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Guo Y, Qiu D, Shao M, Song J, Wang Y, Xu M, Yang C, Li P, Liu H, Xiong J. Modulations in Superconductors: Probes of Underlying Physics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209457. [PMID: 36504310 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The importance of modulations is elevated to an unprecedented level, due to the delicate conditions required to bring out exotic phenomena in quantum materials, such as topological materials, magnetic materials, and superconductors. Recently, state-of-the-art modulation techniques in material science, such as electric-double-layer transistor, piezoelectric-based strain apparatus, angle twisting, and nanofabrication, have been utilized in superconductors. They not only efficiently increase the tuning capability to the broader ranges but also extend the tuning dimensionality to unprecedented degrees of freedom, including quantum fluctuations of competing phases, electronic correlation, and phase coherence essential to global superconductivity. Here, for a comprehensive review, these techniques together with the established modulation methods, such as elemental substitution, annealing, and polarization-induced gating, are contextualized. Depending on the mechanism of each method, the modulations are categorized into stoichiometric manipulation, electrostatic gating, mechanical modulation, and geometrical design. Their recent advances are highlighted by applications in newly discovered superconductors, e.g., nickelates, Kagome metals, and magic-angle graphene. Overall, the review is to provide systematic modulations in emergent superconductors and serve as the coordinate for future investigations, which can stimulate researchers in superconductivity and other fields to perform various modulations toward a thorough understanding of quantum materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Dong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Mingxin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Jingyan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Minyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Haiwen Liu
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
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Wan P, Zheliuk O, Yuan NFQ, Peng X, Zhang L, Liang M, Zeitler U, Wiedmann S, Hussey NE, Palstra TTM, Ye J. Orbital Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov state in an Ising superconductor. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-05967-z. [PMID: 37225992 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05967-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In superconductors possessing both time and inversion symmetries, the Zeeman effect of an external magnetic field can break the time-reversal symmetry, forming a conventional Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) state characterized by Cooper pairings with finite momentum1,2. In superconductors lacking (local) inversion symmetry, the Zeeman effect may still act as the underlying mechanism of FFLO states by interacting with spin-orbit coupling (SOC). Specifically, the interplay between the Zeeman effect and Rashba SOC can lead to the formation of more accessible Rashba FFLO states that cover broader regions in the phase diagram3-5. However, when the Zeeman effect is suppressed because of spin locking in the presence of Ising-type SOC, the conventional FFLO scenarios are no longer effective. Instead, an unconventional FFLO state is formed by coupling the orbital effect of magnetic fields with SOC, providing an alternative mechanism in superconductors with broken inversion symmetries6-8. Here we report the discovery of such an orbital FFLO state in the multilayer Ising superconductor 2H-NbSe2. Transport measurements show that the translational and rotational symmetries are broken in the orbital FFLO state, providing the hallmark signatures of finite-momentum Cooper pairings. We establish the entire orbital FFLO phase diagram, consisting of a normal metal, a uniform Ising superconducting phase and a six-fold orbital FFLO state. This study highlights an alternative route to achieving finite-momentum superconductivity and provides a universal mechanism to preparing orbital FFLO states in similar materials with broken inversion symmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puhua Wan
- Device Physics of Complex Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oleksandr Zheliuk
- Device Physics of Complex Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML-EMFL), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Noah F Q Yuan
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoli Peng
- Device Physics of Complex Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Le Zhang
- Device Physics of Complex Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Minpeng Liang
- Device Physics of Complex Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uli Zeitler
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML-EMFL), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Steffen Wiedmann
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML-EMFL), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nigel E Hussey
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML-EMFL), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Thomas T M Palstra
- Nano Electronic Materials, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jianting Ye
- Device Physics of Complex Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Chareev DA, Khan MEH, Karmakar D, Nekrasov AN, Nickolsky MS, Eriksson O, Delin A, Vasiliev AN, Abdel-Hafiez M. Stable Sulfuric Vapor Transport and Liquid Sulfur Growth on Transition Metal Dichalcogenides. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:2287-2294. [PMID: 37038405 PMCID: PMC10080655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are an emergent class of low-dimensional materials with growing applications in the field of nanoelectronics. However, efficient methods for synthesizing large monocrystals of these systems are still lacking. Here, we describe an efficient synthetic route for a large number of TMDs that were obtained in quartz glass ampoules by sulfuric vapor transport and liquid sulfur. Unlike the sublimation technique, the metal enters the gas phase in the form of molecules, hence containing a greater amount of sulfur than the growing crystal. We have investigated the physical properties for a selection of these crystals and compared them to state-of-the-art findings reported in the literature. The acquired electronic properties features demonstrate the overall high quality of single crystals grown in this work as exemplified by CoS2, ReS2, NbS2, and TaS2. This new approach to synthesize high-quality TMD single crystals can alleviate many material quality concerns and is suitable for emerging electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy A. Chareev
- Institute
of Experimental Mineralogy (IEM RAS), 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
- Kazan
Federal University, 18
Kremlyovskaya St., 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Ural
Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Md Ezaz Hasan Khan
- University
of Doha for Science and Technology, 24449 Doha, P.O. Box 24449, Qatar
| | - Debjani Karmakar
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aleksey N. Nekrasov
- Institute
of Experimental Mineralogy (IEM RAS), 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Maximilian S. Nickolsky
- Institute
of Geology of Ore Deposits (IGEM RAS), 35, Staromonetnyi per., 119017 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olle Eriksson
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- School
of Science and Technology, Örebro
University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anna Delin
- Department
of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish
e-Science Research Center, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander N. Vasiliev
- Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mahmoud Abdel-Hafiez
- University
of Doha for Science and Technology, 24449 Doha, P.O. Box 24449, Qatar
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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Emergent anisotropy in the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov state. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5590. [PMID: 36192393 PMCID: PMC9530125 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Exotic superconductivity is formed by unconventional electron pairing and exhibits various unique properties that cannot be explained by the basic theory. The Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov (FFLO) state is known as an exotic superconducting state in that the electron pairs have a finite center-of-mass momentum leading to a spatially modulated pattern of superconductivity. The spatial modulation endows the FFLO state with emergent anisotropy. However, the anisotropy has never been experimentally verified despite numerous efforts over the years. Here, we report detection of anisotropic acoustic responses depending on the sound propagation direction appearing above the Pauli limit. This anisotropy reveals that the two-dimensional FFLO state has a center-of-mass momentum parallel to the nesting vector on the Fermi surface. The present findings will facilitate our understanding of not only superconductivity in solids but also exotic pairings of various particles. The famous Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin– Ovchinnikov (FFLO) state is a spatially-modulated superconducting state with a predicted spatial anisotropy, but this anisotropy has never been experimentally verified. Here, the authors present ultrasound evidence for anisotropy of the sound velocity in the FFLO state of a 2D organic superconductor.
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