1
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Wiström E, Hyacinthe JN, Lê TP, Gruetter R, Capozzi A. 129Xe Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Demystified: The Influence of the Glassing Matrix on the Radical Properties. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2957-2965. [PMID: 38453156 PMCID: PMC10961830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
129Xe dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a controversial topic. The gold standard technique for hyperpolarized xenon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is spin exchange optical pumping, which received FDA approval in 2022. Nevertheless, the versatility of DNP for enhancing the signal of any NMR active nucleus might provide new perspectives for hyperpolarized 129Xe NMR/MRI. Initial publications about 129Xe DNP underlined the increased complexity in the sample preparation and lower polarization levels when compared to more conventional 13C-labeled molecules, at same experimental conditions, despite very close gyromagnetic ratios. Herein, we introduce, using a Custom Fluid Path system, a user-friendly and very robust sample preparation method. Moreover, investigating the radical properties at real DNP conditions by means of LOngitudinal Detected Electron Spin Resonance, we discovered a dramatic shortening of the electron spin longitudinal relaxation time (T1e) of nitroxyl radicals in xenon DNP samples' matrices, with respect to more commonly used water:glycerol ones. Mitigating those challenges through microwave frequency modulation, we achieved over 20% 129Xe polarization without employing any deuterated solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Wiström
- LIFMET,
Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Noël Hyacinthe
- LIFMET,
Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thanh Phong Lê
- LIFMET,
Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- LIFMET,
Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Capozzi
- LIFMET,
Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- HYPERMAG,
Department of Health Technology, Technical
University of Denmark, Building 349, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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2
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Stern Q, Reynard-Feytis Q, Elliott SJ, Ceillier M, Cala O, Ivanov K, Jannin S. Rapid and Simple 13C-Hyperpolarization by 1H Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Followed by an Inline Magnetic Field Inversion. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27576-27586. [PMID: 38054954 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (dDNP) is a method of choice for preparing hyperpolarized 13C metabolites such as 1-13C-pyruvate used for in vivo applications, including the real-time monitoring of cancer cell metabolism in human patients. The approach consists of transferring the high polarization of electron spins to nuclear spins via microwave irradiation at low temperatures (1.0-1.5 K) and moderate magnetic fields (3.3-7 T). The solid sample is then dissolved and transferred to an NMR spectrometer or MRI scanner for detection in the liquid state. Common dDNP protocols use direct hyperpolarization of 13C spins reaching polarizations of >50% in ∼1-2 h. Alternatively, 1H spins are polarized before transferring their polarization to 13C spins using cross-polarization, reaching polarization levels similar to those of direct DNP in only ∼20 min. However, it relies on more complex instrumentation, requiring highly skilled personnel. Here, we explore an alternative route using 1H dDNP followed by inline adiabatic magnetic field inversion in the liquid state during the transfer. 1H polarizations of >70% in the solid state are obtained in ∼5-10 min. As the hyperpolarized sample travels from the dDNP polarizer to the NMR spectrometer, it goes through a field inversion chamber, which causes the 1H → 13C polarization transfer. This transfer is made possible by the J-coupling between the heteronuclei, which mixes the Zeeman states at zero-field and causes an antilevel crossing. We report liquid-state 13C polarization up to ∼17% for 3-13C-pyruvate and 13C-formate. The instrumentation needed to perform this experiment in addition to a conventional dDNP polarizer is simple and readily assembled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Stern
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CRMN UMR-5082, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100 France
| | - Quentin Reynard-Feytis
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CRMN UMR-5082, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100 France
| | - Stuart J Elliott
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CRMN UMR-5082, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100 France
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Morgan Ceillier
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CRMN UMR-5082, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100 France
| | - Olivier Cala
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CRMN UMR-5082, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100 France
| | - Konstantin Ivanov
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Sami Jannin
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CRMN UMR-5082, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100 France
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3
