1
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Li H, Wang Z, Chu X, Zhao Y, He G, Hu Y, Liu Y, Wang ZL, Jiang P. Free Radicals Generated in Perfluorocarbon-Water (Liquid-Liquid) Interfacial Contact Electrification and Their Application in Cancer Therapy. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12087-12099. [PMID: 38647488 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Electron transfer during solid-liquid contact electrification has been demonstrated to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and superoxide anion radicals (•O2-). Here, we show that such a process also occurs in liquid-liquid contact electrification. By preparing perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions to construct a perfluorocarbon-water "liquid-liquid" interface, we confirmed that electrons were transferred from water to perfluorocarbon in ultrasonication-induced high-frequency liquid-liquid contact to produce •OH and •O2-. The produced ROS could be applied to ablate tumors by triggering large-scale immunogenic cell death in tumor cells, promoting dendritic cell maturation and macrophage polarization, ultimately activating T cell-mediated antitumor immune response. Importantly, the raw material for producing •OH is water, so the tumor therapy is not limited by the endogenous substances (O2, H2O2, etc.) in the tumor microenvironment. This work provides new perspectives for elucidating the mechanism of generation of free radicals in liquid-liquid contact and provides an excellent tumor therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimei Li
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zichen Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xu Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Process & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Guangqin He
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yulin Hu
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Process & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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2
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Chiba Y, Ooka H, Wintzer ME, Tsunematsu N, Nogawa T, Suzuki T, Dohmae N, Nakamura R. Rationalizing the Influence of the Binding Affinity on the Activity of Phosphoserine Phosphatases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318635. [PMID: 38408266 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The Sabatier principle states that catalytic activity can be maximized when the substrate binding affinity is neither too strong nor too weak. Recent studies have shown that the activity of several hydrolases is maximized at intermediate values of the binding affinity (Michaelis-Menten constant: Km ). However, it remains unclear whether this concept of artificial catalysis is applicable to enzymes in general, especially for those which have evolved under different reaction environments. Herein, we show that the activity of phosphoserine phosphatase is also enhanced at an intermediate Km value of approximately 0.5 mM. Within our dataset, the variation of Km by three orders of magnitude accounted for a roughly 18-fold variation in the activity. Owing to the high phylogenetic and physiological diversity of our dataset, our results support the importance of optimizing Km for enzymes in general. On the other hand, a 77-fold variation in the activity was attributed to other physicochemical parameters, such as the Arrhenius prefactor of kcat , and could not be explained by the Sabatier principle. Therefore, while tuning the binding affinity according to the Sabatier principle is an important consideration, the Km value is only one of many physicochemical parameters which must be optimized to maximize enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Chiba
- Biofunctional Catalyst Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ooka
- Biofunctional Catalyst Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Marie E Wintzer
- Biofunctional Catalyst Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Nao Tsunematsu
- Biofunctional Catalyst Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Nogawa
- Molecular Structure Characterization unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Nakamura
- Biofunctional Catalyst Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute (ELSI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-IE-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
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3
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Brunecky R, Knott BC, Subramanian V, Linger JG, Beckham GT, Amore A, Taylor LE, Vander Wall TA, Lunin VV, Zheng F, Garrido M, Schuster L, Fulk EM, Farmer S, Himmel ME, Decker SR. Engineering of glycoside hydrolase family 7 cellobiohydrolases directed by natural diversity screening. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105749. [PMID: 38354778 PMCID: PMC10943489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein engineering and screening of processive fungal cellobiohydrolases (CBHs) remain challenging due to limited expression hosts, synergy-dependency, and recalcitrant substrates. In particular, glycoside hydrolase family 7 (GH7) CBHs are critically important for the bioeconomy and typically difficult to engineer. Here, we target the discovery of highly active natural GH7 CBHs and engineering of variants with improved activity. Using experimentally assayed activities of genome mined CBHs, we applied sequence and structural alignments to top performers to identify key point mutations linked to improved activity. From ∼1500 known GH7 sequences, an evolutionarily diverse subset of 57 GH7 CBH genes was expressed in Trichoderma reesei and screened using a multiplexed activity screening assay. Ten catalytically enhanced natural variants were identified, produced, purified, and tested for efficacy using industrially relevant conditions and substrates. Three key amino acids in CBHs with performance comparable or superior to Penicillium funiculosum Cel7A were identified and combinatorially engineered into P. funiculosum cel7a, expressed in T. reesei, and assayed on lignocellulosic biomass. The top performer generated using this combined approach of natural diversity genome mining, experimental assays, and computational modeling produced a 41% increase in conversion extent over native P. funiculosum Cel7A, a 55% increase over the current industrial standard T. reesei Cel7A, and 10% improvement over Aspergillus oryzae Cel7C, the best natural GH7 CBH previously identified in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Brunecky
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Brandon C Knott
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Venkataramanan Subramanian
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Linger
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Gregg T Beckham
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Antonella Amore
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Larry E Taylor
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Todd A Vander Wall
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Vladimir V Lunin
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Fei Zheng
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Mercedes Garrido
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Logan Schuster
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Emily M Fulk
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Samuel Farmer
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael E Himmel
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA.
| | - Stephen R Decker
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA.
