwidth has been expanded to 1.47 times. This work provides a valuable reference for the future larger-scale arraying of ME antennas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Jin
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.J.); (L.J.); (Z.M.); (Y.S.); (X.Y.)
| | - Long Jing
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.J.); (L.J.); (Z.M.); (Y.S.); (X.Y.)
| | - Chao Zuo
- Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute, Wuhan 430064, China;
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Marine Electromagnetic Detection and Control, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Zhiling Ma
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.J.); (L.J.); (Z.M.); (Y.S.); (X.Y.)
| | - Yanfeng Shi
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.J.); (L.J.); (Z.M.); (Y.S.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaofei Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.J.); (L.J.); (Z.M.); (Y.S.); (X.Y.)
| | - Shi Chen
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.J.); (L.J.); (Z.M.); (Y.S.); (X.Y.)
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12
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Botero-Valencia J, Mejía-Herrera M, Betancur-Vásquez D. Development of an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) with datalogger and geopositioning for mapping the Earth's magnetic field. HARDWAREX 2023; 16:e00485. [PMID: 38020543 PMCID: PMC10643317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2023.e00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The Earth's magnetic field is used in various navigation systems, but this field has a dynamic behavior that can be affected by different physical factors in local environments. These factors can pose risks to navigation systems and at the same time be a signal of a phenomenon that needs to be investigated, such as mineral concentration or the presence of interference from electrical equipment, among others. For that reason, in this project, this system was designed and integrated using a low-cost, military-grade magnet inductive magnetometer, which is integrated into two Inertial Measurement Units to corroborate the movement data, and at the same time a geopositioning system to georeference the sensor measurements. The information is managed by an MCU, which also stores data on an SD card. The system includes a lithium battery management system to provide more than an hour of autonomy. Wireless communication systems are intentionally avoided to prevent interference, and an infrared transmission LED is included instead, in case the real-time transmission is necessary. The results show that the proposed system allows for obtaining maps of magnetic field intensity in open spaces, and this information can be used to determine regions with anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.S. Botero-Valencia
- Grupo de Sistemas de Control y Robótica (GSCR), Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Medellín, Colombia
| | - M. Mejía-Herrera
- Grupo de Sistemas de Control y Robótica (GSCR), Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Medellín, Colombia
| | - D. Betancur-Vásquez
- Grupo de Investigación en Tecnologías Emergentes Sostenibles e Inteligentes (GITESI), Institución Universitaria de Envigado, Medellín, Colombia
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13
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Barnard JP, Shen J, Zhang Y, Lu J, Song J, Siddiqui A, Sarma R, Wang H. Improved epitaxial growth and multiferroic properties of Bi 3Fe 2Mn 2O x using CeO 2 re-seeding layers. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:5850-5858. [PMID: 37881699 PMCID: PMC10597562 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00512g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
In ferroelectric and multiferroic-based devices, it is often necessary to grow thicker films for enhanced properties. For certain phases that rely on substrate strain for growth, such thicker film growths beyond the typical thin film regime could be challenging. As an example, the Bi3Fe2Mn2Ox (BFMO) Aurivillius supercell (SC) phase possesses highly desirable multiferroic (i.e., ferromagnetic and ferroelectric) properties and a unique layered structure but relies heavily on substrate strain. Beyond the thin film regime (approximately 100 nm), a less desirable pseudo-cubic (PC) phase is formed. In this work, a novel heterogeneous re-seeding method is applied to maintain the strained growth in this SC phase beyond the thin film regime, thus enabling the growth of thick BFMO SC phase films. The insertion of periodic CeO2 interlayers reintroduces the heteroepitaxial strain and effectively re-initiates the growth of the SC phase. The thick BFMO SC phase maintains the overall multiferroic and interesting anisotropic optical properties, even exceeding those of the typical 100 nm SC film. This re-seeding method can be effectively adopted with other SC systems or strain-dependent thin films, thus introducing practical applications of the new SC phases without thickness limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Barnard
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Jianan Shen
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Juanjuan Lu
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Jiawei Song
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | | | - Raktim Sarma
- Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque NM 87185 USA
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque NM 87185 USA
| | - Haiyan Wang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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14
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Zi G, Ma Z, Wang Y, Wang Y, Jia Z, Zhao S, Huang D, Wang T. Miniaturized Low-Frequency Communication System Based on the Magnetoelectric Effect. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1830. [PMID: 37893267 PMCID: PMC10609428 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the realization of electromagnetic wave signal transmission and reception has been achieved through the utilization of the magnetoelectric effect, enabling the development of compact and portable low-frequency communication systems. In this paper, we present a miniaturized low-frequency communication system including a transmitter device and a receiver device, which operates at a frequency of 44.75 kHz, and the bandwidth is 1.1 kHz. The transmitter device employs a Terfenol-D (80 mm × 10 mm × 0.2 mm)/PZT (30 mm × 10 mm × 0.2 mm)/Terfenol-D glued composite heterojunction magnetoelectric antenna and the strongest radiation in the length direction, while the receiver device utilizes a manually crafted coil maximum size of 82 mm, yielding a minimum induced electromagnetic field of 1 pT at 44.75 kHz. With an input voltage of 150 V, the system effectively communicates over a distance of 16 m in air and achieves reception of electromagnetic wave signals within 1 m in simulated seawater with a salinity level of 35% at 25 °C. The miniaturized low-frequency communication system possesses wireless transmission capabilities, a compact size, and a rapid response, rendering it suitable for applications in mining communication, underwater communication, underwater wireless energy transmission, and underwater wireless sensor networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohao Zi