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Yeste J, Azagra M, Ortega MA, Portela A, Matajsz G, Herrero-Gómez A, Kim Y, Sriram R, Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB, Marco-Rius I. Parallel detection of chemical reactions in a microfluidic platform using hyperpolarized nuclear magnetic resonance. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4950-4958. [PMID: 37906028 PMCID: PMC10661666 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00474k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of NMR may be enhanced by more than four orders of magnitude via dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (dDNP), potentially allowing real-time, in situ analysis of chemical reactions. However, there has been no widespread use of the technique for this application and the major limitation has been the low experimental throughput caused by the time-consuming polarization build-up process at cryogenic temperatures and fast decay of the hyper-intense signal post dissolution. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a microfluidic device compatible with dDNP-MR spectroscopic imaging methods for detection of reactants and products in chemical reactions in which up to 8 reactions can be measured simultaneously using a single dDNP sample. Multiple MR spectroscopic data sets can be generated under the same exact conditions of hyperpolarized solute polarization, concentration, pH, and temperature. A proof-of-concept for the technology is demonstrated by identifying the reactants in the decarboxylation of pyruvate via hydrogen peroxide (e.g. 2-hydroperoxy-2-hydroxypropanoate, peroxymonocarbonate and CO2). dDNP-MR allows tracing of fast chemical reactions that would be barely detectable at thermal equilibrium by MR. We envisage that dDNP-MR spectroscopic imaging combined with microfluidics will provide a new high-throughput method for dDNP enhanced MR analysis of multiple components in chemical reactions and for non-destructive in situ metabolic analysis of hyperpolarized substrates in biological samples for laboratory and preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Yeste
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marc Azagra
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Maria A Ortega
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Portela
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gergő Matajsz
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alba Herrero-Gómez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Yaewon Kim
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Graduate program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Graduate program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Irene Marco-Rius
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
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4
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Stadler GR, Segawa TF, Bütikofer M, Decker V, Loss S, Czarniecki B, Torres F, Riek R. Fragment Screening and Fast Micromolar Detection on a Benchtop NMR Spectrometer Boosted by Photoinduced Hyperpolarization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308692. [PMID: 37524651 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Fragment-based drug design is a well-established strategy for rational drug design, with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) on high-field spectrometers as the method of reference for screening and hit validation. However, high-field NMR spectrometers are not only expensive, but require specialized maintenance, dedicated space, and depend on liquid helium cooling which became critical over the recurring global helium shortages. We propose an alternative to high-field NMR screening by applying the recently developed approach of fragment screening by photoinduced hyperpolarized NMR on a cryogen-free 80 MHz benchtop NMR spectrometer yielding signal enhancements of up to three orders in magnitude. It is demonstrated that it is possible to discover new hits and kick-off drug design using a benchtop NMR spectrometer at low micromolar concentrations of both protein and ligand. The approach presented performs at higher speed than state-of-the-art high-field NMR approaches while exhibiting a limit of detection in the nanomolar range. Photoinduced hyperpolarization is known to be inexpensive and simple to be implemented, which aligns greatly with the philosophy of benchtop NMR spectrometers. These findings open the way for the use of benchtop NMR in near-physiological conditions for drug design and further life science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela R Stadler
- ETH Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute for Molecular Physical Science, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Takuya F Segawa
- ETH Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Bütikofer
- ETH Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute for Molecular Physical Science, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Venita Decker
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rudolf-Plank-Strasse 23, 76275, Ettlingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Loss
- Bruker Switzerland AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117, Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Czarniecki
- Bruker Switzerland AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117, Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Felix Torres
- ETH Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute for Molecular Physical Science, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
- NexMR GmbH, Wiesenstrasse 10 A, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Roland Riek
- ETH Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute for Molecular Physical Science, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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5