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4
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Haataja T, Hansson H, Moriya S, Sandgren M, Ståhlberg J. The crystal structure of RsSymEG1 reveals a unique form of smaller GH7 endoglucanases alongside GH7 cellobiohydrolases in protist symbionts of termites. FEBS J 2024; 291:1168-1185. [PMID: 38073120 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolase family 7 (GH7) cellulases are key enzymes responsible for carbon cycling on earth through their role in cellulose degradation and constitute highly important industrial enzymes as well. Although these enzymes are found in a wide variety of evolutionarily distant organisms across eukaryotes, they exhibit remarkably conserved features within two groups: exo-acting cellobiohydrolases and endoglucanases. However, recently reports have emerged of a separate clade of GH7 endoglucanases from protist symbionts of termites that are 60-80 amino acids shorter. In this work, we describe the first crystal structure of a short GH7 endoglucanase, RsSymEG1, from a symbiont of the lower termite Reticulitermes speratus. A more open flat surface and shorter loops around the non-reducing end of the cellulose-binding cleft indicate enhanced access to cellulose chains on the surface of cellulose microfibrils. Additionally, when comparing activities on polysaccharides to a typical fungal GH7 endoglucanase (Trichoderma longibrachiatum Cel7B), RsSymEG1 showed significantly faster initial hydrolytic activity. We also examine the prevalence and diversity of GH7 enzymes that the symbionts provide to the termite host, compare overall structures and substrate binding between cellobiohydrolase and long and short endoglucanase, and highlight the presence of similar short GH7s in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Topi Haataja
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hansson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Mats Sandgren
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jerry Ståhlberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Dan M, Zheng Y, Zhao G, Hsieh YSY, Wang D. Current insights of factors interfering the stability of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108216. [PMID: 37473820 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose and chitin are two of the most abundant biopolymers in nature, but they cannot be effectively utilized in industry due to their recalcitrance. This limitation was overcome by the advent of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), which promote the disruption of biopolymers through oxidative mechanism and provide a breakthrough in the action of hydrolytic enzymes. In the application of LPMOs to biomass degradation, the key to consistent and effective functioning lies in their stability. The efficient transformation of biomass resources using LPMOs depends on factors that interfere with their stability. This review discussed three aspects that affect LPMO stability: general external factors, structural factors, and factors in the enzyme-substrate reaction. It explains how these factors impact LPMO stability, discusses the resulting effects, and finally presents relevant measures and considerations, including potential resolutions. The review also provides suggestions for the application of LPMOs in polysaccharide degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Dan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuting Zheng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yves S Y Hsieh
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Damao Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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6
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Ooka H, Chiba Y, Nakamura R. Thermodynamic principle to enhance enzymatic activity using the substrate affinity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4860. [PMID: 37620340 PMCID: PMC10449852 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how to tune enzymatic activity is important not only for biotechnological applications, but also to elucidate the basic principles guiding the design and optimization of biological systems in nature. So far, the Michaelis-Menten equation has provided a fundamental framework of enzymatic activity. However, there is still no concrete guideline on how the parameters should be optimized towards higher activity. Here, we demonstrate that tuning the Michaelis-Menten constant ([Formula: see text]) to the substrate concentration ([Formula: see text]) enhances enzymatic activity. This guideline ([Formula: see text]) was obtained mathematically by assuming that thermodynamically favorable reactions have higher rate constants, and that the total driving force is fixed. Due to the generality of these thermodynamic considerations, we propose [Formula: see text] as a general concept to enhance enzymatic activity. Our bioinformatic analysis reveals that the [Formula: see text] and in vivo substrate concentrations are consistent across a dataset of approximately 1000 enzymes, suggesting that even natural selection follows the principle [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideshi Ooka
- Biofunctional Catalyst Research Team, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Yoko Chiba
- Biofunctional Catalyst Research Team, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Nakamura
- Biofunctional Catalyst Research Team, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute (ELSI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-IE-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
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7
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Dong CD, Patel AK, Madhavan A, Chen CW, Singhania RR. Significance of glycans in cellulolytic enzymes for lignocellulosic biorefinery - A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 379:128992. [PMID: 37011847 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic (LC) biomass is the most abundant renewable resource for mankind gravitating society towards sustainable solution for energy that can reduce the carbon footprint. The economic feasibility of 'biomass biorefinery' depends upon the efficiency cellulolytic enzymes which is the main crux. Its high production cost and low efficiencies are the major limitations, that need to be resolved. As the complexity of the genome increases, so does the complexity of the proteome, further facilitated by protein post-translational modifications (PTMs). Glycosylation is regarded the major PTMs and hardly any recent work is focused on importance of glycosylation in cellulase. By modifying protein side chains and glycans, superior cellulases with improved stability and efficiency can be obtained. Functional proteomics relies heavily on PTMs because they regulate activity, localization, and interactions with protein, lipid, nucleic acid, and cofactor molecules. O- and N- glycosylation in cellulases influences its characteristics adding positive attributes to the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Di Dong
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, India
| | - Aravind Madhavan
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala 690 525, India
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, India.