- The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710072, China; (G.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (S.Z.); (D.H.)
- Shaan’xi Key Lab of MEMS/NEMS, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Zhibo Ma
- The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710072, China; (G.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (S.Z.); (D.H.)
- Shaan’xi Key Lab of MEMS/NEMS, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710072, China; (G.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (S.Z.); (D.H.)
- Shaan’xi Key Lab of MEMS/NEMS, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yuanhang Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710072, China; (G.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (S.Z.); (D.H.)
- Shaan’xi Key Lab of MEMS/NEMS, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Ziqiang Jia
- The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710072, China; (G.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (S.Z.); (D.H.)
- Shaan’xi Key Lab of MEMS/NEMS, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Shanlin Zhao
- The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710072, China; (G.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (S.Z.); (D.H.)
- Shaan’xi Key Lab of MEMS/NEMS, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Dishu Huang
- The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710072, China; (G.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (S.Z.); (D.H.)
- Shaan’xi Key Lab of MEMS/NEMS, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Ningbo Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnic University, Ningbo 315100, China
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15
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Bok I, Vareberg A, Gokhale Y, Bhatt S, Masterson E, Phillips J, Zhu T, Ren X, Hai A. Wireless agents for brain recording and stimulation modalities. Bioelectron Med 2023; 9:20. [PMID: 37726851 PMCID: PMC10510192 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-023-00122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
New sensors and modulators that interact wirelessly with medical modalities unlock uncharted avenues for in situ brain recording and stimulation. Ongoing miniaturization, material refinement, and sensitization to specific neurophysiological and neurochemical processes are spurring new capabilities that begin to transcend the constraints of traditional bulky and invasive wired probes. Here we survey current state-of-the-art agents across diverse realms of operation and evaluate possibilities depending on size, delivery, specificity and spatiotemporal resolution. We begin by describing implantable and injectable micro- and nano-scale electronic devices operating at or below the radio frequency (RF) regime with simple near field transmission, and continue with more sophisticated devices, nanoparticles and biochemical molecular conjugates acting as dynamic contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US) transduction and other functional tomographic modalities. We assess the ability of some of these technologies to deliver stimulation and neuromodulation with emerging probes and materials that provide minimally invasive magnetic, electrical, thermal and optogenetic stimulation. These methodologies are transforming the repertoire of readily available technologies paired with compatible imaging systems and hold promise toward broadening the expanse of neurological and neuroscientific diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhan Bok
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of WI - Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, Rm 2112, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of WI - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering (WITNe), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Adam Vareberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of WI - Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, Rm 2112, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering (WITNe), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yash Gokhale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of WI - Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, Rm 2112, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering (WITNe), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Suyash Bhatt
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of WI - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering (WITNe), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emily Masterson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of WI - Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, Rm 2112, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering (WITNe), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jack Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of WI - Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, Rm 2112, USA
| | - Tianxiang Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of WI - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering (WITNe), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xiaoxuan Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of WI - Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, Rm 2112, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of WI - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aviad Hai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of WI - Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, Rm 2112, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of WI - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering (WITNe), Madison, WI, USA.