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Dos Santos K, Bertho G, Caradeuc C, Baud V, Montagne A, Abergel D, Giraud N, Baudin M. A Toolbox for Glutamine Use in Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization: from Enzymatic Reaction Monitoring to the Study of Cellular Metabolic Pathways and Imaging. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300151. [PMID: 36973178 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine is under scrutiny regarding its metabolic deregulation linked to energetic reprogramming in cancer cells. Many analytical techniques have been used to better understand the impact of the metabolism of amino acids on biological processes, however only a few are suited to work with complex samples. Here, we report the use of a general dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (D-DNP) formulation using an unexpensive radical as a multipurpose tool to study glutamine, with insights from enzymatic modelling to complex metabolic networks and fast imaging. First, hyperpolarized [5-13 C] glutamine is used as molecular probe to study the kinetic action of two enzymes: L-asparaginase that has been used as an anti-metabolic treatment for cancer, and glutaminase. These results are also compared with those acquired with another hyperpolarized amino acid, [1,4-13 C] asparagine. Second, we explored the use of hyperpolarized (HP) substrates to probe metabolic pathways by monitoring metabolic profiles arising from hyperpolarized glutamine in E. coli extracts. Finally, a highly concentrated sample formulation is proposed for the purpose of fast imaging applications. We think that this approach can be extended to formulate other amino acids as well as other metabolites and provide complementary insights into the analysis of metabolic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Dos Santos
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, 45, Rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Gildas Bertho
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, 45, Rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Caradeuc
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, 45, Rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Baud
- Laboratoire NF-κB, Différenciation et Cancer, Université Paris Cité, 24, Rue du faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Montagne
- Laboratoire NF-κB, Différenciation et Cancer, Université Paris Cité, 24, Rue du faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Abergel
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Université, Sorbonne Université, 45 Rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Giraud
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, 45, Rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Baudin
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, 45, Rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Université, Sorbonne Université, 45 Rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
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6
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Steiner JM, Quan Y, Eichhorn TR, Parker AJ, Qureshi MU, Scheuer J, Müller C, Blanchard JW, Schwartz I, Hautle P. Long-Lived, Transportable Reservoir of Nuclear Polarization Used to Strongly Enhance Solution-State NMR Signals. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:3728-3735. [PMID: 37053031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
There is a fundamental issue with the use of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) to enhance nuclear spin polarization: the same polarizing agent (PA) needed for DNP is also responsible for shortening the lifetime of the hyperpolarization. As a result, long-term storage and transport of hyperpolarized samples is severely restricted and the apparatus for DNP is necessarily located near or integrated with the apparatus using the hyperpolarized spins. In this paper, we demonstrate that naphthalene single crystals can serve as a long-lived reservoir of proton polarization that can be exploited to enhance signals in benchtop and high-field NMR of target molecules in solution at a site 300 km away by a factor of several thousand. The naphthalene protons are polarized using short-lived optically excited triplet states of pentacene instead of stable radicals. In the absence of optical excitation, the electron spins remain in a singlet ground state, eliminating the major pathway of nuclear spin-lattice relaxation. The polarization decays with a time constant of about 50 h at 80 K and 0.5 T or above 800 h at 5 K and 20 mT. A module based on a Halbach array yielding a field of 0.75 T and a conventional cryogenic dry shipper, operating at liquid nitrogen temperature, allows storage and long distance transport of the polarization to a remote laboratory, where the polarization of the crystal is transferred after dissolution to a target molecule of choice by intermolecular cross-relaxation. The procedure has been executed repeatedly and has proven to be reliable and robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob M Steiner
- Laboratory for Neutron and Muon Instrumentation (LIN), Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
- NVision Imaging Technologies GmbH, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Yifan Quan
- Laboratory for Neutron and Muon Instrumentation (LIN), Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
- Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Anna J Parker
- NVision Imaging Technologies GmbH, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | - John W Blanchard
- NVision Imaging Technologies GmbH, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Quantum Technology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ilai Schwartz
- NVision Imaging Technologies GmbH, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick Hautle
- Laboratory for Neutron and Muon Instrumentation (LIN), Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
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7