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8
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Khamassi A, Dumon C. Enzyme synergy for plant cell wall polysaccharide degradation. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:521-531. [PMID: 37067158 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Valorizing plant cell wall, marine and algal polysaccharides is of utmost importance for the development of the circular bioeconomy. This is because polysaccharides are by far the most abundant organic molecules found in nature with complex chemical structures that require a large set of enzymes for their degradation. Microorganisms produce polysaccharide-specific enzymes that act in synergy when performing hydrolysis. Although discovered since decades enzyme synergy is still poorly understood at the molecular level and thus it is difficult to harness and optimize. In the last few years, more attention has been given to improve and characterize enzyme synergy for polysaccharide valorization. In this review, we summarize literature to provide an overview of the different type of synergy involving carbohydrate modifying enzymes and the recent advances in the field exemplified by plant cell-wall degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Khamassi
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Dumon
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
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9
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Chaudhari YB, Várnai A, Sørlie M, Horn SJ, Eijsink VGH. Engineering cellulases for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Protein Eng Des Sel 2023; 36:gzad002. [PMID: 36892404 PMCID: PMC10394125 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable source of energy, chemicals and materials. Many applications of this resource require the depolymerization of one or more of its polymeric constituents. Efficient enzymatic depolymerization of cellulose to glucose by cellulases and accessory enzymes such as lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases is a prerequisite for economically viable exploitation of this biomass. Microbes produce a remarkably diverse range of cellulases, which consist of glycoside hydrolase (GH) catalytic domains and, although not in all cases, substrate-binding carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). As enzymes are a considerable cost factor, there is great interest in finding or engineering improved and robust cellulases, with higher activity and stability, easy expression, and minimal product inhibition. This review addresses relevant engineering targets for cellulases, discusses a few notable cellulase engineering studies of the past decades and provides an overview of recent work in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh B Chaudhari
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Svein J Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
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10
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Kari J, Schaller K, Molina GA, Borch K, Westh P. The Sabatier principle as a tool for discovery and engineering of industrial enzymes. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102843. [PMID: 36375405 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The recent breakthrough in all-atom, protein structure prediction opens new avenues for a range of computational approaches in enzyme design. These new approaches could become instrumental for the development of technical biocatalysts, and hence our transition toward more sustainable industries. Here, we discuss one approach, which is well-known within inorganic catalysis, but essentially unexploited in biotechnology. Specifically, we review examples of linear free-energy relationships (LFERs) for enzyme reactions and discuss how LFERs and the associated Sabatier Principle may be implemented in algorithms that estimate kinetic parameters and enzyme performance based on model structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe Kari
- Roskilde University, Dept. Science and Environment, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kay Schaller
- Technical University of Denmark, Dept. of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Sølvtofts Plads 224, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Dept. of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gustavo A Molina
- Technical University of Denmark, Dept. of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Sølvtofts Plads 224, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Technical University of Denmark, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Build. 220, Kemitorvet, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kim Borch
- Novozymes A/S, Biologiens vej 2, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Westh
- Technical University of Denmark, Dept. of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Sølvtofts Plads 224, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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11
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Acoustic force spectroscopy reveals subtle differences in cellulose unbinding behavior of carbohydrate-binding modules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117467119. [PMID: 36215467 PMCID: PMC9586272 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117467119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein adsorption to solid carbohydrate interfaces is critical to many biological processes, particularly in biomass deconstruction. To engineer more-efficient enzymes for biomass deconstruction into sugars, it is necessary to characterize the complex protein-carbohydrate interfacial interactions. A carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) is often associated with microbial surface-tethered cellulosomes or secreted cellulase enzymes to enhance substrate accessibility. However, it is not well known how CBMs recognize, bind, and dissociate from polysaccharides to facilitate efficient cellulolytic activity, due to the lack of mechanistic understanding and a suitable toolkit to study CBM-substrate interactions. Our work outlines a general approach to study the unbinding behavior of CBMs from polysaccharide surfaces using a highly multiplexed single-molecule force spectroscopy assay. Here, we apply acoustic force spectroscopy (AFS) to probe a Clostridium thermocellum cellulosomal scaffoldin protein (CBM3a) and measure its dissociation from nanocellulose surfaces at physiologically relevant, low force loading rates. An automated microfluidic setup and method for uniform deposition of insoluble polysaccharides on the AFS chip surfaces are demonstrated. The rupture forces of wild-type CBM3a, and its Y67A mutant, unbinding from nanocellulose surfaces suggests distinct multimodal CBM binding conformations, with structural mechanisms further explored using molecular dynamics simulations. Applying classical dynamic force spectroscopy theory, the single-molecule unbinding rate at zero force is extrapolated and found to agree with bulk equilibrium unbinding rates estimated independently using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. However, our results also highlight critical limitations of applying classical theory to explain the highly multivalent binding interactions for cellulose-CBM bond rupture forces exceeding 15 pN.