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16
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Bhatt S, Masterson E, Zhu T, Eizadi J, George J, Graupe N, Vareberg A, Phillips J, Bok I, Dwyer M, Ashtiani A, Hai A. Wireless in vivo Recording of Cortical Activity by an Ion-Sensitive Field Effect Transistor. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2023; 382:133549. [PMID: 36970106 PMCID: PMC10035629 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2023.133549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Wireless brain technologies are empowering basic neuroscience and clinical neurology by offering new platforms that minimize invasiveness and refine possibilities during electrophysiological recording and stimulation. Despite their advantages, most systems require on-board power supply and sizeable transmission circuitry, enforcing a lower bound for miniaturization. Designing new minimalistic architectures that can efficiently sense neurophysiological events will open the door to standalone microscale sensors and minimally invasive delivery of multiple sensors. Here we present a circuit for sensing ionic fluctuations in the brain by an ion-sensitive field effect transistor that detunes a single radiofrequency resonator in parallel. We establish sensitivity of the sensor by electromagnetic analysis and quantify response to ionic fluctuations in vitro. We validate this new architecture in vivo during hindpaw stimulation in rodents and verify correlation with local field potential recordings. This new approach can be implemented as an integrated circuit for wireless in situ recording of brain electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyash Bhatt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Emily Masterson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Tianxiang Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Jenna Eizadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Judy George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Nesya Graupe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Adam Vareberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Jack Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Ilhan Bok
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Matthew Dwyer
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Alireza Ashtiani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Aviad Hai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering (WITNe), Madison, WI, USA
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17
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Sabrin S, Karmokar DK, Karmakar NC, Hong SH, Habibullah H, Szili EJ. Opportunities of Electronic and Optical Sensors in Autonomous Medical Plasma Technologies. ACS Sens 2023; 8:974-993. [PMID: 36897225 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature plasma technology is proving to be at the frontier of emerging medical technologies with real potential to overcome escalating healthcare challenges including antimicrobial and anticancer resistance. However, significant improvements in efficacy, safety, and reproducibility of plasma treatments need to be addressed to realize the full clinical potential of the technology. To improve plasma treatments recent research has focused on integrating automated feedback control systems into medical plasma technologies to maintain optimal performance and safety. However, more advanced diagnostic systems are still needed to provide data into feedback control systems with sufficient levels of sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility. These diagnostic systems need to be compatible with the biological target and to also not perturb the plasma treatment. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art electronic and optical sensors that might be suitable to address this unmet technological need, and the steps needed to integrate these sensors into autonomous plasma systems. Realizing this technological gap could facilitate the development of next-generation medical plasma technologies with strong potential to yield superior healthcare outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumyea Sabrin
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Debabrata K Karmokar
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Nemai C Karmakar
- Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering Department, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sung-Ha Hong
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Habibullah Habibullah
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Endre J Szili
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
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18
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DAS D, Xu Z, Nasrollahpour M, Martos-Repath I, Zaeimbashi M, Khalifa A, Mittal A, Cash SS, Sun NX, Shrivastava A, Onabajo M. Circuit-Level Modeling and Simulation of Wireless Sensing and Energy Harvesting With Hybrid Magnetoelectric Antennas for Implantable Neural Devices. IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2023; 4:139-155. [PMID: 37829556 PMCID: PMC10569408 DOI: 10.1109/ojcas.2023.3259233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
A magnetoelectric antenna (ME) can exhibit the dual capabilities of wireless energy harvesting and sensing at different frequencies. In this article, a behavioral circuit model for hybrid ME antennas is described to emulate the radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting and sensing operations during circuit simulations. The ME antenna of this work is interfaced with a CMOS energy harvester chip towards the goal of developing a wireless communication link for fully integrated implantable devices. One role of the integrated system is to receive pulse-modulated power from a nearby transmitter, and another role is to sense and transmit low-magnitude neural signals. The measurements reported in this paper are the first results that demonstrate simultaneous low-frequency wireless magnetic sensing and high-frequency wireless energy harvesting at two different frequencies with one dual-mode ME antenna. The proposed behavioral ME antenna model can be utilized during design optimizations of energy harvesting circuits. Measurements were performed to validate the wireless power transfer link with an ME antenna having a 2.57 GHz resonance frequency connected to an energy harvester chip designed in 65nm CMOS technology. Furthermore, this dual-mode ME antenna enables concurrent sensing using a carrier signal with a frequency that matches the second 63.63 MHz resonance mode. A wireless test platform has been developed for evaluation of ME antennas as a tool for neural implant design, and this prototype system was utilized to provide first experimental results with the transmission of magnetically modulated action potential waveforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptashree DAS