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Razanahoera A, Sonnefeld A, Bodenhausen G, Sheberstov K. Paramagnetic relaxivity of delocalized long-lived states of protons in chains of CH 2 groups. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2023; 4:47-56. [PMID: 37904798 PMCID: PMC10583270 DOI: 10.5194/mr-4-47-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Long-lived states (LLSs) have lifetimes T LLS that can be much longer than longitudinal relaxation times T 1 . In molecules containing several geminal pairs of protons in neighboring CH2 groups, it has been shown that delocalized LLSs can be excited by converting magnetization into imbalances between the populations of singlet and triplet states of each pair. Since the empirical yield of the conversion and reconversion of observable magnetization into LLSs and back is on the order of 10 % if one uses spin-lock induced crossing (SLIC), it would be desirable to boost the sensitivity by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (d-DNP). To enhance the magnetization of nuclear spins by d-DNP, the analytes must be mixed with radicals such as 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPOL). After dissolution, these radicals lead to an undesirable paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) which shortens not only the longitudinal relaxation times T 1 but also the lifetimes T LLS of LLSs. It is shown in this work that PRE by TEMPOL is less deleterious for LLSs than for longitudinal magnetization for four different molecules: 2,2-dimethyl-2-silapentane-5-sulfonate (DSS), homotaurine, taurine, and acetylcholine. The relaxivities r LLS (i.e., the slopes of the relaxation rate constants R LLS as a function of the radical concentration) are 3 to 5 times smaller than the relaxivities r 1 of longitudinal magnetization. Partial delocalization of the LLSs across neighboring CH2 groups may decrease this advantage, but in practice, this effect was observed to be small, for example, when comparing taurine containing two CH2 groups and homotaurine with three CH2 groups. Regardless of whether the LLSs are delocalized or not, it is shown that PRE should not be a major problem for experiments combining d-DNP and LLSs, provided the concentration of paramagnetic species after dissolution does not exceed 1 mM, a condition that is readily fulfilled in typical d-DNP experiments. In bullet d-DNP experiments however, it may be necessary to decrease the concentration of TEMPOL or to add ascorbate for chemical reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiky Razanahoera
- Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University,
75005 Paris, France
| | - Anna Sonnefeld
- Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University,
75005 Paris, France
| | - Geoffrey Bodenhausen
- Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University,
75005 Paris, France
| | - Kirill Sheberstov
- Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University,
75005 Paris, France
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8
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Eills J, Budker D, Cavagnero S, Chekmenev EY, Elliott SJ, Jannin S, Lesage A, Matysik J, Meersmann T, Prisner T, Reimer JA, Yang H, Koptyug IV. Spin Hyperpolarization in Modern Magnetic Resonance. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1417-1551. [PMID: 36701528 PMCID: PMC9951229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance techniques are successfully utilized in a broad range of scientific disciplines and in various practical applications, with medical magnetic resonance imaging being the most widely known example. Currently, both fundamental and applied magnetic resonance are enjoying a major boost owing to the rapidly developing field of spin hyperpolarization. Hyperpolarization techniques are able to enhance signal intensities in magnetic resonance by several orders of magnitude, and thus to largely overcome its major disadvantage of relatively low sensitivity. This provides new impetus for existing applications of magnetic resonance and opens the gates to exciting new possibilities. In this review, we provide a unified picture of the many methods and techniques that fall under the umbrella term "hyperpolarization" but are currently seldom perceived as integral parts of the same field. Specifically, before delving into the individual techniques, we provide a detailed analysis of the underlying principles of spin hyperpolarization. We attempt to uncover and classify the origins of hyperpolarization, to establish its sources and the specific mechanisms that enable the flow of polarization from a source to the target spins. We then give a more detailed analysis of individual hyperpolarization techniques: the mechanisms by which they work, fundamental and technical requirements, characteristic applications, unresolved issues, and possible future directions. We are seeing a continuous growth of activity in the field of spin hyperpolarization, and we expect the field to flourish as new and improved hyperpolarization techniques are implemented. Some key areas for development are in prolonging polarization lifetimes, making hyperpolarization techniques more generally applicable to chemical/biological systems, reducing the technical and equipment requirements, and creating more efficient excitation and detection schemes. We hope this review will facilitate the sharing of knowledge between subfields within the broad topic of hyperpolarization, to help overcome existing challenges in magnetic resonance and enable novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eills
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08028Barcelona, Spain,
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Johannes
Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128Mainz, Germany,Helmholtz-Institut,
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128Mainz, Germany,Department
of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Silvia Cavagnero
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department
of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (IBio), Karmanos Cancer Institute
(KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan48202, United States,Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow119991, Russia
| | - Stuart J. Elliott
- Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College
London, LondonW12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sami Jannin
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institut
für Analytische Chemie, Universität
Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Meersmann
- Sir
Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University Park, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, NottinghamNG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Prisner
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Magnetic
Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, , 60438Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A. Reimer
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Hanming Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, Siberian
Branch of the Russian Academy
of Sciences, 630090Novosibirsk, Russia,
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9
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Picazo-Frutos R, Stern Q, Blanchard JW, Cala O, Ceillier M, Cousin SF, Eills J, Elliott SJ, Jannin S, Budker D. Zero- to Ultralow-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Enhanced with Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization. Anal Chem 2023; 95:720-729. [PMID: 36563171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Zero- to ultralow-field nuclear magnetic resonance is a modality of magnetic resonance experiment which does not require strong superconducting magnets. Contrary to conventional high-field nuclear magnetic resonance, it has the advantage of allowing high-resolution detection of nuclear magnetism through metal as well as within heterogeneous media. To achieve high sensitivity, it is common to couple zero-field nuclear magnetic resonance with hyperpolarization techniques. To date, the most common technique is parahydrogen-induced polarization, which is only compatible with a small number of compounds. In this article, we establish dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization as a versatile method to enhance signals in zero-field nuclear magnetic resonance experiments on sample mixtures of [13C]sodium formate, [1-13C]glycine, and [2-13C]sodium acetate, and our technique is immediately extendable to a broad range of molecules with >1 s relaxation times. We find signal enhancements of up to 11,000 compared with thermal prepolarization in a 2 T permanent magnet. To increase the signal in future experiments, we investigate the relaxation effects of the TEMPOL radicals used for the hyperpolarization process at zero- and ultralow-fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Román Picazo-Frutos
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Mainz55128, Germany.,Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Quentin Stern
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCBL, Université de Lyon, CRMN UMR 5280, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - John W Blanchard
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Olivier Cala
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCBL, Université de Lyon, CRMN UMR 5280, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Morgan Ceillier
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCBL, Université de Lyon, CRMN UMR 5280, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - James Eills
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Mainz55128, Germany.,Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz55128, Germany.,Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona08028, Spain
| | - Stuart J Elliott
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCBL, Université de Lyon, CRMN UMR 5280, 69100Villeurbanne, France.,Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, LondonW12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Sami Jannin
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCBL, Université de Lyon, CRMN UMR 5280, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Mainz55128, Germany.,Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz55128, Germany
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10
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Design and performance of a small bath cryostat with NMR capability for transport of hyperpolarized samples. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19260. [PMID: 36357496 PMCID: PMC9649762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23890-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As of today, dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (dDNP) is the only clinically available hyperpolarization technique for 13C-MRI. Despite the clear path towards personalized medicine that dDNP is paving as an alternative and/or complement to Positron Emission Tomography (PET), the technique struggles to enter everyday clinical practice. Because of the minute-long hyperpolarization lifetime after dissolution, one of the reasons lies in the need and consequent complexities of having the machine that generates the hyperpolarization (i.e. the dDNP polarizer) on site. Since some years, research groups are working to make hyperpolarization transportable. Two different methods have been developed that allow "freezing" of the nuclear spin state prior to samples extraction from the polarizer. Nevertheless, so far, all attempts of transport have been limited to a very small scale and to the level of proof-of-principle experiments. The main reason for that is the lack of adequate hardware, strategy, and control on most of the crucial parameters. To bridge the technical gap with PET and provide MRI facilities with hours long relaxing hyperpolarized compounds at controlled conditions, a new generation of low cost/small footprint liquid He cryostats equipped with a magnetically enforced cryogenic probe is needed. In this paper, we detail the theoretical and practical construction of a hyperpolarized samples transportation device small enough to fit in a car and able to hold a sample at 4.2 K for almost 8 h despite the presence of a cryogenically-demanding purpose-built probe that provides enough magnetic field upon insertion of the sample and NMR quality homogeneity at storage position. Should transportable hyperpolarization via DNP become a reality, we herein provide important details to make it possible.