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12
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Schaller KS, Molina GA, Kari J, Schiano-di-Cola C, Sørensen TH, Borch K, Peters GH, Westh P. Virtual Bioprospecting of Interfacial Enzymes: Relating Sequence and Kinetics. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kay S. Schaller
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gustavo Avelar Molina
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Kari
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Corinna Schiano-di-Cola
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Kim Borch
- Novozymes A/S, Biologiens Vej 2, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Günther H.J. Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Westh
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Arnling Bååth J, Jensen K, Borch K, Westh P, Kari J. Sabatier Principle for Rationalizing Enzymatic Hydrolysis of a Synthetic Polyester. JACS AU 2022; 2:1223-1231. [PMID: 35647598 PMCID: PMC9131473 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial enzyme reactions are common in Nature and in industrial settings, including the enzymatic deconstruction of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) waste. Kinetic descriptions of PET hydrolases are necessary for both comparative analyses, discussions of structure-function relations and rational optimization of technical processes. We investigated whether the Sabatier principle could be used for this purpose. Specifically, we compared the kinetics of two well-known PET hydrolases, leaf-branch compost cutinase (LCC) and a cutinase from the bacterium Thermobifida fusca (TfC), when adding different concentrations of the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). We found that CTAB consistently lowered the strength of enzyme-PET interactions, while its effect on enzymatic turnover was strongly biphasic. Thus, at gradually increasing CTAB concentrations, turnover was initially promoted and subsequently suppressed. This correlation with maximal turnover at an intermediate binding strength was in accordance with the Sabatier principle. One consequence of these results was that both enzymes had too strong intrinsic interaction with PET for optimal turnover, especially TfC, which showed a 20-fold improvement of k cat at the maximum. LCC on the other hand had an intrinsic substrate affinity closer to the Sabatier optimum, and the turnover rate was 5-fold improved at weakened substrate binding. Our results showed that the Sabatier principle may indeed rationalize enzymatic PET degradation and support process optimization. Finally, we suggest that future discovery efforts should consider enzymes with weakened substrate binding because strong adsorption seems to limit their catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Arnling Bååth
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical
University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Kenneth Jensen
- Novozymes
A/S, Biologiens Vej 2, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Kim Borch
- Novozymes
A/S, Biologiens Vej 2, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Peter Westh
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical
University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
- . Phone: +45 45 25 26 41
| | - Jeppe Kari
- Department
of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark
- . Phone: +45 46 74 27 20
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14
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Fungal cellulases: protein engineering and post-translational modifications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 106:1-24. [PMID: 34889986 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11723-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic degradation of lignocelluloses into fermentable sugars to produce biofuels and other biomaterials is critical for environmentally sustainable development and energy resource supply. However, there are problems in enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis, such as the complex cellulase composition, low degradation efficiency, high production cost, and post-translational modifications (PTMs), all of which are closely related to specific characteristics of cellulases that remain unclear. These problems hinder the practical application of cellulases. Due to the rapid development of computer technology in recent years, computer-aided protein engineering is being widely used, which also brings new opportunities for the development of cellulases. Especially in recent years, a large number of studies have reported on the application of computer-aided protein engineering in the development of cellulases; however, these articles have not been systematically reviewed. This article focused on the aspect of protein engineering and PTMs of fungal cellulases. In this manuscript, the latest literatures and the distribution of potential sites of cellulases for engineering have been systematically summarized, which provide reference for further improvement of cellulase properties. KEY POINTS: •Rational design based on virtual mutagenesis can improve cellulase properties. •Modifying protein side chains and glycans helps obtain superior cellulases. •N-terminal glutamine-pyroglutamate conversion stabilizes fungal cellulases.
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