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ziyue Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mehdi Nasrollahpour
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- MediaTek Inc., Woburn, MA 01801, USA
| | - Isabel Martos-Repath
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mohsen Zaeimbashi
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adam Khalifa
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ankit Mittal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sydney S Cash
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nian X Sun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aatmesh Shrivastava
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marvin Onabajo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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19
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Bhatt S, Masterson E, Zhu T, Eizadi J, George J, Graupe N, Vareberg A, Phillips J, Bok I, Dwyer M, Ashtiani A, Hai A. Wireless in vivo Recording of Cortical Activity by an Ion-Sensitive Field Effect Transistor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.19.524785. [PMID: 36711824 PMCID: PMC9882301 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.19.524785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Wireless brain technologies are empowering basic neuroscience and clinical neurology by offering new platforms that minimize invasiveness and refine possibilities during electrophysiological recording and stimulation. Despite their advantages, most systems require on-board power supply and sizeable transmission circuitry, enforcing a lower bound for miniaturization. Designing new minimalistic architectures that can efficiently sense neurophysiological events will open the door to standalone microscale sensors and minimally invasive delivery of multiple sensors. Here we present a circuit for sensing ionic fluctuations in the brain by an ion-sensitive field effect transistor that detunes a single radiofrequency resonator in parallel. We establish sensitivity of the sensor by electromagnetic analysis and quantify response to ionic fluctuations in vitro . We validate this new architecture in vivo during hindpaw stimulation in rodents and verify correlation with local field potential recordings. This new approach can be implemented as an integrated circuit for wireless in situ recording of brain electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyash Bhatt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Emily Masterson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Tianxiang Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Jenna Eizadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Judy George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Nesya Graupe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Adam Vareberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Jack Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Ilhan Bok
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Matthew Dwyer
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Alireza Ashtiani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Aviad Hai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison
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20
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Cui Y, Wang C, Song X, Wu M, Zhang Q, Yuan H, Yuan Z. A survey of mechanical antennas applied for low-frequency transmitting. iScience 2022; 26:105832. [PMID: 36619978 PMCID: PMC9816974 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical antenna (MA) is a new type of low-frequency (LF) transmitting antenna that generates an alternating electromagnetic (EM) signal through the mechanical movement of electric charges or magnetic dipoles, which is an interdisciplinary field including not only antennas but also electromagnetics, materials science, and dynamics. This principle of signaling makes it possible to break the constraints on physical dimensions decided by the wavelength of the traditional antenna so as to achieve LF communications with a smaller size and to provide a novel solution for long-range, underwater, and underground communications, navigation over the horizon, and geological exploring. Therefore, MA has become a research hotspot in the field of LF communications in recent 5 years, and this work proposed a survey on this topic of MA applied for LF transmitting. Firstly, we briefly review traditional low-frequency transmitting antennas and summarize the defect; then we introduce research progress of different implementation schemes for MA, comparing the signaling performance, advantages, and disadvantages of each scheme. Furthermore, we discuss the experiment setup, results, and related technology for MA including signal modulation methods. Finally, we explore prospects for future research about MA. This work presents a comprehensive and critical survey of small LF transmitters based on MA to help the readers to understand and identify the background, status, and challenges of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cui
- School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao Song
- School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China,Corresponding author
| | - Ming Wu
- Aerospace CH UAV Co Ltd, Beijing 100074, China
| | - Qianyun Zhang
- School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Haiwen Yuan
- School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhihong Yuan
- School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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21