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11
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Gamliel A, Shaul D, Gomori JM, Katz‐Brull R. Signal enhancement of hyperpolarized 15 N sites in solution-increase in solid-state polarization at 3.35 T and prolongation of relaxation in deuterated water mixtures. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 35:e4787. [PMID: 35704397 PMCID: PMC9787933 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized 15 N sites have been found to be promising for generating long-lived hyperpolarized states in solution, and present a promising approach for utilizing dissolution-dynamic nuclear polarization (dDNP)-driven hyperpolarized MRI for imaging in biology and medicine. Specifically, 15 N sites with directly bound protons were shown to be useful when dissolved in D2 O. The purpose of the current study was to further characterize and increase the visibility of such 15 N sites in solutions that mimic an intravenous injection during the first cardiac pass in terms of their H2 O:D2 O composition. The T1 values of hyperpolarized 15 N in [15 N2 ]urea and [15 N]NH4 Cl demonstrated similar dependences on the H2 O:D2 O composition of the solution, with a T1 of about 140 s in 100% D2 O, about twofold shortening in 90% and 80% D2 O, and about threefold shortening in 50% D2 O. [13 C]urea was found to be a useful solid-state 13 C marker for qualitative monitoring of the 15 N polarization process in a commercial pre-clinical dDNP device. Adding trace amounts of Gd3+ to the polarization formulation led to higher solid-state polarization of [13 C]urea and to higher polarization levels of [15 N2 ]urea in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Gamliel
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of MedicineHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
- The Wohl Institute for Translational MedicineHadassah Medical OrganizationJerusalemIsrael
| | - David Shaul
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of MedicineHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
- The Wohl Institute for Translational MedicineHadassah Medical OrganizationJerusalemIsrael
| | - J. Moshe Gomori
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of MedicineHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Rachel Katz‐Brull
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of MedicineHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
- The Wohl Institute for Translational MedicineHadassah Medical OrganizationJerusalemIsrael
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12
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Dey A, Charrier B, Lemaitre K, Ribay V, Eshchenko D, Schnell M, Melzi R, Stern Q, Cousin S, Kempf J, Jannin S, Dumez JN, Giraudeau P. Fine optimization of a dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization experimental setting for 13C NMR of metabolic samples. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2022; 3:183-202. [PMID: 37904870 PMCID: PMC10583282 DOI: 10.5194/mr-3-183-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
NMR-based analysis of metabolite mixtures provides crucial information on biological systems but mostly relies on 1D 1 H experiments for maximizing sensitivity. However, strong peak overlap of 1 H spectra often is a limitation for the analysis of inherently complex biological mixtures. Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (d-DNP) improves NMR sensitivity by several orders of magnitude, which enables 13 C NMR-based analysis of metabolites at natural abundance. We have recently demonstrated the successful introduction of d-DNP into a full untargeted metabolomics workflow applied to the study of plant metabolism. Here we describe the systematic optimization of d-DNP experimental settings for experiments at natural 13 C abundance and show how the resolution, sensitivity, and ultimately the number of detectable signals improve as a result. We have systematically optimized the parameters involved (in a semi-automated prototype d-DNP system, from sample preparation to signal detection, aiming at providing an optimization guide for potential users of such a system, who may not be experts in instrumental development). The optimization procedure makes it possible to detect previously inaccessible protonated 13 C signals of metabolites at natural abundance with at least 4 times improved line shape and a high repeatability compared to a previously reported d-DNP-enhanced untargeted metabolomic study. This extends the application scope of hyperpolarized 13 C NMR at natural abundance and paves the way to a more general use of DNP-hyperpolarized NMR in metabolomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Dey
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Benoît Charrier
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Karine Lemaitre
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Victor Ribay
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Dmitry Eshchenko
- Bruker Biospin, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Marc Schnell
- Bruker Biospin, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Melzi
- Bruker Biospin, Viale V. Lancetti 43, 20158 Milan, Italy
| | - Quentin Stern
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1,
ENS de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs (CRMN), UMR5082,
69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | - Sami Jannin
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1,
ENS de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs (CRMN), UMR5082,
69100 Villeurbanne, France
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13
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Fujiwara S, Matsumoto N, Nishimura K, Kimizuka N, Tateishi K, Uesaka T, Yanai N. Triplet Dynamic Nuclear Polarization of Guest Molecules through Induced Fit in a Flexible Metal–Organic Framework**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saiya Fujiwara
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Naoto Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Koki Nishimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Kenichiro Tateishi
- Cluster for Pioneering Research RIKEN RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uesaka
- Cluster for Pioneering Research RIKEN RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- PRESTO JST Honcho 4-1-8 Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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14