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Peng B, Lu Q, Tang H, Zhang Y, Cheng Y, Qiu R, Guo Y, Zhou Z, Liu M. Large in-plane piezo-strain enhanced voltage control of magnetic anisotropy in Si-compatible multiferroic thin films. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:3013-3021. [PMID: 36196984 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01020h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Voltage control of magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) in Si-compatible ferroelectric/ferromagnetic multiferroic thin films is promising to enable power-efficient and integrated magnetic memories. However, their VCMA effect is weak and is always smaller than that of the bulk counterparts. Here, we achieve a more substantial VCMA effect in thin films than in the bulk, benefiting from the large in-plane piezo-strain mediated magnetoelectric coupling under strong fields. Si-compatible ferroelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) thin films with large breakdown strength of up to 3.2 MV cm-1 are fabricated to further construct multiferroic thin films. Since conventional methods fail to measure the VCMA effect under strong fields, we establish a micro-ferromagnetic resonance method based on micro-fabrication. An enhanced VCMA effect is demonstrated in PZT/CoFeB thin films, whose voltage-induced effective magnetic field (Heff) could experimentally reach 26.1 Oe, which is much stronger than that in bulk control samples "PZT ceramic/CoFeB" (2.6 Oe) and "PMN-PT single crystal/CoFeB" (18.5 Oe) as well as previous reports. Theoretically, the Heff in thin films could be > 60 Oe near the breakdown strength, resulting from a giant in-plane piezo-strain S31 < -0.3%, which is comparable to that of the best ferroelectric single crystals. Si-compatible multiferroic thin films with enhanced VCMA will be a useful platform for developing integrated magnetic and spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Peng
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacture and Measurement Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Lu
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacture and Measurement Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Haowen Tang
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacture and Measurement Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Yao Zhang
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacture and Measurement Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Yuxin Cheng
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacture and Measurement Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Ruibin Qiu
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacture and Measurement Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Yunting Guo
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacture and Measurement Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacture and Measurement Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Ming Liu
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacture and Measurement Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
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22
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Xu Z, Khalifa A, Mittal A, Nasrollahpourmotlaghzanjani M, Das D, Onabajo M, Sun NX, Cash SS, Shrivastava A. A 30% Efficient High-Output Voltage Fully Integrated Self-Biased Gate RF Rectifier Topology for Neural Implants. IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS 2022; 57:3324-3335. [PMID: 36467393 PMCID: PMC9718487 DOI: 10.1109/jssc.2022.3180633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a fully integrated RF energy harvester (EH) with 30% end-to-end power harvesting efficiency (PHE) and supports high output voltage operation, up to 9.3V, with a 1.07 GHz input and under the electrode model for neural applications. The EH is composed of a novel 10-stage self-biased gate (SBG) rectifier with an on-chip matching network. The SBG topology elevates the gate-bias of transistors in a non-linear manner to enable higher conductivity. The design also achieves >20% PHE range of 12-dB. The design was fabricated in 65 nm CMOS technology and occupies an area of 0.0732-mm2 with on-chip matching network. In addition to standalone EH characterization measurement results, animal tissue stimulation test was performed to evaluate its performance in a realistic neural implant application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | - Adam Khalifa
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ankit Mittal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | | | - Diptashree Das
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | - Marvin Onabajo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | - Nian Xiang Sun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | - Sydney S Cash
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aatmesh Shrivastava
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
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23
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Physics of Composites for Low-Frequency Magnetoelectric Devices. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22134818. [PMID: 35808313 PMCID: PMC9269355 DOI: 10.3390/s22134818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The article discusses the physical foundations of the application of the linear magnetoelectric (ME) effect in composites for devices in the low-frequency range, including the electromechanical resonance (EMR) region. The main theoretical expressions for the ME voltage coefficients in the case of a symmetric and asymmetric composite structure in the quasi-static and resonant modes are given. The area of EMR considered here includes longitudinal, bending, longitudinal shear, and torsional modes. Explanations are given for finding the main resonant frequencies of the modes under study. Comparison of theory and experimental results for some composites is given.
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24
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Kretschmer J, David T, Dračínský M, Socha O, Jirak D, Vít M, Jurok R, Kuchař M, Císařová I, Polasek M. Paramagnetic encoding of molecules. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3179. [PMID: 35676253 PMCID: PMC9177614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractContactless digital tags are increasingly penetrating into many areas of human activities. Digitalization of our environment requires an ever growing number of objects to be identified and tracked with machine-readable labels. Molecules offer immense potential to serve for this purpose, but our ability to write, read, and communicate molecular code with current technology remains limited. Here we show that magnetic patterns can be synthetically encoded into stable molecular scaffolds with paramagnetic lanthanide ions to write digital code into molecules and their mixtures. Owing to the directional character of magnetic susceptibility tensors, each sequence of lanthanides built into one molecule produces a unique magnetic outcome. Multiplexing of the encoded molecules provides a high number of codes that grows double-exponentially with the number of available paramagnetic ions. The codes are readable by nuclear magnetic resonance in the radiofrequency (RF) spectrum, analogously to the macroscopic technology of RF identification. A prototype molecular system capable of 16-bit (65,535 codes) encoding is presented. Future optimized systems can conceivably provide 64-bit (~10^19 codes) or higher encoding to cover the labelling needs in drug discovery, anti-counterfeiting and other areas.
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25
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Wang Y, Ma Z, Fu G, Wang J, Xi Q, Wang Y, Jia Z, Zi G. A Low-Frequency MEMS Magnetoelectric Antenna Based on Mechanical Resonance. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13060864. [PMID: 35744478 PMCID: PMC9228862 DOI: 10.3390/mi13060864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Antenna miniaturization technology has been a challenging problem in the field of antenna design. The demand for antenna miniaturization is even stronger because of the larger size of the antenna in the low-frequency band. In this paper, we consider MEMS magnetoelectric antennas based on mechanical resonance, which sense the magnetic fields of electromagnetic waves through the magnetoelectric (ME) effect at their mechanical resonance frequencies, giving a voltage output. A 70 μm diameter cantilever disk with SiO2/Cr/Au/AlN/Cr/Au/FeGaB stacked layers is prepared on a 300 μm silicon wafer using the five-masks micromachining process. The MEMS magnetoelectric antenna showed a giant ME coefficient is 2.928 kV/cm/Oe in mechanical resonance at 224.1 kHz. In addition, we demonstrate the ability of this MEMS magnetoelectric antenna to receive low-frequency signals. This MEMS magnetoelectric antenna can provide new ideas for miniaturization of low-frequency wireless communication systems. Meanwhile, it has the potential to detect weak electromagnetic field signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (G.Z.)
- Shaan’xi Key Lab of MEMS/NEMS, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Zhibo Ma
- The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (G.Z.)
- Shaan’xi Key Lab of MEMS/NEMS, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Correspondence: (Z.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Guanglei Fu
- Training Center for Engineering Practices, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Correspondence: (Z.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Jiayan Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (G.Z.)
- Shaan’xi Key Lab of MEMS/NEMS, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Qi Xi
- The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (G.Z.)
- Shaan’xi Key Lab of MEMS/NEMS, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yuanhang Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (G.Z.)
- Shaan’xi Key Lab of MEMS/NEMS, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Ziqiang Jia
- The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (G.Z.)
- Shaan’xi Key Lab of MEMS/NEMS, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Guhao Zi
- The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (G.Z.)
- Shaan’xi Key Lab of MEMS/NEMS, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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26
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A wireless millimetric magnetoelectric implant for the endovascular stimulation of peripheral nerves. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:706-716. [PMID: 35361934 PMCID: PMC9213237 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00873-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Implantable bioelectronic devices for the simulation of peripheral nerves could be used to treat disorders that are resistant to traditional pharmacological therapies. However, for many nerve targets, this requires invasive surgeries and the implantation of bulky devices (about a few centimetres in at least one dimension). Here we report the design and in vivo proof-of-concept testing of an endovascular wireless and battery-free millimetric implant for the stimulation of specific peripheral nerves that are difficult to reach via traditional surgeries. The device can be delivered through a percutaneous catheter and leverages magnetoelectric materials to receive data and power through tissue via a digitally programmable 1 mm × 0.8 mm system-on-a-chip. Implantation of the device directly on top of the sciatic nerve in rats and near a femoral artery in pigs (with a stimulation lead introduced into a blood vessel through a catheter) allowed for wireless stimulation of the animals’ sciatic and femoral nerves. Minimally invasive magnetoelectric implants may allow for the stimulation of nerves without the need for open surgery or the implantation of battery-powered pulse generators. An endovascular wireless and battery-free millimetric implant enables the stimulation of peripheral nerves that are difficult to reach via traditional surgeries.