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Fujiwara S, Matsumoto N, Nishimura K, Kimizuka N, Tateishi K, Uesaka T, Yanai N. Triplet Dynamic Nuclear Polarization of Guest Molecules through Induced Fit in a Flexible Metal-Organic Framework. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202115792. [PMID: 34935275 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization utilizing photoexcited triplet electrons (triplet-DNP) has great potential for room-temperature hyperpolarization of nuclear spins. However, the polarization transfer to molecules of interest remains a challenge due to the fast spin relaxation and weak interaction with target molecules at room temperature in conventional host materials. Here, we demonstrate the first example of DNP of guest molecules in a porous material at around room temperature by utilizing the induced-fit-type structural transformation of a crystalline yet flexible metal-organic framework (MOF). In contrast to the usual hosts, 1 H spin-lattice relaxation time becomes longer by accommodating a pharmaceutical model target 5-fluorouracil as the flexible MOF changes its structure upon guest accommodation to maximize the host-guest interactions. Combined with triplet-DNP and cross-polarization (CP), this system realizes an enhanced 19 F-NMR signal of guest target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiya Fujiwara
- Kyushu University: Kyushu Daigaku, Department of Applied Chemistry, JAPAN
| | - Naoto Matsumoto
- Kyushu University: Kyushu Daigaku, Department of Applied Chemistry, JAPAN
| | - Koki Nishimura
- Kyushu University: Kyushu Daigaku, Department of Applied Chemistry, JAPAN
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Kyushu University: Kyushu Daigaku, Department of Applied Chemistry, JAPAN
| | | | - Tomohiro Uesaka
- RIKEN: Rikagaku Kenkyujo, Cluster for Pioneering Research, JAPAN
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Kyushu University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, 819-0395, Fukuoka, JAPAN
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15
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Elliott SJ, Stern Q, Cala O, Jannin S. Protonation tuned dipolar order mediated 1H→ 13C cross-polarization for dissolution-dynamic nuclear polarization experiments. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2021; 116:101762. [PMID: 34823210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2021.101762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A strategy of dipolar order mediated nuclear spin polarization transfer has recently been combined with dissolution-dynamic nuclear polarization (dDNP) and improved by employing optimized shaped radiofrequency pulses and suitable molecular modifications. In the context of dDNP experiments, this offers a promising means of transferring polarization from high-gamma 1H spins to insensitive 13C spins with lower peak power and lower energy compared with state-of-the-art cross-polarization schemes. The role of local molecular groups and the glassing matrix protonation level are both postulated to play a key role in the polarization transfer pathway via an intermediary reservoir of dipolar spin order. To gain appreciation of the mechanisms involved in the dipolar order mediated polarization transfer under dDNP conditions, we investigate herein the influence of the pivotal characteristics of the sample makeup: (i) revising the protonation level for the constituents of the DNP glass; and (ii) utilizing deuterated molecular derivatives. Experimental demonstrations are presented for the case of [1-13C]sodium acetate. We find that the proton sample molarity has a large impact on both the optimal parameters and the performance of the dipolar order mediated cross-polarization sequence, with the 13C signal build-up time drastically shortened in the case of high solvent protonation levels. In the case of a deuterated molecular derivative, we observe that the nearby 2H substituted methyl group is deleterious to the 1H→13C transfer phenomenon (particularly at low levels of sample protonation). Overall, increased solvent protonation makes the dipolar order governed polarization transfer significantly faster and more efficient. This study sheds light on the influential sample formulation traits which govern the dipolar order-controlled transfer of polarization and indicates that the polarization transfer efficiencies of deuterated molecules can be boosted and reach high performances simply by adequate solvent protonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Elliott
- Univ. Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCBL, Université de Lyon, CRMN UMR 5280, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Quentin Stern
- Univ. Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCBL, Université de Lyon, CRMN UMR 5280, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier Cala
- Univ. Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCBL, Université de Lyon, CRMN UMR 5280, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sami Jannin
- Univ. Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCBL, Université de Lyon, CRMN UMR 5280, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
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16
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Elliott SJ, Stern Q, Ceillier M, El Daraï T, Cousin SF, Cala O, Jannin S. Practical dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 126-127:59-100. [PMID: 34852925 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review article intends to provide insightful advice for dissolution-dynamic nuclear polarization in the form of a practical handbook. The goal is to aid research groups to effectively perform such experiments in their own laboratories. Previous review articles on this subject have covered a large number of useful topics including instrumentation, experimentation, theory, etc. The topics to be addressed here will include tips for sample preparation and for checking sample health; a checklist to correctly diagnose system faults and perform general maintenance; the necessary mechanical requirements regarding sample dissolution; and aids for accurate, fast and reliable polarization quantification. Herein, the challenges and limitations of each stage of a typical dissolution-dynamic nuclear polarization experiment are presented, with the focus being on how to quickly and simply overcome some of the limitations often encountered in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Elliott
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs - UMR 5082 Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Quentin Stern
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs - UMR 5082 Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Morgan Ceillier
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs - UMR 5082 Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Théo El Daraï
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs - UMR 5082 Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Samuel F Cousin
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs - UMR 5082 Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier Cala
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs - UMR 5082 Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sami Jannin
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs - UMR 5082 Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.
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