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27
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Chen S, Li J, Gao Y, Li J, Dong H, Gu Z, Ren W. A Micromechanical Transmitter with Only One BAW Magneto-Electric Antenna. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020272. [PMID: 35208399 PMCID: PMC8875784 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Implantable medical devices have been facing the severe challenge of wireless communication for a long time. Acoustically actuated magnetoelectric (ME) transducer antennas have attracted lots of attention due to their miniaturization, high radiation efficiency and easy integration. Here, we fully demonstrate the possibility of using only one bulk acoustic wave (BAW) actuated ME transducer antenna (BAW ME antenna) for communication by describing the correspondence between the BAW ME antenna and components of the traditional transmitter in detail. Specifically, we first demonstrate that the signal could be modulated by applying a direct current (DC) magnetic bias and exciting different resonance modes of the BAW ME antenna with frequencies ranging from medium frequency (MF) (1.5 MHz) to medium frequency (UHF) (2 GHz). Then, two methods of adjusting the radiation power of the BAW ME antenna are proposed to realize signal amplification, including increasing the input voltage and using higher order resonance. Finally, a method based on electromagnetic (EM) perturbation is presented to simulate the transmission process of the BAW ME antenna via the finite element analysis (FEA) model. The simulation results match the radiation pattern of magnetic dipoles perfectly, which verifies both the model and our purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (S.C.); (Y.G.); (J.L.); (H.D.); (Z.G.); (W.R.)
| | - Junru Li
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (S.C.); (Y.G.); (J.L.); (H.D.); (Z.G.); (W.R.)
- Robot Technology Used for Special Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Jianbo Li
- School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (S.C.); (Y.G.); (J.L.); (H.D.); (Z.G.); (W.R.)
| | - Hongmei Dong
- School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (S.C.); (Y.G.); (J.L.); (H.D.); (Z.G.); (W.R.)
| | - Zhijun Gu
- School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (S.C.); (Y.G.); (J.L.); (H.D.); (Z.G.); (W.R.)
| | - Wanchun Ren
- School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (S.C.); (Y.G.); (J.L.); (H.D.); (Z.G.); (W.R.)
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28
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Khalifa A, Lee S, Molnar AC, Cash S. Injectable wireless microdevices: challenges and opportunities. Bioelectron Med 2021; 7:19. [PMID: 34937565 PMCID: PMC8697496 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-021-00080-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past three decades, we have witnessed unprecedented progress in wireless implantable medical devices that can monitor physiological parameters and interface with the nervous system. These devices are beginning to transform healthcare. To provide an even more stable, safe, effective, and distributed interface, a new class of implantable devices is being developed; injectable wireless microdevices. Thanks to recent advances in micro/nanofabrication techniques and powering/communication methodologies, some wireless implantable devices are now on the scale of dust (< 0.5 mm), enabling their full injection with minimal insertion damage. Here we review state-of-the-art fully injectable microdevices, discuss their injection techniques, and address the current challenges and opportunities for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Khalifa
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sunwoo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Sydney Cash
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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29
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Patil DR, Kumar A, Ryu J. Recent Progress in Devices Based on Magnetoelectric Composite Thin Films. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:8012. [PMID: 34884017 PMCID: PMC8659927 DOI: 10.3390/s21238012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The strain-driven interfacial coupling between the ferromagnetic and ferroelectric constituents of magnetoelectric (ME) composites makes them potential candidates for novel multifunctional devices. ME composites in the form of thin-film heterostructures show promising applications in miniaturized ME devices. This article reports the recent advancement in ME thin-film devices, such as highly sensitive magnetic field sensors, ME antennas, integrated tunable ME inductors, and ME band-pass filters, is discussed. (Pb1-xZrx)TiO3 (PZT), Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT), Aluminium nitride (AlN), and Al1-xScxN are the most commonly used piezoelectric constituents, whereas FeGa, FeGaB, FeCo, FeCoB, and Metglas (FeCoSiB alloy) are the most commonly used magnetostrictive constituents in the thin film ME devices. The ME field sensors offer a limit of detection in the fT/Hz1/2 range at the mechanical resonance frequency. However, below resonance, different frequency conversion techniques with AC magnetic or electric fields or the delta-E effect are used. Noise floors of 1-100 pT/Hz1/2 at 1 Hz were obtained. Acoustically actuated nanomechanical ME antennas operating at a very-high frequency as well as ultra-high frequency (0.1-3 GHz) range, were introduced. The ME antennas were successfully miniaturized by a few orders smaller in size compared to the state-of-the-art conventional antennas. The designed antennas exhibit potential application in biomedical devices and wearable antennas. Integrated tunable inductors and band-pass filters tuned by electric and magnetic field with a wide operating frequency range are also discussed along with miniaturized ME energy harvesters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jungho Ryu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (D.R.P.); (A.K.)
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30
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Nasrollahpour M, Zaeimbashi M, Khalifa A, Liang X, Chen H, Sun N, Abrishami SMS, Martos-Repath I, Emam S, Cash S, Sun NX. Magnetoelectric (ME) Antenna for On-chip Implantable Energy Harvesting. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2021; 2021:6167-6170. [PMID: 34892524 DOI: 10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel magnetoelectric (ME) antenna is fabricated to be integrated to the on-chip energy harvesting circuit for brain-computer interface applications. The proposed ME antenna resonates at the frequency of 2.57 GHz while providing a bandwidth of 3.37 MHz. The proposed rectangular ME antenna wireless power transfer efficiency is 0.304 %, which is considerably higher than that of micro-coils.Clinical Relevance- This provides a suitable energy harvesting efficiency for wirelessly powering up the brain implant devices.
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31
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Hosur S, Sriramdas R, Karan SK, Liu N, Priya S, Kiani M. A Comprehensive Study on Magnetoelectric Transducers for Wireless Power Transfer Using Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2021; 15:1079-1092. [PMID: 34623276 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2021.3118981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetoelectric (ME) transducers, comprising of layered magnetostrictive and piezoelectric materials, are more efficient than inductive coils in converting low-frequency magnetic fields into electric fields, particularly in applications that require miniaturized devices such as biomedical implants. Therefore, ME transducers are an attractive candidate for wireless power transfer (WPT) using low-frequency magnetic fields, which are less harmful to the human body and can penetrate easily through different lossy media. The literature lacks a comprehensive study on the ME transducer as a power receiver in a WPT link. This paper studies the impact of different ME design parameters on the WPT link performance. An accurate analytical model of the ME transducer, operating in the longitudinal-transverse mode, is presented, describing both temporal and spatial deformations. Nine ME transducers with different sizes (ME volume: 5-150 mm3) were fabricated with Galfenol and PZT-5A as magnetostrictive and piezoelectric layers, respectively. Through the modeling and measurement of these ME transducers, the effects of the ME transducer dimension, DC bias magnetic field, loading (RL), and operation frequency on the resonance frequency, quality factor, and received power (PL) of the ME transducer are determined. In measurements, a 150 mm3 ME transducer achieved > 10-fold higher PL for a wide RL range of 500 Ω to 1 MΩ at 95.5 kHz, compared to an optimized coil with comparable size and operation frequency.
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32
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Alrashdan FT, Chen JC, Singer A, Avants BW, Yang K, Robinson JT. Wearable wireless power systems for 'ME-BIT' magnetoelectric-powered bio implants. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34229314 PMCID: PMC8820397 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Compared to biomedical devices with implanted batteries, wirelessly powered technologies can be longer-lasting, less invasive, safer, and can be miniaturized to access difficult-to-reach areas of the body. Magnetic fields are an attractive wireless power transfer modality for such bioelectronic applications because they suffer negligible absorption and reflection in biological tissues. However, current solutions using magnetic fields for mm sized implants either operate at high frequencies (>500 kHz) or require high magnetic field strengths (>10 mT), which restricts the amount of power that can be transferred safely through tissue and limits the development of wearable power transmitter systems. Magnetoelectric (ME) materials have recently been shown to provide a wireless power solution for mm-sized neural stimulators. These ME transducers convert low magnitude (<1 mT) and low-frequency (∼300 kHz) magnetic fields into electric fields that can power custom integrated circuits or stimulate nearby tissue.Approach.Here we demonstrate a battery-powered wearable magnetic field generator that can power a miniaturized MagnetoElectric-powered Bio ImplanT 'ME-BIT' that functions as a neural stimulator. The wearable transmitter weighs less than 0.5 lbs and has an approximate battery life of 37 h.Main results.We demonstrate the ability to power a millimeter-sized prototype 'ME-BIT' at a distance of 4 cm with enough energy to electrically stimulate a rat sciatic nerve. We also find that the system performs well under translational misalignment and identify safe operating ranges according to the specific absorption rate limits set by the IEEE Std 95.1-2019.Significance.These results validate the feasibility of a wearable system that can power miniaturized ME implants that can be used for different neuromodulation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua C Chen
- Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Amanda Singer
- Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | | | - Kaiyuan Yang
- Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Jacob T Robinson
- Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America.,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
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